Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pelargonium GERANIACEAE

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Dicotyledons: Rosids

Part of the book series: Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants ((SUCCPLANTS))

  • 31 Accesses

Abstract

A diagnostic description of the genus is given with special emphasis on the occurrence of succulence amongst its species. The geographical distribution is outlined, together with a selection of important literature, and an explanation of the etymology of the name. This is followed by a short summary of its position in the phylogeny of the family and of the past and present classification in a phylogenetic context. The succulent features present amongst the species of the genus are shortly explained as to morphology and anatomy.

This is followed by a synoptical treatment of the succulent species of the genus, complete with typification details, full synonymy, geographical and ecological data, a diagnostic description, and, where applicable, notes on phylogenetic placement and relationships, as well as economic and/or horticultural importance.

F. Albers: deceased.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albers, F. & Becker, M. (2010) Phylogeny and speciation in succulent Geraniaceae (Geraniales). Phylogenie und Artbildung bei den sukkulenten Geraniaceae (Geraniales). Schumannia 6: 59–67, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albers, F. [& al. 1992], Gibby, M. & Austmann, M. (1992) A reappraisal of Pelargonium sect. Ligularia (Geraniaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 179(3–4): 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00937601.

  • Albers, F. [& al. 1995], Walt, J. J. A. van der, Gibby, M., Marschewski, D. E., Price, R. A. & Preez, G. du (1995) A biosystematic study of Pelargonium section Ligularia: 2. Reappraisal of section Chorisma. South Afr. J. Bot. 61(6): 339–346, ills., maps, key. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30556-1.

  • Albers, F. [& al. 2000], Walt, J. J. A. van der, Gibby, M., Marschewski, D. E., Merwe, A. M. van der, Marais, E. M., Bakker, F. T. & Culham, A. (2000) A biosystematic study of Pelargonium section Ligularia: 4. The section Ligularia sensu stricto. South Afr. J. Bot. 66(1): 31–43, key, ills., maps. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)31049-8.

  • Andrews, H. C. (1801) Geranium praemorsum. Bot. Repos. 3: t. 150 + 1 p. text. URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36003877

  • Bakker, F. T. [& al. 1998], Hellbrügge, D., Culham, A. & Gibby, M. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships within Pelargonium sect. Peristera (Geraniaceae) inferred from nrDNA and cpDNA sequence comparisons. Pl. Syst. Evol. 211(3–4): 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985364.

  • Bakker, F. T. [& al. 2004], Culham, A. Hettiarachi, P., Touloumenidou, T. & Gibby, M. (2004) Phylogeny of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) based on DNA sequences from three genomes. Taxon 53(1): 17–28, ills. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4135485

  • Bakker, F. T. [& al. 2005], Culham, A., Marais, E. M. & Gibby, M. (2005) Nested radiation in Cape Pelargonium. In: Bakker, F. T. & al. (eds.): Plant species-level systematics; pp. 75–100. Ruggell (FL): A. R. G. Gantner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, N. (1990) Pelargonium schizopetalum. Flow. Pl. Afr. 51(1): t. 2019 + text, map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. (2006) Revision der Pelargonium-Sektion Otidia (Geraniaceae) aus dem Winterregengebiet des südlichen Afrikas und Bewertung evolutiver Strategien der Pelargonien aus der Capensis. Münster (DE): Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Ph.D. thesis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. & Albers, F. (2005a) Pelargonium adriaanii (Geraniaceae), a new species from the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 126(2): 153–161, ills., map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. & Albers, F. (2005b) Was ist Pelargonium parviflorum? Avonia 23(2): 31–39, ills., map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. & Albers, F. (2007) Pelargonium dasycaulon (Geraniaceae) − eine vergessene Art. Kakt. and. Sukk. 58(9): 239–241, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. & Albers, F. (2008) Revision der ‘P. crithmifolium-Gruppe’ aus der Pelargonium-Sektion Otidia (Geraniaceae) inklusive der Beschreibung der neuen Art Pelargonium anauris. Revision of the ‘P. crithmifolium group’ of Pelargonium section Otidia (Geraniaceae) including the description of the new species P. anauris. Schumannia 5: 169–180, ills., map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. & Albers, F. (2009) Taxonomy and phylogeny of two subgroups of Pelargonium section Otidia (Geraniaceae). 1. The Pelargonium carnosum complex. Bothalia 39(1): 73–85, ills., map, key. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v39i1.231.

  • Becker, M. & Albers, F. (2010) Pollinator shift and speciation in Pelargonium alternans (Geraniaceae). Bestäuberwechsel und Artbildung bei Pelargonium alternans (Geraniaceae). Schumannia 6: 207–226, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. [& al. 2008], Schäper, K. & Albers, F. (2008) Beschreibung von zwei neuen Taxa aus der / Description of two new taxa of Pelargonium-Sektion Otidia (Geraniaceae), P. keeromsbergense und P. laxum subsp. karooicum. Schumannia 5: 181–190, ills., map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, J. J. J. de & Wyk, B-E. van (2011) An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. South Afr. J. Bot. 77(3): 741–754, map. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2011.03.013.

  • Breman, F. C. [& al. 2021], Chen, G., Snijder, R. C., Schranz, M. E. & Baller, F. T. (2021) Repeatome-based phylogenetics in Pelargonium section Ciconium (Sweet) Harvey. Genome Biol. Evol. 13(12): evab269, 18 pp. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab269.

  • Brendler, T. & Wyk, B-E. van (2008) A historical, scientific and commercial perspective on the medicinal use of Pelargonium sidoides (Geraniaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 119(3): 420–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.037.

  • Candolle, A. P. de (1824) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Pars Prima. Paris (FR): Treuttel et Würtz. URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7150

  • Cavanilles, A. J. (1785–1790) Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem. Paris (FR): F. A. Didot. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44902.

  • Clifton, R. (1995) Pelargonium humansdorpense. Geraniaceae Group News 1995(autumn): 6–7, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifton, R. T. F. (2015) Pelargonium section Otidia: The P. laxum group. Geraniaceae Group Assoc. Notes 81: 1–37, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifton, R. T. F. (2016) Pelargonium section Otidia: The P. pachypodium sub-group. Geraniaceae Group Assoc. Notes 82: 1–37, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craib, C. (2000) Pelargonium aestivale. Veld Fl. (1975+) 86(4): 172–173, ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craib, C. (2001a) Geophytic Pelargoniums. Field and cultivation studies of Pelargonium section Hoarea. Hatfield (ZA): Umdaus Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craib, C. (2001b) Pelargonium nephrophyllum. Curtis’s Bot. Mag., ser. nov. 18(3): 149–152, t. 422. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8748.00305.

  • Dreyer, L. L. & Marais, E. B. (2000) Section Reniformia, a new section in the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). South Afr. J. Bot. 66(1): 44–51, maps, key.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer, L. L. [& al. 1992a], Albers, F., Walt, J. J. A. van der & Marschewski, D. E. (1992) Subdivision of Pelargonium sect. Cortusina (Geraniaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 183(1–2): 83–97, ills., maps. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00937737.

  • Dreyer, L. L. [& al. 1992b], Vorster, P. & Walt, J. J. A. van der (1992) Pelargonium caylae. Flow. Pl. Afr. 52(1): pl. 2059 + 3 pp. of text, map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer, L. L. [& al. 1993], Marais, E. M. & Walt, J. J. A. van der (1993) Pelargonium worcesterae: A neglected species. South Afr. J. Bot. 59(1): 69–73, ills. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30776-1.

  • Dreyer, L. L. [& al. 1995], Marais, E. M. & Walt, J. J. A. van der (1995) A subspecific division of Pelargonium reniforme Curt. (Geraniaceae). South Afr. J. Bot. 61(6): 325–330, ills., map. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30554-8.

  • Druten, D. van (1952) Pelargonium incrassatum. Flow. Pl. Afr. 29(2): t. 1134 2 pp. text.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, R. A. (1953) Pelargonium carnosum. Flow. Pl. Afr. 29: t. 1145 + 2 pp. text.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, R. A. (1966) Pelargonium fulgidum. Flow. Pl. Afr. 37(3–4): t. 1475 + 2 pp. text.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, R. A. (1979) Pelargonium acetosum. Flow. Pl. Afr. 45: t. 1800 + 2 pp. text.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggli, U. (1994) Sukkulenten. Stuttgart (DE): Ulmer Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiz, O. [& al. 2008], Vargas, P., Alarcón, M., Aedo, C., García, J. L. & Aldasoro, J. J. (2008) Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Geraniaceae in relation to climate changes and pollination ecology. Syst. Bot. 33(2): 326–342, map. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364408784571482.

  • Gess, S. K. & Gess, F. W. (2014) Wasps and bees in southern Africa. Pretoria (ZA): SANBI (Biodiversity Series 24). URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/26881823

  • Gibby, M. [& al. 1996], Hinnah, S., Marais, E. M. & Albers, F. (1996) Cytological variation and evolution within Pelargonium section Hoarea (Geraniaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 203(1–2): 111–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985241.

  • Gilbert, M. G. & Vorster, P. (2000) Geraniaceae. In: Edwards, S. & al. (eds.): Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Volume 2, part 1, Magnoliaceae to Flacourtiaceae; pp. 364–378, ills., key. Addis Ababa (ET): National Herbarium / Uppsala (SE): Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greig, D. (1990) Colour guide of the wildflowers of Eastern Australia. North Ryde (AUS): Angus & Robertson, Harper-Collins Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellbrügge, D. (1998) Revision der Pelargonium-Sektion Peristera (Geraniaceae). Münster (DE): University of Münster, Ph. D. thesis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Héritier, C. L. l’ (1787–1788) Geraniologia seu Erodii, Pelargonii, Geranii, Monsoniae et Grieli historia iconibus illustrata. Paris (F): Typis Petri-Francisci Didot. URL: http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/12195

  • Hooker, W. D. (1856) Pelargonium endlicherianum. Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 82: t. 4946 + 2 pp. text. URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/438477

  • Jaarsveld, E. J. van & Wyk, A. E. (B.) van (2006) Pelargonium vanderwaltii, a new cliff-dwelling species from the Otjihipa Mountains, northern Namibia. Aloe 43(2–3): 32–34, ills., map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacquin, N. J. (1781–1793) Icones plantarum rariorum. 3 volumes. Wien (AT): Apud Christianum Fridericum Wappler, etc. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.329.

  • Johnson, M. A. T. & Mathew, B. (1993) Two Pelargonium species from Turkey and northern Iraq. Kew Mag. 10(3): 124–131, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C. S. & Price, R. A. (1996) Diversity and evolution of seedling Baupläne in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). Aliso 14(4): 281–295, ills. URL: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol14/iss4/7

  • Kerke, S. J. van de [& al. 2019], Shrestha, B., Ruhlman, T. A., Weng, M.-L., Jansen, R. K., Jones, C. S., Schlichting, C. D., Hosseini, S., Mohammadin, S., Schranz, M. E. & Bakker, F. T. (2019) Plastome based phylogenetics and younger crown node age in Pelargonium. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 137: 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.021.

  • Knuth, R. (1912) Geraniaceae. In: Engler, A. (ed.): Das Pflanzenreich, IV.129 (Heft 53). Leipzig (DE): W. Engelmann. URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/20891303

  • Knuth, R. (1915) Neue afrikanische Arten der Gattungen Pelargonium, Oxalis und Ardisiandra. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 53(1–2): 312–316, ills. URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/190438

  • Kokwaro, J. O. (1971) Geraniaceae. In: Milne-Redhead, E. & Polhill, R. M. (eds.): Flora of Tropical East Africa. London (GB): Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozan, E. [& al. 2016], Küpeli Akkol, E. & Süntar, I. (2016) Potential anthelmintic activity of Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl. J. Ethnopharmacol. 187: 183–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.044.

  • Lavranos, J. J. (1978) Pelargonium christophoranum. Flow. Pl. Afr. 45(2): t. 1772 + text.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavranos, J. J. [& al. 1995], Craib, C. L. & Condy, G. (1995) Pelargonium hystrix. Flow. Pl. Afr. 54: 42–46, t. 2109, map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewu, F. B. [& al. 2007], Adebola, P. O. & Afolayan, A. J. (2007) Commercial harvesting of Pelargonium sidoides in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: Striking a balance between resource conservation and rural livelihoods. J. Arid Environm. 70(2): 380–388, ills. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.12.022.

  • Lis-Balchin, M. (1996) A chemotaxonomic reappraisal of the Section Ciconium [of] Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). South Afr. J. Bot. 62(5): 277–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30657-8.

  • Maggs, G. L. [& al. 1995], Vorster, P. & Walt, J. J. A. van der (1995) Taxonomy of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae): The section Polyactium. 2. The subsection Caulescentia. South Afr. J. Bot. 61(4): 173–179, ills., SEM-ills., map. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30514-7.

  • Maggs, G. L. [& al. 1999], Vorster, P., Walt, J. J. A. van der & Gibby, M. (1999) Taxonomy of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae): The section Polyactium. 3. The subsection Polyactium. South Afr. J. Bot. 65(2): 115–143, ills., maps, key. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30952-2.

  • Manning, J. C. [& al. 2015], Euston-Brown, D. I. W. & Magee, A. R. (2015) Pelargonium uliginosum (Geraniaceae: section Hoarea), a new species from Western Cape, South Africa, and an updated key to the species of the P. dipetalum group. South Afr. J. Bot. 97: 204–203, key, map, ills. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.01.016.

  • Marais, B. & Dold, T. (2006) Pelargonium ochroleucum. The bicoloured Geranium from the Eastern Cape. Veld Fl. (1975+) 2006(Dec.): 209, ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marais, E. M. (1989) Pelargonium ellaphieae. Flow. Pl. Afr. 50(2): t. 1987 + 4 pp. of text, map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marais, E. M. (1990) Pelargonium chelidonium. Flow. Pl. Afr. 51(1): t. 2018 + text, map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marais, E. M. (1993) A taxonomic revision of the Pelargonium pinnatum species complex (Geraniaceae). South Afr. J. Bot. 59(2): 123–134, ills., key. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30746-3.

  • Marais, E. M. (1994) Taxonomic studies in Pelargonium section Hoarea (Geraniaceae). Stellenbosch (ZA): University of Stellenbosch, Ph. D. thesis. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/58560

  • Marais, E. M. (1995) Four species of Pelargonium, section Hoarea (Geraniaceae) and their possible relationships. South Afr. J. Bot. 61(2): 90–100, ills. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30485-3

  • Marais, E. M. (1997) Name changes in Pelargonium section Hoarea (Geraniaceae). South Afr. J. Bot. 63(2): 68–73, ills. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30705-5.

  • Marais, E. M. (1999a) The taxonomic position of Pelargonium appendiculatum (Geraniaceae). South Afr. J. Bot. 65(5–6): 404–406, ills., map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marais, E. M. (1999b) Ideas on the pollination of Pelargonium sect. Hoarea (Geraniaceae). In: Timberlake, J. & Kativu, S. (eds.): African plants: Biodiversity, taxonomy and uses; pp. 105–112. Richmond (GB): Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marais, E. M. (2005) Differences between Pelargonium moniliforme (Geraniaceae) and the closely related P. vinaceum. South Afr. J. Bot. 71(2): 221–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30136-8.

  • Marais, E. M. (2014) One name change and three new species of Pelargonium, section Hoarea (Geraniaceae) from the Western Cape Province. South Afr. J. Bot. 90: 118–127, ills., maps, key. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.10.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marais, E. M. (2017) Three new geophytic species of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) from the Western Cape Province, South Africa and their relationships within section Hoarea. South Afr. J. Bot. 113: 261–269, ills, maps, key. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.09.005.

  • Marais, E. M. & Condy, G. (1995) Pelargonium punctatum. Flow. Pl. Afr. 54: 36–40, t. 2108, map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marais, E. M. & Condy, G. (2001) Pelargonium radicatum. Flow. Pl. Afr. 57: 82–85, t. 2175, map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marais, E. M. & Le Roux, A. (2021) Two new species of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) from the Western and Northern Cape Provinces (South Africa) and their position within P. section Hoarea. Phytotaxa 516(1): 92–100, ills., map, key. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.516.1.7.

  • Martínez-Cabrera, H. I. [& al. 2012], Schlichting, C. D., Silander, J. A. & Jones, C. S. (2012) Low levels of climate niche conservatism may explain clade diversity patterns in the South African genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 99(5): 954–960, ill. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1100600.

  • Meve, U. (1995) Autogamie bei Pelargonium-Wildarten. Palmengarten 59(2): 100–108, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meve, U. (1997a) Pelargonium quinquelobatum A. Rich., a handy succulent from East Africa. Ballya 4(1): 3–6, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meve, U. (1997b) Pelargonium quinquelobatum A. Richard. Kakt. and. Sukk. 48(11): 260–261, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meve, U. (1997c) Pelargonium ochroleucum − a “pseudanthium former” of sect. Hoarea. Geraniaceae Group News 1997(Autumn): 10–12, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D. (1996) Pelargoniums. A gardener’s guide to the species and their cultivars and hybrids. London (GB): Batsford Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, T. (1963) Geraniaceae. In: Pope, G. (ed.): Flora Zambesiaca, 2: 130–149. London (GB): Flora Zambesiaca Managing Committee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, M. C. & Walt, J. J. A. van der (1994) The taxonomy of the Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L’Hérit.-complex. J. South Afr. Bot. 50: 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavelka, P. (2002) Kaudexní pelargonie: Sekce Hoarea (Sweet) DC. Kaktusy 38(4): 98–102, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pole-Evans, I. B. (1940a) Pelargonium bechuanicum. Flow. Pl. South Afr. 20: t. 780 + text.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pole-Evans, I. B. (1940b) Pelargonium quinquelobatum. Flow. Pl. South Afr. 20: t. 795 + text.

    Google Scholar 

  • Retief, E. [& al. 2007], Craib, C. & Condy, G. (2007) Pelargonium luridum. Pelargonium schlechteri. Flow. Pl. Afr. 60: 78–88, map, tt. 2232–2233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ringelberg, J. (2012) Floral evolution in Cape Pelargonium (Geraniaceae): Inferring shifts in nectar spur length and pollination. Wageningen (NL): Wageningen University, M.Sc. thesis. URL: http://edepot.wur.nl/240312

  • Röschenbleck, J. [& al. 2014], Albers, F., Müller, K., Weinl, S. & Kudla, J. (2014) Phylogenetics, character evolution and a subgeneric revision of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). Phytotaxa 159(2): 31–76, ills. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.159.2.1.

  • Röschenbleck, J. [& al. 2017], Wicke, S., Weinl, S., Kudla, J. & Müller, K. F. (2017) Genus-wide screening reveals four distinct types of structural plastid genome organization in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). Genome Biol. Evol. 9(1): 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evw271.

  • Roux, M. M. le (2019) A taxonomic revision of the southern African species of Pelargonium section Peristera (Geraniaceae). Phytotaxa 418(2): 119–157, maps, ills., key. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.418.2.1.

  • Roux, M. M. le & Manning, J. C. (2014) A new long-tubed subspecies of Pelargonium dipetalum (section Hoarea) (Geraniaceae) from the Albertinia-Swellendam area in Western Cape Province, South Africa. Bothalia 44(1): a163, 8 pp., ills., maps. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v44i1.163.

  • Rowley, G. D. (1987) Caudiciform and pachycaul succulents. Pachycauls, bottle-, barrel- and elephant-trees and their kin: A collector’s miscellany. Mill Valley (US): Strawberry Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saraswathi, J. [& al. 2011], Venkatesh, K., Barburao, N., Hameed Hilal, M. & Rani, A. (2011) Phytopharmacological importance of Pelargonium species. J. Med. Pl. Res. 5(13): 2587–2598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheltema, A. G. & Walt, J. J. A. van der (1990) Taxonomic revision of Pelargonium sect. Jenkinsonia (Geraniaceae) in southern Africa. South Afr. J. Bot. 56(3): 285–302, ills., maps, key. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31056-0.

  • Sims, J. (1802) Pelargonium quinatum. Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 15: t. 547 + 2 pp. text. URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/470560

  • Solichon, J. M. (2015) Pelargonium tetragonum (Geraniaceae). Cact. Succ. 6(2): 65–66, inside & outside of the back cover, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Struck, M. (1997) Floral divergence and convergence in the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) in southern Africa: Ecological and evolutionary considerations. Pl. Syst. Evol. 208(1–2): 71–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00986083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, R. (1820–1830) Geraniaceae. The natural order of Gerania. 5 vols. London (GB): Printed for James Ridgway. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.102247.

  • Thulin, M. (ed.) (1993) Flora of Somalia. Volume 1: Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Angiospermae (Annonaceae – Fabaceae). Richmond (GB): Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, T. [& al. 2018], Diggle, P. K., Frye, H. A. & Jones, C. S. (2018) Contrasting lengths of Pelargonium floral nectar tubes result from late differences in rate and duration of growth. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 121(3): 549–560, ills. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcx171.

  • Victor, J. E. & Aphane, M. (2014) Taxonomic status of Pelargonium reniforme Curt. Bothalia 44(1): 173–175. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v44i1.173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vorster, P. (1973) Pelargonium pulchellum. Flow. Pl. Afr. 42: t. 1669 + 4 pp. text.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorster, P. (1985) Typification of Geranium lobatum, basionym of Pelargonium lobatum. South Afr. J. Bot. 51(5): 347–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vorster, P. (1986a) Name change: Pelargonium minimum (Geraniaceae), the correct name for P. fumarioides. South Afr. J. Bot. 53(2): 184–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(16)31457-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vorster, P. (1986b) Pelargonium lobatum. Flow. Pl. Afr. 49(1–2): t. 1924 + 4 pp. text, map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorster, P. (1987) Pelargonium magenteum. Flow. Pl. Afr. 49(3–4): t. 1947 + 4 pp. text, map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorster, P. & Friis, I. (1995) Lectotypification of Pelargonium multibracteatum. Bothalia 25(1): 102–104. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v25i1.717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walt, J. J. A. van der (1977) Pelargoniums of Southern Africa. [Vol. 1]. Cape Town (ZA): Purnell & Sons S.A. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, J. J. A. van der (1978) Pelargonium crithmifolium. Flow. Pl. Afr. 45(2): t. 1773 + text.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, J. J. A. van der (1979) Notes on the nomenclature of Pelargonium. J. South Afr. Bot. 45: 377–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, J. J. A. van der (1985) A taxonomic revision of the type section of Pelargonium L’Hérit. (Geraniaceae). Bothalia 15(3–4): 345–385, ills., key. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v15i3/4.1828.

  • Walt, J. J. A. van der & Boucher, D. A. (1986) A taxonomic revision of the section Myrrhidium of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) in Southern Africa. South Afr. J. Bot. 52(5): 438–462, ills., maps. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31508-3.

  • Walt, J. J. A. van der & Roux, J.-P. (1991) Taxonomy and phylogeny of Pelargonium section Campylia (Geraniaceae). South Afr. J. Bot. 57(5): 291–293, ills., maps, key. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30929-2.

  • Walt, J. J. A. van der & Vorster, P. J. (1981) Pelargoniums of Southern Africa. Vol. 2. Kenwyn (ZA): Juta & Co. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, J. J. A. van der & Vorster, P. J. (1983) Phytogeography of Pelargonium. Bothalia 14(3–4): 517–523, maps. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v14i3/4.1202.

  • Walt, J. J. A. van der & Vorster, P. J. (1988) Pelargoniums of Southern Africa, including some representative species from other parts of the world. Vol. 3. Kirstenbosch (ZA): National Botanic Garden Kirstenbosch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, J. J. A. van der [& al. 1995], Albers, F., Gibby, M., Marschewski, D. E. & Price, R. A. (1995) A biosystematic study of Pelargonium section Ligularia: 1. A new section Subsucculentia. South Afr. J. Bot. 61(6): 331–338, ills., maps, key. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30555-X.

  • Walt, J. J. A. van der [& al. 1997], Albers, F., Gibby, M., Marschweski, D. E., Hellbrügge, D., Price, R. A. & Merwe, A. M. van der (1997) A biosystematic study of Pelargonium section Ligularia. 3. Reappraisal of section Jenkinsonia. South Afr. J. Bot. 63(1): 4–21, ills., maps. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30686-4.

  • Wendland, J. C. (1789) Zeichnung von 181 Stück ausländischer Pflanzen, welche sich auf dem Königl. Berggarten zu Herrnhausen bei Hannover befinden. Herrenhausen (DE): Published by the author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendland, J. C. (1805–1819) Collectio plantarum tam exoticarum, quam indigenarum, cum delineatione, descriptione culturaque earum … Sammlung ausländischer und einheimischer Pflanzen, … 3 volumes. Hannover (DE): Published by the author. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.87023.

  • Weng, M. L. [& al. 2012], Ruhlman, T. A., Gibby, M. & Jansen, R. K. (2012) Phylogeny, rate variation, and genome size evolution of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 64: 654–670, ills. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.026.

  • Western Australian Herbarium (1998+) FloraBase − the Western Australian Flora. Kensington [AU]: Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. URL: http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/

  • Wet, L.-A. R. de [& al. 2008], Barker, N. P. & Peter, C. I. (2008) The long and the short of gene flow and reproductive isolation: Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers support the recognition of two floral forms in Pelargonium reniforme (Geraniaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 36(9): 684–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2008.07.001.

  • Williamson, G. (1997) Pelargonium tripalmatum (Geraniaceae), a rare Richtersveld endemic. Aloe 34(1–2): 8–9, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyk, P. van (2019) Ein Sukkulenten-Paradies: Die Kortdooring Vlakte. Kortdooring Vlakte − a succulent paradise. Avonia 37(4): 270–285, ills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zietsman, P. C. (1992) Pollination in Pelargonium dolomiticum Knuth (Geraniaceae). South Afr. J. Bot. 59: 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30760-8

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematik, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

    U. Meve

  2. Formerly at Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany

    F. Albers

Authors
  1. U. Meve
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F. Albers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to U. Meve .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Grün Stadt Zürich, Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zürich, Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

    Urs Eggli

  2. Dept of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

    Reto Nyffeler

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Meve, U., Albers, F. (2022). Pelargonium GERANIACEAE. In: Eggli, U., Nyffeler, R. (eds) Dicotyledons: Rosids. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85239-9_73-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85239-9_73-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85239-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85239-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation