Abstract
Sorting nexin 25 (SNX25) belongs to the sorting nexin superfamily, whose members are responsible for membrane attachment to organelles of the endocytic system. Recent reports point to critical roles for SNX25 as a negative regulator of transforming growth factor β signaling, but the expression patterns of SNX25 in the central nervous system (CNS) remain almost uncharacterized. Here, we show widespread neuronal expression of SNX25 protein and Snx25 mRNA using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. As an exception, SNX25 was present in the Bergmann glia of the cerebellum. SNX25 immunoreactivity was found in cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurons. Moreover, SNX25 colocalized with tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in the neurons of the cortex and hippocampus. In vitro, SNX25 can interact with full-length TrkB, but not with its C-terminal-truncated isoform. Overexpression of SNX25 accelerated degradation of full-lengh TrkB, indicating that SNX25 promotes the trafficking of TrkB for lysosomal degradation. These findings suggest that SNX25 is a new actor in endocytic signaling, perhaps contributing to the regulation of BDNF–TrkB signaling in the CNS.
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Abbreviations
- III:
-
Oculomotor nucleus
- IV:
-
Trochlear nucleus
- V:
-
Motor nucleus of trigeminal
- VI:
-
Abducens nucleus
- VII:
-
Facial motor nucleus
- XII:
-
Hypoglossal nucleus
- AAA:
-
Anterior amygdalar area
- ACA:
-
Anterior cingulate area
- ACB:
-
Nucleus accumbens
- ACVII:
-
Accessory facial motor nucleus
- AD:
-
Anterodorsal nucleus
- ADP:
-
Anterodorsal preoptic nucleus
- AHN:
-
Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
- AI:
-
Agranular insular area
- AM:
-
Anteromedial nucleus
- AMB:
-
Nucleus ambiguus
- AOB:
-
Accessory olfactory bulb
- AON:
-
Anterior olfactory nucleus
- AP:
-
Area postrema
- ARH:
-
Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus
- AT:
-
Anterior tegmental nucleus
- AUD:
-
Auditory areas
- AV:
-
Anteroventral nucleus of thalamus
- AVP:
-
Anteroventral preoptic nucleus
- AVPV:
-
Anteroventral periventricular nucleus
- B:
-
Barrington's nucleus
- BA:
-
Bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract
- BAC:
-
Bed nucleus of the anterior commissure
- BDNF:
-
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BLA:
-
Basolateral amygdalar nucleus
- BMA:
-
Basomedial amygdalar nucleus
- BST:
-
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis
- CA1:
-
Field CA1 of Ammon's horn
- CA2:
-
Field CA2 of Ammon's horn
- CA3:
-
Field CA3 of Ammon's horn
- CBX:
-
Cerebellar cortex
- CEA:
-
Central amygdalar nucleus
- ChAT:
-
Choline acetyltransferase
- CL:
-
Central lateral nucleus of the thalamus
- CLA:
-
Claustrum
- CLI:
-
Central linear nucleus raphe
- CM:
-
Central medial nucleus of the thalamus
- CN:
-
Cochlear nuclei
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- COA:
-
Cortical amygdalar area
- CP:
-
Caudoputamen
- CS:
-
Superior central nucleus raphe
- CU:
-
Cuneate nucleus
- CUN:
-
Cuneiform nucleus
- DG:
-
Dentate gyrus
- dHMNs:
-
Distal hereditary motor neuropathies
- DMH:
-
Dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
- DMX:
-
Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve
- DN:
-
Dentate nucleus
- DP:
-
Dorsal peduncular area
- DR:
-
Dorsal nucleus raphe
- DTN:
-
Dorsal tegmental nucleus
- ECT:
-
Ectorhinal area
- ECU:
-
External cuneate nucleus
- EEA1:
-
Early endosome antigen 1
- ENT:
-
Entorhinal area
- EP:
-
Endopiriform nucleus
- EW:
-
Edinger–Westphal nucleus
- FC:
-
Fasciola cinerea
- FN:
-
Fastigial nucleus
- FRP:
-
Frontal pole
- FS:
-
Fundus of striatum
- GAPDH:
-
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GR:
-
Gracile nucleus
- GRN:
-
Gigantocellular reticular nucleus
- GU:
-
Gustatory areas
- HEK:
-
Human embryonic kidney
- IA:
-
Intercalated amygdalar nucleus
- IAD:
-
Interanterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
- IAM:
-
Interanteromedial nucleus of the thalamus
- IC:
-
Inferior colliculus
- ICB:
-
Infracerebellar nucleus
- IF:
-
Interfascicular nucleus
- IG:
-
Induseum griseum
- IGL:
-
Intergeniculate leaflet of the lateral geniculate complex
- ILA:
-
Infralimbic area
- IMD:
-
Intermediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
- IO:
-
Inferior olivary complex
- IP:
-
Interposed nucleus
- IPN:
-
Interpeduncular nucleus
- IRN:
-
Intermediate reticular nucleus
- ISN:
-
Inferior salivatory nucleus
- LA:
-
Lateral amygdalar nucleus
- LAMP-1:
-
Lysosome marker lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1
- LAT:
-
Lateral group of the dorsal thalamus
- LC:
-
Locus coeruleus
- LD:
-
Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus
- LDT:
-
Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
- LGd:
-
Dorsal part of the lateral geniculate complex
- LGv:
-
Ventral part of the lateral geniculate complex
- LH:
-
Lateral habenula
- LHA:
-
Lateral hypothalamic area
- LIN:
-
Linear nucleus of the medulla
- LPO:
-
Lateral preoptic area
- LRN:
-
Lateral reticular nucleus
- LSX:
-
Lateral septal complex
- LT:
-
Lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract
- MA:
-
Magnocellular nucleus
- MARN:
-
Magnocellular reticular nucleus
- MBO:
-
Mammillary body
- MD:
-
Mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus
- MDRN:
-
Medullary reticular nucleus
- ME:
-
Median eminence
- MEA:
-
Medial amygdalar nucleus
- MEPO:
-
Median preoptic nucleus
- MEV:
-
Midbrain trigeminal nucleus
- MG:
-
Medial geniculate complex
- MH:
-
Medial habenula
- MO:
-
Somatomotor areas
- MOB:
-
Main olfactory bulb
- MPN:
-
Medial preoptic nucleus
- MPO:
-
Medial preoptic area
- MRN:
-
Midbrain reticular nucleus
- MS:
-
Medial septal nucleus
- NB:
-
Nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus
- NC:
-
Nucleus circularis
- NDB:
-
Diagonal band nucleus
- NI:
-
Nucleus incertus
- NLL:
-
Nucleus of the lateral leminiscus
- NLOT:
-
Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract
- NTB:
-
Nucleus of the trapezoid body
- NTS:
-
Nucleus of the solitary tract
- ORB:
-
Orbital area
- OT:
-
Olfactory tubercle
- OV:
-
Vascular organ of the lamina terminalis
- PA:
-
Posterior amygdalar nucleus
- PAA:
-
Piriform-amygdalar area
- PAG:
-
Periaqueductal gray
- PALd:
-
Pallidum, dorsal region
- PAR:
-
Parasubiculum
- PARN:
-
Parvicellular reticular nucleus
- PAS:
-
Parasolitary nucleus
- PB:
-
Parabrachial nucleus
- PBG:
-
Parabigeminal nucleus
- PBS:
-
Phosphate-buffered saline
- PCG:
-
Pontine central gray
- PCN:
-
Paracentral nucleus
- PD:
-
Posterodorsal preoptic nucleus
- PERI:
-
Perirhinal area
- PF:
-
Parafascicular nucleus
- PFA:
-
Paraformaldehyde
- PG:
-
Pontine gray
- PGRN:
-
Paragigantocellular reticular nucleus
- PH:
-
Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
- PHY:
-
Perihypoglossal nuclei
- PIPs:
-
Phosphatidylinositol phosphates
- PIR:
-
Piriform area
- PL:
-
Prelimbic area
- PMd:
-
Dorsal premammillary nucleus
- PMv:
-
Ventral premammillary nucleus
- POST:
-
Postsubiculum
- PP:
-
Peripeduncular nucleus
- PPN:
-
Pedunculopontine nucleus
- PPY:
-
Parapyramidal nucleus
- PR:
-
Perireunensis nucleus
- PRE:
-
Presubiculum
- PRNc:
-
Pontine reticular nucleus, caudal part
- PRNr:
-
Pontine reticular nucleus
- PRT:
-
Pretectal region
- PS:
-
Parastrial nucleus
- PST:
-
Preparasubthalamic nucleus
- PSTN:
-
Parasubthalamic nucleus
- PSV:
-
Principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal
- PT:
-
Parataenial nucleus
- PTLp:
-
Posterior parietal association areas
- PV:
-
Parvalbumin
- Pva:
-
Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior part
- PVH:
-
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
- PVHd:
-
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, descending division
- Pvi:
-
Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, intermediate part
- PVp:
-
Periventrucular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part
- Pvpo:
-
Periventrucular hypothalamic nucleus, preoptic part
- PVT:
-
Paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus
- PX:
-
Phox-homology
- RCH:
-
Retrochiasmatic area
- RE:
-
Nucleus of reuniens
- RH:
-
Rhomboid nucleus
- RL:
-
Rostral linear nucleus raphe
- RM:
-
Nucleus raphe magnus
- RN:
-
Red nucleus
- RO:
-
Nucleus raphe obscurus
- RPA:
-
Nucleus raphe pallidus
- RPO:
-
Nucleus raphe pontis
- RR:
-
Midbrain reticular nucleus, retrorubral area
- RSP:
-
Retrosplenial area
- RT:
-
Reticular nucleus of the thalamus
- SAG:
-
Nucleus sagulum
- SBPV:
-
Subparaventricular zone
- SCH:
-
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- SCm:
-
Superior colliculus, motor related
- SCs:
-
Superior colliculus, sensory related
- SFO:
-
Subfornical organ
- SG:
-
Supragenual nucleus
- SI:
-
Sabstantia innominata
- SLC:
-
Subcoeruleus nucleus
- SLD:
-
Sublaterodorsal nucleus
- SMT:
-
Submedial nucleus of the thalamus
- SNc:
-
Substantia nigra, compact part
- SNr:
-
Substantia nigra, reticular part
- SNX25:
-
Sorting nexin 25
- SNXs:
-
Sorting nexins
- SO:
-
Supraoptic nucleus
- SOC:
-
Superior olivary complex
- SPA:
-
Subparafascicular area
- SPF:
-
Subparafascicular nucleus
- SPVC:
-
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal, caudal part
- SPVI:
-
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal, interpolar part
- SPVO:
-
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal, oral part
- SS:
-
Somatosensory areas
- STN:
-
Subthalamic nucleus
- SUB:
-
Subiculum
- SubG:
-
Subgeniculate nucleus
- SUT:
-
Supratrigeminal nucleus
- TEa:
-
Temporal association areas
- TfR:
-
Transferrin receptor
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor-β
- TH:
-
Tyrosine hydroxylase
- TR:
-
Postpiriform transition area
- TrkB:
-
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B
- TrkB-FL:
-
Full-length TrkB
- TrkB-T1:
-
C-terminally truncated isoform of TrkB
- TRN:
-
Tegmental reticular nucleus
- TRS:
-
Triangular nucleus of septum
- TT:
-
Taenia tecta
- TU:
-
Tuberal nucleus
- VAL:
-
Ventral anterior-lateral complex of the thalamus
- VAPB:
-
Vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B
- VIS:
-
Visual areas
- VISC:
-
Visceral area
- VLPO:
-
Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
- VM:
-
Ventral medial nucleus of the thalamus
- VMH:
-
Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
- VNC:
-
Vestibular nuclei
- VP:
-
Ventral posterior complex of the thalamus
- VTA:
-
Ventral tegmental area
- VTN:
-
Ventral tegmental nucleus
- x:
-
Nucleus x
- y:
-
Nucleus y
- ZI:
-
Zona incerta
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Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Ian Smith for providing language help. This work was supported by a Scientific Research Grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [Grant Number 19K06958 to S. Takemura and 18K06836 to A. Wanaka].
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Takemura, S., Isonishi, A., Tanaka, T. et al. Neural expression of sorting nexin 25 and its regulation of tyrosine receptor kinase B trafficking. Brain Struct Funct 225, 2615–2642 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02144-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02144-0