Abstract
Key message
Leaf morphology, total leaf nitrogen (N) content and carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of Acacia senegal trees vary among ploidy levels and geographic origins. Leaf morphology was significantly correlated with carbon isotope composition (δ13C) among diploid trees, while a significant correlation was observed with nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N) among tetraploid trees.
Abstract
Leaf morphology and ploidy level can influence plants' ability to adapt to climatic conditions. Here we study Acacia senegal that has multiple ploidy levels and grows across a geographic range of mainly dry environments. We test if and how ploidy level and climate at the site of origin influence leaf shape and ratios of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of A. senegal. The study is based on leaves collected from 225 A. senegal trees representing 16 populations across the species range, grown in a common garden trial in Senegal. Leaf morphological parameters were measured, and ploidy level, total leaf nitrogen (N), carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) were determined. Three levels of ploidy were found, namely diploid, triploid and tetraploid, but at highly different frequencies among the 16 origins. Leaf morphology varied significantly among both geographic origins and ploidy levels, with especially triploid trees having distinct leaf shapes. Tetraploids displayed high δ13C and low δ15N values compared to diploids. For diploids, leaf length and number of leaflets were correlated with precipitation and latitude, respectively. Leaf morphology and isotopic discrimination in A. senegal vary according to ploidy level and geographic origin. Our analysis suggests that the differences likely reflect adaptation to different environments, but the patterns tend to differ between diploids and tetraploids.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data is publicly available through the University of Copenhagen—Electronic Research Data Archive (ERDA) https://erda.ku.dk/archives/73e5cd9b4efe3d726b3a8fa0e6d563b8/published-archive.html.
Change history
25 September 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02212-w
References
Abrams MD, Kloeppel BD, Kubiske ME (1992) Ecophysiological and morphological responses to shade and drought in two contrasting ecotypes of Prunus serotina. Tree Physiol 10(4):343–355. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/10.4.343
Abrams MD, Kubiske ME, Steiner KC (1990). Drought adaptations and responses in five genotypes of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.: photosynthesis, water relations and leaf morphology. Tree Physiol 6(3): 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/6.3.305
Anderson JE, Williams J, Kriedemann PE, Austin MP, Farquhar GD (1996) Correlations between carbon isotope discrimination and climate of native habitats for diverse eucalypt taxa growing in a common garden. Aust J Plant Physiol 23(3):311–320. https://doi.org/10.1071/PP9960311
Arntz MA, Delph LF (2001) Pattern and process: evidence for the evolution of photosynthetic traits in natural populations. Oecologia 127(4):455–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100650
Arumuganathan K, Earle ED (1991) Estimation of nuclear DNA content of plants by flow cytometry. Plant Mol Biol Rep 9(3):229–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02672073
Assoumane A, Zoubeirou AM, Rodier-Goud M, Favreau B, Bezançon G, Verhaegen D (2012). Highlighting the occurrence of tetraploidy in Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. and genetic variation patterns in its natural range revealed by DNA microsatellite markers. Tree Genet and Genomes 9(1): 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-012-0537-0
Baker RL, Yarkhunova Y, Vidal K, Ewers BE, Weinig C (2017) Polyploidy and the relationship between leaf structure and function: Implications for correlated evolution of anatomy, morphology, and physiology in Brassica. BMC Plant Biol 17(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-016-0957-3
Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67(1):1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Battipaglia G, Saurer M, Cherubini P, Calfapietra C, Mccarthy HR, Norby RJ, Cotrufo MF (2012) Elevated CO2 increases tree-level intrinsic water use efficiency: insights from carbon and oxygen isotope analyses in tree rings across three forest FACE sites. New Phytol 2013(197):544–554. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12044
Brandt M, Grau T, Mbow C, Samimi C (2014) Modeling soil and woody vegetation in the senegalese sahel in the context of environmental change. Land 3(3):770–792. https://doi.org/10.3390/land3030770
Chansler MT, Ferguson CJ, Fehlberg SD, Prather LA (2016) The role of polyploidy in shaping morphological diversity in natural populations of Phlox amabilis. Am J Bot 103(9):1546–1558. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1600183
Chevalier MH, Borgel A (1998) Diversité génétique des acacias. In: Campa C, Grignon C, Gueye M, Hamon S (eds) L’acacia au Sénégal. ORSTOM, Paris, pp 287–308
Comstock JP, Ehleringer JR (1992). Correlating genetic variation in carbon isotopic composition with complex climatic gradients. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 89(16):_ 7747–7751. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.16.7747
Cramer MD, Chimphango SBM, Van Cauter A, Waldram MS, Bond WJ (2007) Grass competition induces N2 fixation in some species of African Acacia. J Ecol 95(5):1123–1133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01285.x
Craufurd PQ, Wheeler TR, Ellis RH, Summerfield RJ, Williams JH (1999) Effect of temperature and water deficit on water-use efficiency, carbon isotope discrimination, and specific leaf area in peanut. Crop Sci 39(1):136–142. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X003900010022x
Cuni Sanchez A, Haq N, Assogbadjo AE (2010). Variation in baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) leaf morphology and its relation to drought tolerance. Genet Resour Crop Ev, 57(1): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-009-9447-x
De Baerdemaeker NJF, Hias N, Van den Bulcke J, Keulemans W, Steppe K (2018) The effect of polyploidization on tree hydraulic functioning. Am J Bot 105(2):161–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1032
Diallo AM, Nielsen LR, Kjær ED, Petersen KK, Ræbild A (2016) Polyploidy can Confer Superiority to West African Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. Trees Front Plant Sci 7:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00821
Diallo AM, Nielsen LR, Hansen JK, Ræbild A, Kjær ED (2015). Study of quantitative genetics of gum arabic production complicated by variability in ploidy level of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. Tree Genet Genomes 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0902-x
Du ZY, Yang CF, Chen JM, Guo YH, Kadiri AB (2010) Using dna-based techniques to identify hybrids among linear-leaved potamogeton plants collected in China. J Syst Evol 48(4):265–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00089.x
Dupuy NC, Dreyfus BL (1992) Bradyrhizobium populations occur in deep soil under the leguminous tree Acacia albida. Appl Environ Microbiol 58(8):2415–2419
Evans RD (2001) Physiological mechanisms influencing plant nitrogen isotope composition. Trends Plant Sci 6(3):121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(01)01889-1
Fagg C, Allison G (2004). Acacia senegal and the Gum Arabic Trade. Monograph and Annotated Bibliography. Tropical Forestry Papers No. 42. Oxford, UK: Oxford Forestry
Fick SE, Hijmans RJ (2017). Worldclim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol
Giffard PL (1966) Les gommiers: Acacia senegal Wild. Acacia laeta R. Br (Gum-trees: Acacia senegal, Acacia laeta). Revue Bois Et Forêts Des Tropiques 105:21–31
Gilmour AR, Gogel BJ, Cullis BR, Welham SJ, Thompson R (2015). ASReml User Guide Release 4.1 Functional Specication, VSN International Ltd, Hemel Hempstead, HP1 1ES, UK www.vsni.co.uk
Gilmour A, Gogel B, Cullis B, Welham S, Thompson R (2015). ASReml User Guide Release 4.1 Structural Specification. Hemel Hempstead: VSN International Ltd.
Gonzalez P (2001) Desertification and a shift of forest species in the West African Sahel. Clim Res 17:217–228 ((in press))
Göttsche FM, Olesen FS, Trigo IF, Bork-Unkelbach A, Martin MA (2016). Long term validation of land surface temperature retrieved from MSG/SEVIRI with continuous in-situ measurements in Africa. Remote Sensing, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8050410
Gray A, Odee D, Cavers S, Wilson J, Telford A, Grant F, Diouf M, Ochieng J, Grant H, Stott A (2013) Does geographic origin dictate ecological strategies in Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.? Evidence from carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Plant Soil 369(1–2): 479–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1593-4
Greer BT, Still C, Cullinan GL, Brooks JR, Meinzer FC (2018) Polyploidy influences plant–environment interactions in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Tree Physiol, 38(4):630–640. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpx120
Guet J, Fabbrini F, Fichot R, Sabatti M, Bastien C, Brignolas F (2015). Genetic variation for leaf morphology, leaf structure and leaf carbon isotope discrimination in European populations of black poplar (Populus nigra L.). Tree Physiol, 35(8):850–863. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpv056
Halloy SRP, Mark AF (1996) Comparative leaf morphology spectra of plant communities in New Zealand, the Andes and the European Alps. J Exp Bot 26(1):41–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1996.9517504
Hultine KR, Marshall JD (2000) Altitude trends in conifer leaf morphology and stable carbon isotope composition. Oecologia 123(1):32–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050986
IPCC (2019) Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [Shukla PR, Skea J, Calvo Buendia E, Masson-Delmotte V, Pörtner HO, Roberts DC, Zhai P, Slade R, Connors S, van Diemen R, Ferrat M, Haughey E, Luz S, Neogi S, Pathak M, Petzold J, Portugal Pereira J, Vyas P, Huntley E, Kissick K, Belkacemi M, Malley J, (eds.)]. In press
Kassambara A, Mundt F (2020). factoextra: extract and visualize the results of multivariate data analyses. R package version 1.0.7. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=factoextra
Khan HR, Paull JG, Siddique KHM, Stoddard FL (2010) Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: a physiological and agronomic perspective. Field Crops Res 115(3):279–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.09.003
Khramtsova EV, Kiseleva IS, Lyubomudrova EA, Malkova NV (2003) Optimization of the leaf mesophyll structure in alloploid and diploid wheat species. Russ J Plant Physiol 50(1):19–27. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021924115326
Koksheeva I, Kislov D, Tvorogov S, Doudkin R (2017) Relationships between leaf shape and climate in Rhododendron mucronulatum. Nord J Bot 35(5):618–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01486
Konate NM, Dreyer E, Epron D (2016) Differences in carbon isotope discrimination and whole-plant transpiration efficiency among nine Australian and Sahelian Acacia species. Ann for Sci 73(4):995–1003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-016-0589-7
Korbo A, Sanou H, Ræbild A, Jensen JS, Hansen JK, Kjær ED (2012). Comparison of East and West African populations of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.). Agrofor Syst 85(3): 505–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9464-6
Körner C, Farquhar GD, Wong SC (1991) Carbon isotope discrimination by plants follows latitudinal and altitudinal trends. Oecologia 88(1):30–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328400
Lambers H, Chapin III FS, Pons TL (2008). Plant Physiological Ecology, 2nd edn, vol 53. Springer https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Larwanou M, Raebild A, Issa R, Kjæer ED (2010). Performance of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd Provenances in Dryland Savannah of Niger. Silvae Genet 59(5): 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1515/sg-2010-0025
Li WL, Berlyn GP, Ashton PMS (1996) Polyploids and their structural and physiological characteristics relative to water deficit in Betula papyrifera (Betulaceae). Am J Bot 83(1):15–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/2445949
Li WD, Biswas DK, Xu H, Xu CQ, Wang XZ, Liu JK, Jiang GM (2009) Photosynthetic responses to chromosome doubling in relation to leaf anatomy in Lonicera japonica subjected to water stress. Funct Plant Biol 36(9):783–792. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP09022
Lu Z, Chen J, Percy RG, Zeiger E (1997) Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and leaf area in two cotton species (Gossypium barbadense and Gossypium hirsutum) and their relation with heat resistance and yield. Aust J Plant Physiol 24(5):693–700. https://doi.org/10.1071/PP97056
Maherali H, Walden AE, Husband BC (2009) Genome duplication and the evolution of physiological responses to water stress. New Phytol 184(3):721–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02997.x
Manzaneda AJ, Rey PJ, Bastida JM, Weiss-Lehman C, Raskin E, Mitchell-Olds T (2012) Environmental aridity is associated with cytotype segregation and polyploidy occurrence in Brachypodium distachyon (Poaceae). New Phytol 193(3):797–805. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03988.x
McDonald PG, Fonseca CR, Overton JMC, Westoby M (2003) Leaf-size divergence along rainfall and soil-nutrient gradients: Is the method of size reduction common among clades? Funct Ecol 17(1):50–57. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00698.x
McKey D (1994) Legumes and nitrogen : the evolutionary ecology of a nitrogen-demand ing lifestyle. In: Sprent JI, McKey D, eds. Advances tn Legume Systemattcx. 5. The Nitrogen Factor. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, p 211–228
Mensous M, Van de Paer C, Manzi S, Bouchez O, Baâli-Cherif D, Besnard G (2017). Diversity and evolution of plastomes in Saharan mimosoids: potential use for phylogenetic and population genetic studies. Tree Genet Genomes 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1131-2
Ndoye F, Kane A, Ngonkeu MEL, Bakhoum N, Sanon A, Diouf D, Sy MO, Baudoin E, Noba K, Prin Y (2012) Changes in land use system and environmental factors affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal density and diversity, and enzyme activities in rhizospheric soils of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. ISRN Ecology 2012:1–13. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/563191
Novak V, Adler J, Husted S, Fromberg A, Laursen KH (2019) Authenticity testing of organically grown vegetables by stable isotope ratio analysis of oxygen in plant-derived sulphate. Food Chem 291:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.125
Odee DW, Telford A, Wilson J, Gaye A, Cavers S (2012) Plio-Pleistocene history and phylogeography of Acacia senegal in dry woodlands and savannahs of sub-Saharan tropical Africa: evidence of early colonisation and recent range expansion. Heredity 109(6):372–382. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2012.52
Odee DW, Wilson J, Omondi S, Perry A, Cavers S (2015). Rangewide ploidy variation and evolution in Acacia senegal: A north-south divide?. AoB Plants 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv011
Omondi SF, Odee DW, Ongamo GO, Kanya JI, Khasa DP (2018) Mating patterns of the gum arabic tree (Acacia senegal synonym Senegalia senegal) in two different habitats. New for 49(1):53–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-017-9604-6
Otieno DO, Schmidt MWT, Adiku S, Tenhunen J (2005) Physiological and morphological responses to water stress in two Acacia species from contrasting habitats. Tree Physiol 25(3):361–371. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.3.361
Ouedraogo M (2015). Improving and conserving sahelian fruits trees : a case study of Parkia biglobosa ( Jacq .) Benth. Dissertation, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen.
Peppe DJ, Royer DL, Cariglino B, Oliver SY, Leight E, Enikolopov G, Fernandez-burgos M, Herrera F, Adams JM, Correa E, Currano ED, Erickson JM, Felipe L, Hoganson JW, Iglesias A, Jaramillo CA, Johnson KR, Jordan J, Kraft NJB, Lovelock EC (2011) Sensitivity of leaf size and shape to climat patterns and paleoclimat. New Phytol 190(3):724–739. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137,2010.03615.x
R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/
Raddad EAY, Luukkanen O (2006) Adaptive genetic variation in water-use efficiency and gum yield in Acacia senegal provenances grown on clay soil in the Blue Nile region. Sudan for Ecol Manage 226(1–3):219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.036
Raddad EAY, Salih AA, Fadl MAE, Kaarakka V, Luukkanen O (2005) Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in eight Acacia senegal provenances in dryland clays of the Blue Nile Sudan estimated by the 15N natural abundance method. Plant Soil 275(1–2):261–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-2152-4
Ræbild A, Larsen AS, Jensen JS, Ouedraogo M, de Groote S, van Damme P, Bayala J, Diallo BO, Sanou H, Kalinganire A, Kjaer ED (2010) Advances in domestication of indigenous fruit trees in the West African Sahel. New for 41(3):297–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-010-9237-5
Ræbild A, Graudal L, Ouedraogo LG (2003a). Evaluation of a provenance trial of Acacia senegal at Gonsé, Burkina Faso. Trial no. 12 in the arid zone series. Results and Documentation No 5. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Humlebaek, Denmark
Ræbild A, Graudal L, Cesar P, Lima F (2003b). Evaluation of a provenance trial of Acacia senegal at Dori, Burkina Faso: Trial no. 8 in the arid zones series. DFSC Results and Documentation No 3, Danida Forest Seed Centre, Humlebaek, Denmark
Ræbild A, Diallo BO, Graudal L, Dao M and Sanou J (2003c). Evaluation of a provenance trial of Acacia senegal at Djibo, Burkina Faso. Trial no. 5 in the arid zone series. Results and Documentation No 7. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Humlebaek, Denmark
Ramsey J, Ramsey TS (2014) Ecological studies of polyploidy in the 100 years following its discovery. Phil Trans R Soc B 369(1648):15–19. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0352
Ramsey J, Schemske DW (1998) Pathways, mechanisms, and rates of polyploid formation in flowering plants. Annu Rev Ecol and Syst 29:467–501. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.467
Revelle W (2019). psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych Version = 1.9.12
Royer DL, McElwain JC, Adams JM, Wilf P (2008) Sensitivity of leaf size and shape to climate within Acer rubrum and Quercus kelloggii. New Phytol 179(3):808–817. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02496.x
Sarr MS, Seiler JR, Sullivan J, Diallo AM, Strahm BD (2021). Drought resistance and gum yield performances in a Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton progeny trial in Senegal. New Forests, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-020-09825-y
SAS Institute Inc (2004) SAS/STAT Users’ Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary
Schmerler SB, Clement WL, Beaulieu JM, Chatelet DS, Sack L, Donoghue MJ, Edwards EJ, Schmerler SB, Clement WL, Beaulieu JM, Chatelet DS, Sack L, Donoghue MJ, Edwards EJ (2012) JSTOR: Evolution of leaf form correlates with tropical -temperate transitions in Viburnum (Adoxaceae). Proc R Soc B 279(1744):3905–3913. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.11
Schuepp PH (1993) Leaf boundary layers. New Phytol 125:477–507
Seibt U, Rajabi A, Griffiths H, Berry JA (2008) Carbon isotopes and water use efficiency: sense and sensitivity. Oecologia 155(3):441–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0932-7
Soltis DE, Visger CJ, Soltis PS (2014). The polyploidy revolution then...and now: Stebbins revisited. Am J Bot 101(7): 1057–1078. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400178
Stanhill G (1986). Water use efficiency. Adv Agron, 39(C), 53–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60465-4
Teklehaimanot Z, Lanek J, Tomlinson HF (1998) Provenance variation in morphology and leaflet anatomy of Parkia biglobosa and its relation to drought tolerance. Trees 13(2):96–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004680050192
Traiser C, Klotz S, Uhl D, Mosbrugger V (2005) Environmental signals from leaves—a physiognomic analysis of European vegetation. New Phytol 166(2):465–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01316.x
Turchetto C, Segatto ALA, Beduschi J, Bonatto SL, Freitas LB (2015) Genetic differentiation and hybrid identification using microsatellite markers in closely related wild species. AoB Plants. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv084
Vincke C, Diédhiou I, Grouzis M (2009) Long term dynamics and structure of woody vegetation in the Ferlo (Senegal). J Arid Environ 74(2):268–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.08.006
Wickham H (2016) ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York
Xu Z, Zhou G (2008) Responses of leaf stomatal density to water status and its relationship with photosynthesis in a grass. J Exp Bot 59(12):3317–3325. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern185
Zhang F, Xue H, Lu X, Zhang B, Wang F, Ma Y, Zhang Z (2015) Autotetraploidization enhances drought stress tolerance in two apple cultivars. Trees 29(6):1773–1780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-015-1258-4
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Cheikh Omar Samb and Ibra Padane from Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/Centre National de Recherches Forestières (ISRA/CNRF) for the technical support during the field work in Senegal, to Robyn Margaret Stuart from the Department of Mathematics at the University of Copenhagen for statistical advice, to Sophia Groll for help with sample preparation in the laboratory of University of Copenhagen, and to the anonymous reviewer for important comments and suggestions.
Funding
This study was funded by the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) under the PhD Merit Scholarship program (Student Grant Number 600032772) and by the University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by Gessler.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Diatta, O., Kjær, E.D., Diallo, A.M. et al. Leaf morphology and stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in Acacia senegal (L.) Wild trees vary with climate at the geographic origin and ploidy level. Trees 36, 295–312 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02206-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02206-8