Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diseases of Lily

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Florists' Crops Diseases

Part of the book series: Handbook of Plant Disease Management ((HPDM))

Abstract

Lilies (Lilium spp. and hybrids) are the second largest flower bulb crop in the Netherlands and the most important flower bulb crop in the world. They are grown for bulbs, as cut flowers, as container (potted) plants, or in gardens. Lilies are a vegetatively propagated crop and may be routinely increased by micropropagation (tissue culture) or through scaling (removal of bulb scales from which adventitious bulblets are produced). The propagules are subsequently grown in fields for 2 or 3 y to allow the bulbs to reach sufficient size (generally measured in circumference) for proper flowering and maximum horticultural quality. Although the majority of bulbs produced for worldwide distribution are grown mainly in the Netherlands, bulbs are also grown in other northern European countries, the USA, Asia, Israel, and southern hemisphere locations including Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, and Chile. There are a number of diseases caused by fungi, viruses, bacteria, and nematodes and physiological disorders that affect the production and quality of lily bulb and cut flower crops worldwide. Information on the distribution, epidemiology and management, of the common diseases and disorders is presented in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adekunle OK, Kulshrestha S, Prasad R, Hallan V, Raikhy G, Verma N, Ram R, Kumar S, Zaidi AA (2006) Plant parasitic and vector nematodes associated with Asiatic and oriental hybrid lilies. Bioresour Technol 97:364–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aegerter BJ, Greathead AS, Pierce LE, Davis RM (2002) Mefenoxam-resistant isolates of Pythium irregulare in an ornamental greenhouse in California. Plant Dis 86(6):692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agrios GN (2005) Plant pathology, 5th edn. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington

    Google Scholar 

  • Alabouvette C, Schippers B, Lemanceau P, Bakker PAHM (1998) Biological control of Fusarium wilts: toward development of commercial products. In: Boland GJ, Kuykendall LD (eds) Plant-microbe interactions and biological control. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 15–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Alabouvette C, Olivain C, L’Haridon F, Aimé S, Steinberg C (2005) Using strains of Fusarium oxysporum to control wilts: dream or reality? In: Vurro M, Gressel J (eds) Novel biotechnologies for biocontrol agent enhancement and management. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 157–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Alabouvette C, Olivain C, Migheli Q, Steinberg C (2009) Microbiological control of soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi with special emphasis on wilt-inducing Fusarium oxysporum. New Phytol 184:529–544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alfieri SA, Langdon KR, Kimbrough JW, El-Gholl NE, Whelburg C (1984) Diseases and disorders of plants in Florida, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry Bulletin # 14, Gainesville

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen TC (1974) Control of viruses in lilies. In: Lilies 1974 and other Liliaceae. Royal Horticultural Society, London, pp 37–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen TC (1975) Viruses of lilies and their control. Acta Hortic 47:69–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen TC, Anderson WC (1980) Production of virus-free ornamental plants in tissue culture. Acta Hortic 110:245–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen TC, Fernald K (1972) Elimination of viruses in hybrid lilies. Lily Yb N Am Lily Soc 25:53–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen TC, Linderman RG (1976) Rate of infection of virus-free lilies with lily symptomless virus in the field. Acta Hortic 59:37–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen TC, Lyons AR (1969) Electron microscopy of lily symptomless virus and cucumber mosaic virus within fleck diseased lilies. Phytopathology 59:1318–1322

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez MG (1976) Primer catalogo de enfermedades de plantas Mexicanas. Fitofilo 71:1–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Amiri A, Heath SM, Peres NA (2013) Phenotypic characterization of multifungicide resistance in Botrytis cinerea isolates from strawberry fields in Florida. Plant Dis 97:393–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1960) Index of plant diseases in the United States. USDA Agric Handb 165:1–531

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2009) Floriculture and ornamental nurseries – Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum) disease control outlines. How to manage pests. UC pest management guidelines. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r280111311.html. Accessed 1 Jan 2016

  • Anonymous (2010) Plantago asiatica mosaic virus on Lilium spp. Pest report – The Netherlands. Plant Protection Service of the Netherlands, Wageningen, pp 1–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Arens P, Shahin A, Van Tuyl JM (2014) (Molecular) breeding of Lilium. Proc. IIIrd IS on the genus Lilium. Acta Hortic 1027:113–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ark PA, MacLean NA (1951) Botrytis spot and blight of tuberoses in California. Plant Dis Rep 35:45–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Asjes CJ (1974) Soil-borne virus diseases in ornamental bulbous crops and their control in The Netherlands. Agric Environ 1:303–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asjes CJ (1976) Some developments of the virus pathology in lilies in the Netherlands. Lily Yb N Am Lily Soc 29:120–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Asjes CJ (1991) Control of air-borne field spread of tulip breaking virus, lily symptomless virus and lily virus X in lilies by mineral oils, synthetic pyrethroids, and a nematicide in the Netherlands. Neth J Plant Path 97:129–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Asjes CJ (1997) Virus in bloembollen in kaart gebracht. Bloembollencultuur 108(4):50

    Google Scholar 

  • Asjes CJ (2000) Control of aphid-borne lily symptomless virus and lily mottle virus in Lilium in The Netherlands. Virus Res 71:23–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asjes CJ, Segers LC (1983) Incidence and control of necrotic leaf mosaic caused by Arabis mosaic virus in Lilium tigrinum splendens in the Netherlands. J Phytopathol 106:115–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asjes CJ, Vos de NP, Van Slogteren DHM (1973) Brown ring formation and streak mottle, two distinct syndromes in lilies associated with complex infections of lily symptomless virus and tulip breaking virus. Neth J Plant Path 79:23–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aycock R (1966) Stem rot and other diseases caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin no 174, 202pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Baayen RP, Förch MG (2001) Transfer cell formation reveals a biotrophic phase in bulb rot of lilies infected by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii. In: Summerell BA, Leslie JF, Backhouse D, Bryden WL, Burgess LW (eds) Fusarium: Paul E. Nelson memorial symposium. APS Press, St. Paul, 408p

    Google Scholar 

  • Baayen RP, Rijkenberg FHJ (1999) Fine structure of the early interaction of lily roots with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii. Eur J Plant Path 105:431–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baayen RP, Forch MG, Waalwijk C, Bonants PJM, Loffler HJM, Roebroeck EJA (1998) Pathogenic, genetic and molecular characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii. Eur J Plant Pathol 104:887–894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bald JG (1979) Stem lesion of Easter lilies – a complex disease. Calif Agr 33:12–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Bald JG, Chandler PA (1957) Reduction of the root rot complex on ‘Croft’ lilies by fungicidal treatment and propagation form bulb scales. Phytopathology 47:285–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Bald JG, Solberg RA (1960) Antagonism and synergism among organisms associated with scale tip rot of lilies. Phytopathology 34:966–975

    Google Scholar 

  • Bald JG, Paulus AO, Lenx JV, Chanadler PA, Susuki T (1969) Disease control with pathogen-free bulb stocks for Easter lily improvement. Calif Agr 23(11):6–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Bald JG, Paulus AO, Lenx JV (1983) Control of field root and bulb diseases of Easter lilies. Plant Dis 67:1167–1172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balode A (2009) Breeding for resistance against Botrytis in lily. Acta Hortic 836:143–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balode A (2011) Effect of biological product trihodermin B-J on Botrytis suppression and lily bulb development. Acta Hortic 900:89–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes J, Whipker BE, McCall I, Frantz J (2011) Characterization of nutrient disorders of Lilium longiflorum ‘Nellie White’ and Lilium hybrid ‘Brunello’. Acta Hortic 900:205–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastiannse C, Koster ATJ, van der Meer LJ, van den Ende DJE, Pennock I, Buurman FPM (1997) A disease-forecasting system of botrytis blight (‘fire’) in lily. Acta Hortic 430:657–660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beattie DJ, White JW (1993) Lilium – hybrids and species. In: De Hertogh AA, Le Nard M (eds) Physiology of flower bulbs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 423–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Beers CM, Barba-Gonzalez R, Van Silfhout AA, Ramanna MS, Van Tuyl JM (2005) Mitotic and meiotic polyploidization in lily hybrids for transferring Botrytis resistance. Acta Hortic 673:449–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beijersbergen JCM, van der Hulst CTC (1980) Detection of lily symptomless virus (LSV) in bulb tissue of lily by means of ELISA. Acta Hortic 109:487–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benschop M, Kamenetsky R, Le Nard M, Okubo H, De Hertogh A (2010) The global flower bulb industry: production, utilization, research. In: Horticultural reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, pp 1–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Berghoef J (1986) Effect of calcium on tipburn of Lilium ‘Pirate’. Acta Hortic 177:433–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, KamiÅ„ska M, Botti S, Martini M (2002) Molecular evidence for mixed phytoplasma infection in lily plants. Acta Hortic 568:35–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertaccini A, Fránová J, Botti S, Tabanelli D (2005) Molecular characterization of phytoplasmas in lilies with fasciation in the Czech Republic. FEMS Microbiol Lett 249:79–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop CD, Cooper RM (1983) An ultrastructural study of root invasion in three vascular wilt diseases. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 22:15–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blankenship SE, Bailey DA, Miller JE (1993) Effects of continuous, low levels of ethylene on growth and flowering of Easter lily. Sci Hort 53:311–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bobev, S. (2009) Reference Guide for the Diseases of Cultivated Plants, 466 pp. [http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases.]

  • Boerema GH, Hamers MEC (1988) Check-list for scientific names of common parasitic fungi. Series 3a: fungi on bulbs: Liliacea. Neth J Plant Pathol 94(suppl 1):1–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bollen GJ (1971) Resistance to benomyl and some chemically related compounds in strains of Penicillium speices. Neth J Plant Path 77:187–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollen GJ (1977) Pathogenicity of fungi isolated from stems and bulbs of lilies and their sensitivity to benomyl. Neth J Plant Pathol 83(suppl 1):317–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boontjes J (1983) Virusvrije lelies zijn groter areaal waard. Vakblad voor de Bloemisterij 38(18):36–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Brent KJ (1995) Fungicide resistance in crop pathogens: how can it be managed? FRAC monograph no 1. GIFAP, Brussels, 49p

    Google Scholar 

  • Byther RS, Chastagner GA (1993) Diseases. In: DeHertogh AA, LeNard M (eds) The physiology of flower bulbs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 71–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabral A, Groenewald JZ, Rego C, Oliveira H, Crous PW (2011) Cylindrocarpon root rot: multi-gene analysis reveals novel species within the Ilyonectria radicicola species complex. Mycol Progr 11:655–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang YC, Miller WB (2003) Growth and calcium partitioning in Lilium cv. Star Gazer in relation to leaf calcium deficiency. J Am Soc Hort Sci 128:788–796

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang YC, Miller WB (2004) The relationship between leaf enclosure, transpiration, and upper leaf necrosis on Lilium cv. ‘Star Gazer’. J Am Soc Hort Sci 129:128–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang YC, Miller WB (2005a) The development of upper leaf necrosis in Lilium ‘Star Gazer’. J Am Soc Hort Sci 130:759–766

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang YC, Miller WB (2005b) Controlling upper leaf necrosis on ‘Star Gazer’ lilies. http://www.flowerbulbs.cornell.edu/newsletter/No.%206%20ULN%20Apr2005%202.pdf. Accessed 20 Dec 2015

  • Chang YC, Grace-Martin K, Miller WB (2004) Efficacy of exogenous calcium applications for reducing upper leaf necrosis in Lilium ‘Star Gazer’. Hortscience 39:272–275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang YC, Albano JP, Miller WP (2008) Oriental hybrid lily cultivars vary in susceptibility to upper leaf necrosis. Acta Hortic 766:433–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chase AR, Daughtrey M, Simone GW (1995) Diseases of annuals and perennials: a Ball guide – identification and control. Ball Publishing, Geneva, 208pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Chastagner GA (1997) Pesticide use patterns associated with the production of ornamental bulb crops in the Pacific Northwest. Acta Hortic 430:661–667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chastagner GA, Byther RS (1985) Diseases of bulbs – narcissus, tulips, and iris. In: Strider DE (ed) Diseases of floral crops. Praeger Publishers, New York, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Chastagner G, DeBauw A (2011) Alternatives to PCNB for controlling gray bulb rot on tulips. Acta Hortic 886:311–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chastagner G, DeBauw A (2014) The effectiveness of reduced-risk and new biocontrol products in controlling fire on lilies. Acta Hortic 1027:2231–2239

    Google Scholar 

  • Chastagner GA, Riley K (1990) Occurrence and control of benzimidazole and dicarboximide resistant Botrytis spp. on bulb crops in western Washington and Oregon. Acta Hortic 266:437–445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chastagner GA, Riley KL (2002a) Potential alternatives to PCNB to control the development of crown rot and gray bulb rot on bulbous iris. Acta Hortic 570:301–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chastagner GA, Riley KL (2002b) Potential use of chlorine dioxide to prevent the spread of Fusarium basal rot during the hot water treatment of daffodil bulbs. Acta Hortic 570:267–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chastagner GA, Riley KL (2005) Sensitivity of pathogen inocula to chlorine dioxide gas. Acta Hortic 673(1):355–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chastagner GA, Staley JM, Riley K (1990) Control of Sclerotium rolfsii on bulbous iris and lilies with in-furrow fungicide applications. Acta Hortic 266:457–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chastagner GA, Riley KL, Doss RP (1992) An attempt to produce an apothecial state (teleomorph) of Botrytis elliptica. Acta Hortic 325:689–693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chastagner G, Hanks G, Daughtrey M, Yedidia I, Miller T, Pappu H (2012) Sustainable production and integrated management: environmental issues. In: Kamenetsky R, Okubo H (eds) Ornamental geophytes: from basic science to sustainable horticultural production. Taylor and Francis, pp 363–420, 553p

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiou A, Wu W (2001) Isolation, identification and evaluation of bacterial antagonists against Botrytis elliptica on lily. J Phytopathol 149:319–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiou AL, Wu WS (2003) Formulation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B190 for control of lily grey mold (Botrytis elliptica). J Phytopathol 151:13–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho WD, Shin HD (2004) List of plant diseases in Korea, 4th edn. Korean Society of Plant Pathology, Korea

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung WH, Chung WC, Ting PF, Ru CC, Huang HC, Huang JW (2009) Nature of resistance to methyl benzimidazole Carbamate fungicides in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii and F. oxysporum f.sp. gladioli in Taiwan. J Phytopathol 157:742–747

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen J, Gera A, Lobenstein G (1995) Strawberry latent ringspot virus in lilies. Eur J Plant Pathol 101:217–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coley-Smith JR (1980) Sclerotia and other structures in survival. In: Coley-Smith JR, Verhoeff K, Jarvis WR (eds) The biology of botrytis. Academic Press, London, pp 85–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Coley-Smith JR, Ghaffar A, Javed ZUR (1974) The effect of dry conditions on subsequent leakage and rotting of fungal scleroita. Soil Biol Biochem 6:307–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conijn CGM (1966) Hot water treatment and freezing kill many root lesion nematodes. (in Dutch). Vakwerk 50:10–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Conijn CGM (1994) Cultivation of Tagetes patula to control root rot in narcissus and lily caused by Pratylenchus penetrans. Med Fac Landbouww Rijksuniv Gent 59:807–811

    Google Scholar 

  • Conijn CGM (2014) Developments in the control of lily diseases. Acta Hortic 1027:213–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook RP, Dubé AJ (1989) Host-pathogen index of plant diseases in South Australia. South Australian Department of Agriculture, Adelaide, pp 1–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Copes WE, Chastagner GL, Hummel RL (2004) Activity of chlorine dioxide in a solution of ions and pH against Thielaviopsis brasicola and Fusarium oxysporum. Plant Dis 88:188–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Copes WE, Barbeau B, Chastagner GA (2014) Chlorine dioxide for irrigation water treatment. In: Hong C, Moorman GW, Wohanka W, Buttner C (eds) Biology, detection, and management of plant pathogens in irrigation water. APS Press, St. Paul, pp 251–266, 436p

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbett DCM (1973) Pratylenchus penetrans, C.I.H. descriptions of plant-parasitic nematodes, set 2, no 25. Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology, CAB International, 4pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornelis K, Ritsema T, Nijsse J, Holsters M, Goethals K, Jaziri M (2001) The plant pathogen Rhodococcus fascians colonizes the exterior and interior of the aerial parts of plants. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 14:599–608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cortés-Martínez NE, Valadez-Moctezuma E, Zelaya-Molina LX, Marbán-Mendoza N (2008) First report of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’-related strains infecting lily in Mexico. Plant Dis 92:979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crous PW, Phillips AJL, Baxter AP (2000) Phytopathogenic fungi from South Africa. University of Stellenbosch, Department of Plant Pathology Press, Stellenbosch, 358pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins GB, Greene HC (1961) The rust fungi of Muhlenbergia, Sporobolus, and related genera. Brittonia 13:271–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damm U, Woudenberg JHC, Cannon PF, Crous PW (2009) Colletotrichum species with curved conidia from herbaceous hosts. Fung Divers 39:45–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Daughtrey ML, Benson DM (2005) Principles of plant health management for ornamental plants. Ann Rev Phytopathol 43:141–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daughtrey ML, Bridgen MP (2013) Evaluating resistance to Botrytis elliptica in field-grown lilies. Acta Hortic 1002:313–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daughtrey ML, Wick RL, Peterson JL (2000) Botrytis blight of flowering potted plants. Plant Health Prog. doi:10.1094/PHP-2000-0605-01-HM

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Herde J, Van Den Brande J, Gillard A (1960) Control of Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb), causal agent of root rot in lilies. Nematologica 5:64–67 (Suppl. II, 1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer M (2011) Producing bulbs and perennials; sustainable control of diseases, pests and weeds. Acta Hortic 886:59–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Hertogh AA, Roberts AN, Stuart NW, Langhans RW, Linderman RG, Lawson RH, Wilkins HF, Kiplinger DC (1971) A guide to terminology for the Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) Hortscience 6:121–123

    Google Scholar 

  • De Kock M, Slootweg C, Van Aanholt H, Lemmers M, Pham K, Dees R, De Boer A, Hollinger T (2013) Begrijpen en bestrijden van bodemgebonden verspreiding van PlAMV en TVX. Report Wageningen UR, PPO nr. 32 361591 00/PT nr. 14774

    Google Scholar 

  • De Kraker J, van den Ende JE, Rossing WAH (2005) Control strategies with reduced fungicide input for botrytis leaf blight in lily: simulation analysis. Crop Prot 24:157–165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Ward HAE (2008) Implementation of a decision support system for control of Botrytis fire blight in flower bulb crops. In: Book of abstracts, 10th international symposium on flower bulbs and herbaceous perennials, 20–24 Apr 2008, Lisse, p 36

    Google Scholar 

  • Dekker EL, Derks AFLM, Asjes CJ, Lemmers MEC, Bol JF, Langeveld SA (1993) Characterization of potyviruses from tulip and lily which cause flowerbreaking. J Gen Virol 74:881–887

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Den Nijs LJMF, Brinkman H, Van Der Sommen ATC (2004) A Dutch contribution to knowledge on phytosanitary risk and host status of various crops for Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden et al., 1980 and M. fallax Karssen, 1996: an overview. Nematology 6:303–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derks AFLM (1975) Tobacco rattle virus in lilies. Neth J Plant Path 81:78–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derks AFLM (1976) Tulip breaking virus, the only cause of ‘brown ring formation’ in Lilium Mid-century hybrid ‘Enchantment’. Acta Hortic 59:25–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derks AFLM, Asjes CJ (1975) Lily symptomless virus in tulip. Neth J Plant Path 81:14–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derks AFLM, Lemmers MEC, van Gemen BA (1994) Lily mottle virus in lilies: characterization of strains and its differentiation from tulip breaking virus in tulips. Acta Hortic 377:281–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derks T, Pham K, Lemmers M, Blom-Barnhorn G (2003) Research virus. TNV in hyacinth and lily (in Dutch). BloembollenVisie 6 maart, nummer 5:18–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijst G, Schneider JHM (1996) Flower bulbs diseases incited by Rhizoctonia species. In: Sneh B, Jabaji-Hare S, Neate S, Dijst G (eds) Rhizoctonia species: taxonomy, molecular biology, ecology, pathology and disease control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 279–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimock AW, Tammen J (1967) Diseases. In: Kiplinger DC, Langhans RW (eds) Easter lilies, the culture, diseases, insects and economic of Easter lilies. Ohio and New York State Flower Growers Associations, Ohio/New York, pp 107–110, 158pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Doss RP, Chastagner GA, Riley KL (1984) Techniques for inoculum production and inoculation of leaves with Botrytis elliptica. Plant Dis 68:854–856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doss RP, Chastagner GA, Riley KL (1986) Screening ornamental lilies for resistance to Botrytis elliptica. Sci Hortic 30:237–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doss RP, Christian JK, Chastagner GA (1988a) Infection of Easter lily leaves from conidia of Botrytis elliptica. Can J Bot 66:1204–1208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doss RP, Chastagner GA, Riley KL (1988b) Streaking of lily leaves associated with infection by Botrytis elliptica. Plant Dis 72:859–861

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dreistadt SH (2001) Integrated pest management of floriculture and nurseries, UC Division of Natural Resources Publication 3402. University of California, Oakland, 422pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Droby D, Lichter A (2007) Post-harvest Botrytis infection: etiology, development and management. In: Elad Y, Williamson B, Tudzynski P, Delen N (eds) Botrytis: biology, pathology and control. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 349–362

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dugan FM, Lupien SL, Vahling-Armstrong CM, Chastagner GA, Schroeder BK (2014) Host ranges of North American isolates of Penicillium causing blue mold of bulb crops. Crop Prot 64:129–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durieux AJB (1975) Additional lighting of lilies (cv. ‘Enchantment’) in the winter to prevent flower-bud abscission. Acta Hortic 47:237–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Durieux AJB, Kamerbeek GA, van Meeteren U (1982) The existence of a critical period for the influence of light and ethylene. Sci Hortic 18:287–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elad Y, Stewart A (2007) Microbial control of Botrytis spp. In: Elad Y et al (eds) Botrytis: biology, pathology and control. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 223–241

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Elad Y, Shpialter L, Rav David D, Yermiahu U, Dori I, Ganot L, Shmuel D, Matan E, Messika Y, Levite R, Pivonia S (2011) Suppression of gray mold in lisianthus by passive means of greenhouse environment management. Acta Hortic 893:1277–1283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elberse I, Molendijk L, Schomaker C, Been T, Regeer H (2012) NemaDecide-Lily helps to control the root lesion nematode (in Dutch). BloembollenVisie 13:18–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Elgar HJ, Woolf AB, Bieleski RL (1999) Ethylene production by three lily species and their response to ethylene exposure. Postharvest Biol Technol 16:257–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK (1996) Phytophthora diseases worldwide. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Farr DF, Rossman AY (2015) Fungal databases, systematic. Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/. Accessed 10 Dec 2015

  • Farr DA, Bills GF, Chamuris GP, Rossman AY (1989) Fungi on plants and plant products in the United States. American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, MN, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiddaman PJ, O’Neill TM, Rossall S (2000) Screening of bacteria for the suppression of Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) using leaf disc bioassays. Ann Appl Biol 137:223–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer JR (2013) Identification of Lily symptomless virus infecting Lilium martagon ‘Pink Taurade’ in Ohio. Plant Health Prog. doi:10.1094/PHP-2013-0814-01-BR

    Google Scholar 

  • Foister CE (1961) The economic plant diseases of Scotland. Techn Bull Dept Agric Fish Scotland 1:1–210

    Google Scholar 

  • French AM (1989) California plant disease host index. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, 394 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche R, Schmidt HB (1963) Xiphinema paraelongatum Alterr und Xiphinema n. sp., zwei vektoren des Arabis-mosaikvirus. Naturwissenchaf ten, Berlin 50:163

    Google Scholar 

  • Furukawa T, Ushiyama K, Kishi K (2005) Botrytis blight of Taiwanese toad lily caused by Botrytis elliptica (Berkeley) Cooke. J Gen Plant Pathol 71:95–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gill S, Dutky E, Schuster C, Wadkins S, Klick S (2006) Production of hybrid lilies as cut flowers, Maryland Cooperative Extension, Fact Sheet 687. University of Maryland, Maryland

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginns JH (1986) Compendium of plant disease and decay fungi in Canada 1960–1980. Res Br Can Agric Publ 1813:416

    Google Scholar 

  • Giraud D, Riddle LJ, Anderson CE, Westerdahl BB (2011) New products to improve growth of field grown Easter lily bulbs. Acta Hortic 900:333–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gommers FJ, Baker J (1988) Physiological changes induced by plant responses or products. In: Poinar GO Jr, Jansson HB (eds) Diseases of Nematodes, vol 1. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, pp 3–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodey JB, Franklin MT, Hooper DJ (1965) T. Goodey’s: the nematode parasites of plants catalogued under their hosts, 3rd edn. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Bucks

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodfellow M (1984) Reclassification of Corynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dowson in the genus Rhodococcus, as Rhodococcus fascians comb. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 5:225–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorter GJMA (1977) Index of plant pathogens and the diseases they cause in cultivated plants in South Africa. Republic of South Africa Dept Agric Techn Serv Pl Protect Res Inst Sci Bull 392:1–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould CJ (1957) Handbook on bulb growing and forcing. Northwest Bulb Growers Association, Mount Vernon, WA

    Google Scholar 

  • Greco N, Vovlas N, Inserra RN (1991) The stem and bulb nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci, Nematology Circular no 187. Contribution no 421, Bureau of Nematology. Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville

    Google Scholar 

  • Gude H, Dijkema M (2010) Chance of black sprouts with lilies in ice remains unpredictable. (in Dutch). BloembollenVisie 205:16–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Gude H, Kok H (2005) Problem of black shoots in oriental lilies closer to a solution. http://www.flowerbulbs.cornell.edu/newsletter/No.%208%20Bulbs%20for%20mixed%20planters.pdf. Accessed 29 Feb 2016

  • Handoo ZA (2012) USDA nematode collection database. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/nematodes/search.cfm. Accessed 4 Dec 2015

  • Harrison BD, Cadman CH (1959) Role of a dagger nematode (Xiphinema Sp.) in outbreaks of plant diseases caused by Arabis mosaic virus. Nature 184:1624–1626

    Google Scholar 

  • Hausbeck MK, Moorman GW (1996) Managing Botrytis in greenhouse-grown flower crops. Plant Dis 80:1212–1219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hausbeck MK, Pennypacker SP, Stevenson RE (1996) The use of forced heated air to manage Botrytis stem blight of geranium stock plants in a commercial greenhouse. Plant Dis 80:940–943

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennebert GL (1969) Botryotinia sphaerosperma sur Lilium regale. Friesia 9:52–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiratsuka N, Sato S, Katsuya K, Kakishima M, Hiratsuka Y, Kaneko S, Ono Y, Sato T, Harada Y, Hiratsuka T, Nakayama K (1992) The rust flora of Japan. Tsukuba Shuppankai, Takezono, Ibaraki

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho HH, Ann PJ, Chang HS (1995) The genus Phytophthora in Taiwan. Institute of Botany Academia Sinica, Taipei, 86p

    Google Scholar 

  • Holevas CD, Chitzanidis A, Pappas AC et al (2000) Disease agents of cultivated plants observed in Greece from 1981 to 1990. Benaki Phytopathol Inst, Kiphissia, Athens 19:1–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Holz G, Coertze S, Williamson B (2007) The ecology of Botrytis on plant surfaces. In: Elad Y, Williamson B, Tudzynski P, Delen N (eds) Botrytis: biology, pathology and control. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 9–27

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hooper DJ (1972) Ditylenchus dipsaci, CIH descriptions of plant-parasitic nematodes, set 1, no 14. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology, St Albans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou PF, Chen CY (2003) Early stages of infection of lily leaves by Botrytis elliptica and B. cinerea. Plant Pathol Bull 12:103–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsiang T, Chastagner G (1991) Growth and virulence of fungicide-resistant isolates of three species of Botrytis. Can J Plant Pathol 13:226–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiang T, Chastagner GA (1992) Production and viability of sclerotia from fungicide-resistant and fungicide-sensitive isolates of Botrytis cinerea, B. elliptica and B. tulipae. Plant Pathol 41:600–605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiang T, Hsieh TF, Chastagner GA (2001) Relative sensitivity to the fungicides benomyl and iprodione of Botrytis elliptica from Taiwan and Northwestern U.S.A. Plant Pathol Bull 10:93–95

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh TF, Huang JW (1998) Factors affecting disease development of Botrytis leaf blight of lily caused by Botrytis elliptica. Plant Prot Bull 40:227–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh TF, Huang JW, Hsiang T (2001) Light and scanning electron microscopy studies of the infection of oriental lily leaves by Botrytis elliptica. Eur J Plant Pathol 107:571–581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang J, Hsieh TF, Chastagner GA, Hsiang T (2001) Clonal and sexual propagation in Botrytis elliptica. Mycol Res 105:833–842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang C, Wang T, Chung S, Chen C (2005) Identification of an antifungal chitinase from a potential biocontrol agent, Bacillus cereus 28–9. J Biochem Mol Biol 38(1):82–88

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang BK (2001) Gray mold of day lily (Hemerocallis fulva L.) caused by Botrytis elliptica in Korea. Plant Pathol J 17:305–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde KD, Cai L, Cannon PF, Crouch JA, Crous PW, Damm U, Goodwin PH, Chen H, Johnston PR, Jones EBG, Liu ZY, McKenzie EHC, Moriwaki J, Noireung P, Pennycook SR, Pfenning LH, Prihastuti H, Sato T, Shivas RG, Tan YP, Taylor PWJ, Weir BS, Yang YL, Zhang JZ (2009) Colletotrichum – names in current use. Fungal Divers 39:147–182

    Google Scholar 

  • IBC (2008) Lilies as cut flowers and pot plants. Guidelines for producing lilies as cut flowers and pot plants. Deficiency and excess symptoms, International Flower Bulb Centre, Hillegom, Netherlands. pp 34–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Imle EP (1940) A bulb disease of lilies caused by Fusarium spp. Phytopathology 30:11

    Google Scholar 

  • Imle EP (1942a) Bulb rot diseases of lilies. Lily Yb N Am Lily Soc 1942:30–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Imle EP (1942b) The basal rot disease of lilies. PhD thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagdale GB, Grewal PS (2002) Identification of alternatives for management of foliar nematodes in floriculture. Pest Manag Sci 58:451–458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jagdale GB, Grewal PS (2004) Effectiveness of a hot water drench for the control of foliar nematodes Aphelenchoides fragariae in floriculture. J Nematol 36:49–53

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis WR (1980) Epidemiology. In: Coley-Smith JR, Verhoeff K, Jarvis WR (eds) The biology of Botrytis. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewett T, Jarvis W (2001) Management of the greenhouse microclimate in relation to disease control: a review. Agronomie 21:351–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jha A, Posnette AF (1959) Transmission of a virus to strawberry plants by a nematode (Xiphinema sp.). Nature 184:962–963

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamenetsky R, Okubo H (2012) Ornamental geophytes: from basic science to sustainable production. CRC Press, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • KamiÅ„ska M, Dziekanowska D (2002) Molecular evidence for the presence of aster yellows-related phytoplasma in lilies with leaf scorch and flower virescence. J Phytopathol 150:90–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KamiÅ„ska M, Korbin M (2000) Phytoplasma infection in Lilium sp. plants. Phytopathol Pol 20:45–57

    Google Scholar 

  • KamiÅ„ska M, Åšliwa H (2007) First report of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ in oriental lilies and its association with leaf scorch in Poland. New Dis Rep 15:46. http://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=015046. ISSN 2044-0588. Accessed 15 Jan 2016

  • Kessel GJT, de Haas BH (2001) Comparative analysis of the role of substrate specificity in biological control of Botrytis elliptica in lily and B. cinerea in cyclamen with Ulocladium atrum. Eur J Plant Pathol 107:273–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessel GJT, de Haas BH, Lombaers-van DPCH, Maijer EMJ, Dewey FM, Goudriaan J, van der Werf W, Kohl J (1999) Quantification of mycelium of Botrytis spp. and the antagonist Ulocladium atrum in necrotic leaf tissue of cyclamen and lily by fluorescence microscopy and image analysis. Phytopathology 89:868–876

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HJ, Miller WB (2008) Characterizing cold-storage-induced bud necrosis in ‘Mona Lisa’ lilies. Acta Hortic 768:463–467

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohl LM (2011) Astronauts of the nematode world: an aerial view of foliar nematode biology, epidemiology, and host range. APSnet Features. doi:10.1094/APSnetFeature-2011-0111

    Google Scholar 

  • Kok H (2013) Leaf problems in lily flower production (in Dutch). BloembollenVisie 271:24–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolodge CM, Radewald JD, Shibuya F (1979) A revision of the host range of Longidorus africanus from the Imperial Valley in southern California. J Nematol 11:305

    Google Scholar 

  • Kong B, Yu J, Chen H, Li D, Han C, Wang J (2009) Production of antiserum to recombinant coat protein for detecting lily mottle virus in Yunnan, China. J Phytopathol 157:362–369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruyer CJ, Boontjes J (1982) De warmwaterbehandeling van Lilium longiflorum. Bloembollencultuur 93:622–623

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey MS (1939) Studies on a bacterium associated with leafy galls, fasciations and ‘cauliflower’ disease of various plants. III. Further isolations, inoculation experiments and cultural studies. Ann Appl Biol 26:262–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamour K (ed) (2013) Phytophthora: a global perspective. CAB International, Boston, 243pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson RH (2011) Detection, diagnosis and control of lily diseases. Acta Hortic 900:313–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson RH, Hsu HT (1996) Lily diseases and their control. Acta Hortic 414:175–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebiush-Mordechai S, Erlich O, Maymon M, Freeman S, Ben-David T, Ofek T, Palevsky E, Tsror L (2014) Bulb and root rot in lily (Lilium longiflorum) and onion (Allium cepa) in Israel. J Phytopathol 162:466–471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JS, Roh RS (2001) Influence of frozen storage duration and forcing temperature on flowering of oriental hybrid lilies. Hortscience 36:1053–1056

    Google Scholar 

  • Leroux P (2007) Chemical control of Botrytis and its resistance to chemical fungicides. In: Elad Y, Williamson B, Tudzynski P, Delen N (eds) Botrytis: biology, pathology and control. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 195–222

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Li YY, Wang YJ, Xie ZK, Wang RY, Qiu Y (2013) First report of lily blight and wilt caused by Fusarium tricinctum in China. Plant Dis 97:993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lim K-B, Van Tuyl JM (2006) Lilium hybrids. In: Anderson NO (ed) Flower breeding and genetics: issues, challenges and opportunities for the 21st century. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 517–537

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Linderman RG (1981) Fusarium diseases of flowering bulb crops. In: Nelson PE, Toussoun TA, Cook RJ (eds) Fusarium: diseases, biology, and taxonomy. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, pp 129–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Linderman RG (1985) Easter lilies. In: Strider DE (ed) Diseases of floral crops, vol II. Praeger Publishers, New York, pp 9–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Lisa V, Vetten HJ, Lesemann DE, Gotta P (2002) Occurrence of Lily mottle virus in Escarole. Plant Dis 86(3):329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu YH, Huang CJ, Chen CY (2008) Evidence of induced systemic resistance against Botrytis elliptica in lily. Phytopathology 98:830–836

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loebenstein G et al (eds) (1995) Virus and virus-like diseases of bulb and flower crops. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex

    Google Scholar 

  • Löffler HJM, Mouris JR (1992) Fusaric acid: phytotoxicity and in vitro production by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii, the causal agent of basal rot in lilies. Neth J Plant Path 98:107–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Löffler HJM, Straathof TP, Baayen RP, Roebroeck EJA (1990) Breeding for Fusarium resistance in lily. Lily Yb N Am Lily Soc 43:51–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Löffler HJM, Meijer H, Straathof TP, Van Tuyl JM (1996) Segregation of Fusarium resistance in an interspecific cross between Lilium longiflorum and Lilium dauricum. Acta Hortic 414:203–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorbeer JW, Seyb AM, De Boer M, Van den Ende JE (2007) Botrytis species on bulb crops. In: Elad Y et al (eds) Botrytis: biology, pathology and control. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 273–294

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lu YY, Chen CY (2005) Molecular analysis of lily leaves in response to salicylic acid effective towards protection against Botrytis elliptica. Plant Sci 169:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu YY, Liu YH, Chen CY (2007) Stomatal closure, callose deposition, and increase of LsGRP1-corresponding transcript in probenazole-induced resistance against Botrytis elliptica in lily. Plant Sci 172:913–919

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luzzatto-Knaan T, Yedidia I (2009) Induction of disease resistance in ornamental geophytes. Israel J Plant Sci 57:401–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClellan WD, Stuart NW (1946) Treatment of lily scales reduces rot and increases bulb yields. In: The American Lily year book. The American Horticultural Society, Washington, D.C. pp 18–21

    Google Scholar 

  • McRae EA (1998) Lilies: a guide for growers and collectors. Timber Press, Portland

    Google Scholar 

  • McWhorter FP (1945) The diseases of Lilium longiflorum in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Dis Rep 29:40–43

    Google Scholar 

  • McWhorter FP (1947) Scale tip rot of Lilium longiflorum in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Dis Rep 31:159–161

    Google Scholar 

  • McWhorter FP (1957a) Easter lilies – fungus diseases. In: Gould CJ (ed) Bulb growing and forcing. Northwest Bulb Growers Association, Mount Vernon, WA. pp 53–62

    Google Scholar 

  • McWhorter FP (1957b) Association between Rhizoctonia and yellow coloration of Easter lily bulbs. Phytopathology 47:447–448

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLean NA (1948) New hosts of Botrytis elliptica. Phytopathology 38:752–753

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLean NA, Shaw CG (1949) New hosts for Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis elliptica in the Pacific Northwest. Phytopathology 39:949–950

    Google Scholar 

  • Magie RO (1966) Control of anthracnose scale rot in Lillium longiflorum Thunb. (‘Georgia’). Proc Fla St Hort Soc 79:471–477

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maginnes EA, Smith JD (1971) Scale test to assess susceptibility of lilies to various bulb rot organisms. Lily Yb N Am Lily Soc 24:20–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Marasek-Ciolakowska A, Ramanna MS, Arens P, Van Tuyl JM (2012) Breeding and cytogenetics in the genus tulipa. In: Van Tuyl J, Arens P (eds) Bulbous ornamentals, Floriculture and ornamental biotechnology 6(special issue 1), Global Science Books Ltd., UK. pp 90–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Marousky FJ, Woltz SS (1975) Incidence of leaf scorch in hybrid lilies as influenced by fluoride and superphosphate. Proc Fla State Hort Soc 88:612–615

    Google Scholar 

  • Migheli Q, Aloi C, Gullino ML (1990) Resistance of Botrytis elliptica to fungicides. Acta Hortic 266:429–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller WB (1992) Easter and hybrid lily production. Timber Press, Portland, 120pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller WB (1993) Lilium longiflorum. In: De Hertogh AA, Le Nard M (eds) Physiology of flower bulbs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 391–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller WB (2013) Production chain, forcing physiology and flower production systems. In: Kamenetsky R, Okubo H (eds) Ornamental geophytes: from basic science to sustainable production. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 287–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitkowski NA, Abawi GS (2003) Root-knot nematodes. Plant Health Instructor. doi:10.1094/PHI-I-2003-0917-01

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore WC, Brunt AA, Price D, Rees AR (1979) Diseases of bulbs. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, 205p

    Google Scholar 

  • Moorman GW (2016) Easter lily diseases. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. http://extension.psu.edu/pests/plant-diseases/all-fact-sheets/easter-lily-diseases. Accessed 13 Dec 2016

  • Mordue JEM (1974a) Thanatephorus cucumeris, CMI descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria no 406. CAB International, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Mordue JEM (1974b) Sclerotium rolfsii, CMI descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria no 410. CAB International, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Mordue JEM, Holliday P (1976) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CMI descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria no 513. CAB International, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullen J (2001) Southern blight, southern stem blight, White mold. Plant Health Instr. doi:10.1094/PHI-I-2001-0104-01

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller PJ, Vink P, Van Zaayen A (1988) Flooding causes loss in viability and pathogenicity of sclerotia of Rhizoctonia tuliparum. Neth J Plant Path 94:45–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nesi B, Trinchello D, Lazzereschi S, Grassotti A (2009) Production of lily symptomless virus-free plants by shoot meristem tip culture and in vitro thermotherapy. Hortscience 44(1):217–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Núñez de Cáceres González F, Davey M, Cancho Sanchez E, Wilson Z (2015) Conferred resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Lilium by overexpression of the RCH10 chitinase gene. Plant Cell Rep 34(7):1201–1209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okabe I, Matsumoto N (2003) Phylogenetic relationship of Sclerotium rolfsii (teleomorph Athelia rolfsii) and S. delphinii based on ITS sequences. Mycol Res 107:164–168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okubo H (2014) History of Lilium species in Asia. Acta Hortic 1027:11–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oostenbrink M, Jacob JJ, Kuiper K (1957) Tagetes als Feindpflanzen von Pratylenchus-Arten. Nematologica 2:424–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Orieux L, Felix S (1968) List of plant diseases in Mauritius. Phytopathol Pap 7:1–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Overman AJ (1961) Pre-storage treatment of lily bulbs with nematicides. Proc Fla State Hortic Soc 74:386–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Overy DP, Frisvad JC, Steinmeier U, Thrane U (2005) Clarification of the agents causing blue mold storage rot upon various flower and vegetable bulbs: implications for mycotoxin contamination. Postharvest Biol Technol 35:217–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer C, Vea E (2010) IR-4 ornamental horticulture program Phytophthora efficacy: Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora citricola, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora dreschleri, Phytophthora nicotianae/Phytophthora parasitica, Phytophthora palmivora, Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora syringae, Phytophthora tropicalis. The IR-4 Project, Rutgers University. http://ir4.rutgers.edu/Ornamental/SummaryReports/PhytophthoraDataSummary2010.pdf. Accessed 10 Dec 2015

  • Palmer C, Vea E (2014) IR-4 ornamental horticulture program Botrytis efficacy: A literature review. The IR-4 Project, Rutgers University. http://ir4.rutgers.edu/Ornamental/SummaryReports/BotrytisEfficacySummary_2014.pdf. Accessed 10 Dec 2015

  • Parris GK (1959) A revised host index of Mississippi plant diseases. Mississippi State Univ Bot Dept Misc Publ 1:1–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulitz TC, Bélanger RR (2001) Biological control in greenhouse systems. Annu Rev Phytopathol 39:103–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pennycook SR (1989) Plant diseases recorded in New Zealand, 3 vol, Plant Diseases Division. DSIR, Auckland

    Google Scholar 

  • Plakidas AG (1944) Black scale: a disease of Easter lily bulbs. Phytopathology 34:556–571

    Google Scholar 

  • Poncarová-Vorácková Z, Franová ZJ, Valová P, Mertelik BP, Navrátil M, Nebesárová J (1998) Identification of phytoplasma infecting Lilium martagon in the Czech Republic. J Phytopathol 146:609–612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Post K (1941) Problems in forcing Easter lilies. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 39:415–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Prince TA, Cunningham MS, Peary JS (1987) Floral and foliar quality of potted Easter lilies after STS or phenidone application, refrigerated storage, and simulated shipment. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 112:469–473

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pscheidt JW, Ocamb CM (2015) Pacific Northwest plant disease control handbook. Oregon State University. http://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/. Accessed 10 Dec 2015

  • Pudasaini MP, Viaene N, Moens M (2006) Effect of marigold (Tagetes patula) on population dynamics of Pratylenchus penetrans in a field. Nematology 8(4):477–484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam ML, Miller ML (2007) Rhodococcus fascians in Herbaceous Perennials. Plant Dis 91:1065–1076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu J, Westerdahl BB, Giraud D, Anderson CA (1993) Evaluation of hot water treatments for management of Ditylenchus dipsaci and fungi in daffodil bulbs. J Nematol 25:686–694

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Raabe RD (1985) Rust diseases. In: Strider DL (ed) Diseases of floral crops. Praeger, New York, pp 173–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Raabe RD, Hurlimann JH (1971) Control of Easter lily root rots with fungicides. Lily Yb N Am Lily Soc 24:11–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Radewald JD, Osgood JW, Mayberry KS, Paulus AO, Shibuya F (1969) Longidorus africanus a pathogen of head lettuce in the Imperial Valley of southern California. Plant Dis Rep 53:381–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranwala AP, Miller WP (1998) Gibberellin4+7, benzyladenine and supplemental light improve postharvest leaf and flower quality of cold-stored ‘Stargazer’ hybrid lilies. J Am Soc Hort Sci 123:563–568

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranwala AP, Miller WP (1999) Timing of gibberellin4+7 + benzyladenine sprays influences efficacy against foliar chlorosis and plant height in Easter lily. Hortscience 34:902–903

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranwala AP, Miller WP (2000) Preventive mechanisms of gibberellin4+7 and light on dark low temperature-induced leaf senescence in Lilium cv. Stargazer. Postharvest Biol Technol 19:85–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranwala AP, Miller WP (2002) Effects of gibberellin treatments on flower and leaf quality of cut hybrid lilies. Acta Hortic 570:205–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranwala AP, Miller WP (2005) Effects of cold storage on postharvest leaf and flower quality of potted oriental-, Asiatic- and LA-hybrid lily cultivars. Sci Hortic 105:383–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranwala AP, Legnani G, Miller WB (2003) Minimizing stem elongation during spray applications of gibberellins4+7 and benzyladenine to prevent leaf chlorosis in Easter lilies. HortScience 38:1210–1213

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranwala AP, Miller WP, Kirk TI, Hammer PA (2000) Ancymidol drenches, reversed greenhouse temperatures, post-greenhouse cold storage and hormone sprays affect post-harvest leaf chlorosis in Easter lily. J Am Soc Hort Sci 125:248–253

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro OK (1978) A source book of the genus Phytophthora. CAB, Wallingford, 417pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro OK (2013) A historical perspective of Phytophthora. In: Lamour K (ed) Phytophthora: a global perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts AN, Stang JR, Wang YT, McCorkle WR, Riddle LJ, Moeller FW (1985) Easter lily growth and development. Technical Bulletin 148. Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 74p

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler WH (2004) Pest and disease management of soilless culture. Acta Hortic 648:191–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahin A, Arens P, van Heusden S, Van Tuyl JM (2009) Conversion of molecular markers linked to Fusarium and virus resistance in Asiatic lily hybrids. Acta Hortic 836:131–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahin A, Arens P, Van Heusden AW, Van der Linden G, Van Kaauwen M, Khan N, Schouten H, Van de Weg WE, Visser RGF, Van Tuyl JM (2010) Genetic mapping in Lilium: mapping of major genes and QTL for several ornamental traits and disease resistances. Plant Breed 130(3):372–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw CG (1973) Host fungus index for the Pacific Northwest – I. Hosts. Washington State Univ Agric Exp Sta Bull 765:1–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Sholberg PL, Conway WS (2016) Postharvest Pathology. In: Gross KC, Wang CY, Saltveit M, Lester G (eds) The commercial storage of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery crops, USDA Agriculture Handbook 66. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville. http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/pathology.pdf. Accessed 27 Mar 2016

  • Siddiqi MR (1975) Aphelenchoides fragariae, C.I.H. descriptions of plant-parasitic nematodes, set 5, no 74. Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology, CAB International, 4 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui IA, Sher SA, French AM (1973) Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in California. State of California Department of Food and Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, 324p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slate GL (1936) Disease among the lilies. Hortic Boston 14:96–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Slate GL (1972) Diseases of garden lilies and their control. North American Lily Society, Owatonna, MN. 20pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobers EK (1958) Colletotricha associated with lily bulbs. Their pathogenicity and host range. PhD dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 92p

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobers EK (1980) Black scale of lily bulbs. Plant pathology circular no 33. Florida Department of Agriculture, March 1965, Division of Plant Industry (Revised July), 2p

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobers EK, Plakidas AG (1962) Colletotrichums associated with lily bulbs. Phytopathology 52:884–887

    Google Scholar 

  • Sochacki D, Gabryszewska E, KamiÅ„ska M (2012) The application of ribavirin for elimination of viruses in lily plants growing in vitro. In: Bioforsk FOKUS 7(9), The 13th international symposium on virus diseases of ornamental plants, Norway, June 24–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staats M, van Baarlen P, van Kan JAL (2005) Molecular phylogeny of the plant pathogenic genus Botrytis and the evolution of host specificity. Mol Biol Evol 22:333–346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staats M, van Baarlen P, van Kan JAL (2007) AFLP analysis of genetic diversity in populations of Botrytis elliptica and Botrytis tulipae from the Netherlands. Eur J Plant Pathol 117:219–235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone OM (1980) Two new potexviruses from monocotyledons. Acta Hortic 110:59–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straathof TP, van Tuyl JM (1995) Genetic variation in resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii in the genus Lilium. Ann Appl Biol 125:61–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straathof TP, Jansen J, Loffler HJM (1993) Determination of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum in Lilium. Phytopathology 83:568–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Summerell BA, Leslie JF, Backhouse D, Bryden WL, Burgess LW (eds) (2001) Fusarium: Paul E. Nelson memorial symposium. APS Press, Minnesota, 408pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AL, Sasser JN (1978) Biology, identification, and control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species). North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh

    Google Scholar 

  • Terhem RB, Staats M, van Kan JAL (2015) Mating type and sexual fruiting body of Botrytis elliptica, the causal agent of fire blight in lily. Eur J Plant Pathol 142:615–624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tompkins CM, Hansen HN (1950) Glower blight of Stephanotis floribunda caused by Botrytis elliptica and its control. Phytopathology 38:114–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Trolinger JC, Strider DL (1985) Botrytis diseases. In: Strider DL (ed) Diseases of floral crops, vol 1. Praeger Scientific, New York, pp 17–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsukiboshi T (2002) Botrytis elliptica. NIAES, Microbial Systemics Lab. http://www.maes.affrc.go.jp/inventry/microorg/eng/zl6e-Botery.html. Accessed 15 Jan 2016

  • Turlier M-F, Eparvier A, Alabouvette C (1994) Early dynamic interactions between Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini and the roots of Linum usitatissimum as revealed by transgenic GUS-marked hyphae. Can J Bot 72:1605–1612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Aartrijk J, Van der Linde PCG (1986) In vitro propagation of flower bulb crops. In: Ammirato PV, Evans DR, Sharp WR, Bajaj YPS (eds) Handbook of plant cell culture. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 317–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Baarlen P, Staats M, van Kan JAL (2004) Induction of programmed cell death in lily by the fungal pathogen Botrytis elliptica. Mol Plant Pathol 5:559–574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Baarlen P, Legendre L, Van Kan JAL (2007) Plant defense compounds against Botrytis infections. In: Elad Y et al (eds) Botrytis: biology, pathology and control. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 143–161

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Ende JE, Pennock JG (1977) Influence of temperature and wetness duration on infection of lily by Botrytis elliptica. Acta Bot Neerl 46:332

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Ende JE, Pennock-Vos IMG (1997) Primary sources of inoculum of Botrytis elliptica in lily. Acta Hortic 430:591–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Ende JE, Pennock-Vos MG, Bastiaansen C, Koster ATJ, van der Meer LJ (2000) BoWaS: a weather-based warning system for the control of Botrytis blight in lily. Acta Hortic 519:215–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Heusden AW, Jongerius MC, Van Tuyl JM, Straathof TP, Mes JJ (2002) Molecular assisted breeding for disease resistance in lily. Acta Hortic 572:131–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Kesteren HA (1966) Bolrot van lelies, veroorzaakt door Sclerotium wakkeri (zwartbenigheid). Neth J Plant Path 72:314–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Tuyl JM, Arens P (2011) Lilium: breeding history of the modern cultivar assortment. Acta Hortic 900:223–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Tuyl JM, Van Holsteijn HMC (1996) Lily breeding research in the Netherlands. Acta Hortic 414:35–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Tuyl JM, Arens P, Marasek-Ciolakowska A (2012) Chapter 6, Breeding and genetics of ornamental geophytes. In: Kamenetsky R, Okubo H (eds) Ornamental geophytes: from basic science to sustainable production. CRC Press, Boca Roca, pp 131–158

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Van Zaayen A, Asjes CJ, Bregnan D, Koster ATJ, Muller PJ, van der Valk GGM, Vos I (1986) Control of soil-borne diseases, nematodes and weeds in ornamental bulb cultivation by means of flooding. Acta Hortic 177:524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vantomme R, Elia S, Swings J, DeLey J (1982) Corynebacterium fascians (Tilford 1936) Dowson 1942 the causal agent of leafy gall on lily crops in Belgium. Parasitica 38:138–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Verbeek M, Stijger CCMM (2016) Strawberry latent ringspot virus in Lily is seed transmitted and localised in the embryo. In: 13th International Plant Virus Epidemiology Symposium, 6–10 June 2016, Avignon, p 154

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidaver AK, Lambrecht PA (2004) Bacteria as plant pathogens. Plant Health Instr. doi:10.1094/PHI-I-2004-0809-01

    Google Scholar 

  • Vink P (2011a) Inundation kills sclerotia of Crown rot (in Dutch). BloembollenVisie 224:23

    Google Scholar 

  • Vink P (2011b) Cause of stem rot of lilies can be Rhizopus mold (in Dutch). Bloembollen-Visie 226:21

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrind TA (2005) The Botrytis problem in figures. Acta Hortic 669:99–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward HM (1888) A lily disease. Ann Bot 2:319–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub PG, Zeidan M, Spiegel S, Gera A (2007) Diversity of the known phytoplasmas in Israel. Bull Insectol 60(2):143–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Weller SC, Hammer PA (1984) Susceptibility of Easter lily to glyphosate injury. Hortscience 19:698–699

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westerdahl BB, Frate CA (2007) Parasitic nematodes in alfalfa. Irrigated Alfalfa Manag 11:1–12. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 8297

    Google Scholar 

  • Westerdahl BB, Giraud D, Radewald JD, Anderson CA, Darso J (1993) Management of Pratylenchus penetrans on oriental lilies with drip and foliar applied nematicides. J Nematol 25(4S):758–767

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Westerdahl BB, Giraud D, Etter S, Riddle LJ, Radewald JD, Anderson CA, Darso J (2003) Management options for Pratylenchus penetrans in Easter lily. J Nematol 35:443–449

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wiehe PO (1948) The plant diseases and fungi recorded from Mauritius. Mycol Pap 24:1–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Woltz SS, Marousky FJ (1975) Fluoride leaf scorch of lily and gladiolus: soil acidity, superphosphate and diagnostic techniques. Florida State Horticultural Society, Gainesville, pp 609–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu XW, Tian M, Wang LH, Cui GF, Yu RP, Lu ZH, Jia WJ, Qu SP, Gui M, Wang JH (2014) Native species of the genus Lilium in China. Acta Hortic 1027:27–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Z, Gleason ML, Mueller DS, Esker PD, Bradley CA, Buck JW, Benson DM, Dixon PM, Montiero JEBA (2008) Overwintering of Sclerotium rolfsii and S. rolfsii var. delphinii in different latitudes of the United States. Plant Dis 92:719–724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang XM, Wang JH, Qu SP, Wang L-H (2007) First report of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on lily in China. Plant Dis 91:109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang XM, Wang JH, Qu SP, Wang LH, Peng LC (2010) First report of Phytophthora blight of lily caused by Phytophthora nicotianae in China. Plant Dis 94:782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yunis H, Elad Y (1989) Survival of Botrytis cinerea in plant debris during summer in Israel. Phytoparasitica 17:13–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zehnder GW, Murphy JF, Sikora EJ, Kloepper JW (2001) Application of rhizobacteria for induced resistance. Eur J Plant Pathol 107:39–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z (2006) Flora Fungorum Sinicorum, vol 26, Botrytis, Ramularia. Science Press, Beijing, 277 pages

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Pathology, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA

    Gary A. Chastagner

  2. Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalse steeg 1 (building 107), 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Jaap M. van Tuyl & Martin Verbeek

  3. School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Horticulture Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    William B. Miller

  4. Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Becky B. Westerdahl

Authors
  1. Gary A. Chastagner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jaap M. van Tuyl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Martin Verbeek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. William B. Miller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Becky B. Westerdahl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gary A. Chastagner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. NBD Research Co. Ltd., Lampang, Thailand

    Robert J. McGovern

  2. Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Wade H. Elmer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Chastagner, G.A., van Tuyl, J.M., Verbeek, M., Miller, W.B., Westerdahl, B.B. (2018). Diseases of Lily. In: McGovern, R., Elmer, W. (eds) Handbook of Florists' Crops Diseases. Handbook of Plant Disease Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39670-5_45

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation