Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cytology of SW Asian Chenopodiaceae: new data from Iran and a review of previous records and correlations with life forms and C4 photosynthesis

  • Review
  • Published:
Plant Systematics and Evolution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The mitotic chromosome numbers of 35 species belonging to 25 genera from East Azerbaijan Province of Iran and meiotic numbers of five species of Salicornia from different parts of Iran of family Chenopodiaceae are reported. Some of them are first reports and some are first counts from Iran. Based on a review of previously published reports, 145 species and 46 genera occurring in SW Asia have been cytologically studied either based on populations within or surrounding regions. The nomenclature and generic position of all these species are updated based on recent phylogenetic and taxonomic studies. The polyploidy percentage of 26.2 % is beyond the average known in flowering plants, which is surprising for dominant plants of saline and desert ecosystems. The polyploidy of annual plants is only 16 % and that of perennials 19 %, respectively. It was found that C4 plants represent lower polyploidy levels than C3 plants. This is correlated by the fact that large number of annuals in the area is C4 and secondly, polyploidy may constrain niche advantageous in C4 plants. However, presence of different cytotypes in the widespread species is advantageous as they can occupy different niches. The basic chromosome numbers in chenopods is x = 9 with few derived exceptions in Spinacia (x = 6), Camphorosma (x = 6) and some species of Petrosimonia (x = 8).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akhani H (2004) Halophytic vegetation of Iran: towards a syntaxonomical classification. Ann Bot Nuo ser (Rome) 4:66–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhani H (2008) Taxonomic revision of the genus Salicornia L. (Chenopodiaceae) in Central and Southern Iran. Pakistan J Bot 40(4):1635–1655

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhani H, Khoshravesh R (2013) The relationship and different C4 Kranz anatomy of Bassia eriantha and Bassia eriophora, two often confused Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Sindian species. Phytotaxa 93(1):1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akhani H, Trimborn P, Ziegler H (1997) Photosynthetic pathways in Chenopodiaceae from Africa, Asia and Europe with their ecological, phytogeographical and taxonomical importance. Pl Syst Evol 206(1–4):187–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akhani H, Ghobadnejhad M, Hashemi SMH (2003) Ecology, biogeography and pollen morphology of Bienertia cycloptera Bunge ex Boiss. (Chenopodiaceae), an enigmatic C-4 plant without Kranz anatomy. Plant Biol 5(2):167–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akhani H, Barroca J, Koteeva N, Voznesenskaya E, Franceschi V, Edwards G, Ghaffari SM, Ziegler H (2005) Bienertia sinuspersici (Chenopodiaceae): a new species from southwest Asia and discovery of a third terrestrial C4 plant without Kranz anatomy. Syst Bot 30(2):290–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akhani H, Edwards G, Roalson EH (2007) Diversification of the Old World Salsoleae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae): molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and chloroplast data sets and a revised classification. Int J Plant Sci 168(6):931–956

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akhani H, Chatrenoor T, Dehghani M, Khoshravesh R, Mahdavi P, Matinzadeh Z (2012) A new species of Bienertia (Chenopodiaceae) from Iranian salt deserts: a third species of the genus and discovery of a fourth terrestrial C4 plant without Kranz anatomy. Plant Biosys 146(3):550–559. doi:10.1080/11263504.2012.662921

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhani H, Greuter W, Roalson EH (2014) Notes on the typification and nomenclature of Salsola and Kali (Chenopodiaceae). Taxon 63(3):647–650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Turki TA, Filfilan SA, Mehmood SF (2000) A cytological study of flowering plants from Saudi Arabia. Willdenowia 30:339–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakhshi Khaniki G, Maroof E (2006) Karyotypic study of some species of the genus Salsola L. (Chenopodiaceea) in Golestan province. Pajouhesh- va-Sazandegi in Agronomy & Horticulture 19(3 [72]):66–72 (In Farsi)

    Google Scholar 

  • Balaei Z, Aghamohammadi K, Fakhre Ranjbar H (2004) Caryological study of 5 Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae) in East Azarbaijan. In: The Proceedings of the Joint Agriculture and Natural Resources Symposium Tabriz/Ganja, Ganja/Azerbaijan, May 14–16 2004, pp 174–177

  • Balaei Z, Rafati A, Razban A, Aqayev Y, Kasebi N, Assadi M (2006) Cytotaxonomic studies of Chenopodiaceae family in East Azarbaijan. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=2009%2FIR%2FIR0818.xml%3BIR2008000650. Accessed 13.12.2013

  • Baquar SR (1976) Polyploidy in the flora of Pakistan in relation to latitude, life form, and taxonomic groups. Taxon 25(5/6):621–627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baquar SR, Hussain A, Akhtar S (1966) Meiotic chromosome number in some vascular plants of Indus Delta. I. Bot not 118(3):289–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassett IJ (1969) IOPB chromosome number reports XXI. Taxon 18:310

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger CA (1941) Reinvestigation of polysomaty in Spinacia. Bot Gaz 102(4):759–769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bochantseva ZP (1972) O chislakh chromosom. Introd Aklim Rast Akad Nauk Uzbek SSR 9:45–53 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bokhari MH, Wendelbo P (1978) On anatomy, adaptations to xerophytism and taxonomy of Anabasis inclusive Esfandiaria (Chenopodiaceae). Bot not 131:279–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Buttler KP (1977a) Revision von Beta Sektion Corollinae (Chenopodiaceae): 1. Selbststerile Basisarten. Mitt Bot Staats München 13:225–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Buttler KP (1977b) Variation in wild populations of annual Beet (Beta, Chenopodiaceae). Pl Syst Evol 128:123–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carolin RC, Jacobs SWL, Vesk M (1975) Leaf structure in Chenopodiaceae. Bot Jahr Syst 95:226–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Castroviejo S, Feliner GN (1986) Cytotaxonomic notes on some Spanish plants. Willdenovia 16:213–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Djamali M, Akhani H, Khoshravesh R, Andrieu-Ponel V, Ponel P, Brewer S (2011) Application of the Global Bioclimatic Classification to Iran: implications for understanding the modern vegetation and biogeography. Ecol Medit 37(1):91–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobeš C, Hahn B (1997) In IOPB chromosome data 11. Newslett Int Organ Pl Biosyst (Oslo) 26(27):15–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobeš C, Hahn B, Morawetz W (1997) Chromosomenzahlen zur Gefäßpflanzen-Flora Österreichs. Linzer Biol Beit 29(1):5–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Doulatyari A, Ghaffari SM, Akhani H (2009) A cytological study of fourteen halophytic species of tribes Caroxyloneae and Salsoleae (Chenopodiaceae) from Iran. Cytologia 74(1):79–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunford MP (1984) Cytotype distribution of Atriplex canescens (Chenopodiaceae) of southern New Mexico and adjacent Texas. Southwestern Natur 29:223–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunford MP (1985) A statistical analysis of morphological variation in cytotypes of Atriplex canescens (Chenopodiaceae). Southwestern Natur 3:377–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebrahimzadeh H, Ataei-Azimi A, Akhani H, Noori-Daloii MR (1994) Studies on the caryology of some species of the genus Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Iran. J Sci Iran 5(3):81–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards GE, Franceschi VR, Voznesenskaya EV (2004) Single-cell C4 photosynthesis versus the dual-cell (Kranz) paradigm. Ann Rev Plant Biol 55:173–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fahn A, Cutler DF (1992) Xerophytes (Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie: Spezielle Teil, Band 13, Teil 3). Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedorov AA (ed) (1969) Chromosome numbers of flowering plants. Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Leningrad

    Google Scholar 

  • Freitag H 1996 (with a contribution by S. Rilke)) Salsola (pp. 154-255) [Chenopodiaceae]. In: Rechinger KH (ed) Flora Iranica, vol 178. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz, pp 154–255

  • Freitag H, Stichler W (2000) A remarkable new leaf type with unusual photosynthetic tissue in a central Asiatic genus of Chenopodiaceae. Plant Biol 2(2):154–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freitag H, Brandt R, Chatrenoor T, Akhani H (2013) Suaeda iranshahrii Akhani & Freitag, a new species of Suaeda subg. Brezia (Chenopodiaceae) from the Persian Gulf coasts. Rostaniha 14(1):68–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey W, Kürschner H, Stichler W (1985) Photosynthetic pathways and ecological distribution of halophytes from four littoral salt marshes (Egypt/Sinai, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Iran). Flora 177:107–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes-Bazan S, Uotila P, Borsch T (2012) A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae). Willdenowia 42(1):5–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gangopadhyay G, Das S, Mukherjee KK (2002) Speciation in Chenopodium in West Bengal, India. Genc Res Crop Evol 49(5):503–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghaffari SM (1986) Chromosome number reports XCIII. Taxon 35(4):900–901

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghaffari SM (2008) Chromosome reports for some plant species from Iran. Iranian J Bot 14(1):39–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghaffari SM, Saydrasi L, Ebrahimzadeh H, Akhani H (2006) Chromosome numbers and karyotype analyses of species of subfamily Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae) from Iran. Iranian J Bot 12(2):128–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Gömürgen AN, Altinözlü H (2005) Chromosome number and karyotype analysis of Kalidiopsis wagenitzii Aellen. Pakistan J Bot 37(2):307–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutermann W (2011) Notulae nomenclaturales 41-45. Phyton-Ann Rei Bot 51(1):95–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanelt P (1973) IOPB chromosome number report XLII. Taxon 22(5/6):648–649

    Google Scholar 

  • Hao GY, Lucero ME, Sanderson SC, Zacharias EH, Holbrook NM (2013) Polyploidy enhances the occupation of heterogeneous environments through hydraulic related trade-offs in Atriplex canescens (Chenopodiaceae). New Phytol 197(3):970–978

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedge IC, Akhani H, Freitag H, Kothe-Heinrich G, Podlech D, Rilke S, Uotila P (1997) Chenopodiaceae. In: Rechinger KH (ed) Flora iranica, vol 172. Akademische Druck. u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz

    Google Scholar 

  • Hekmat-shoar H (1978) Contribution à l’étude cytotaxonomique de quelques halophytes d’Azerbaidjan (Iran). Rev Cytol Biol Végé Bot 1:97–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesamzadeh Hejazi SM, Alidaei H, Ziaei Nasab M (2007) Cytogenetic studies on several Atriplex species in Iran. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi 76:88–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Jellen EN, Kolano BA, Sederberg MC, Bonifacio A, Maughan PJ (2011) Chenopodium. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources, legume crops and forages. Springer, Berlin, pp 35–61

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kadereit G, Freitag H (2011) Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae (Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae): implications for biogeography, evolution of C4-photosynthesis and taxonomy. Taxon 60(1):51–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Kadereit G, Borsch T, Weising K, Freitag H (2003) Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Int J Plant Sci 164(6):959–986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khatoon S (1991) Polyploidy in the flora of Pakistan: an analytical study. University of Karachi, Karachi

    Google Scholar 

  • Kühn U, Bittrich V, Carolin R, Freitag H, Hedge IC, Uotila P, Wilson PG (1993) Chenopodiaceae. In: Kubitzki K (ed) The families and genera of vascular plants, vol 2., Flowering plants: dicotyledons. Springer, Berlin, pp 253–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN (2013) IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 16. Taxon 62(6):1358–1359

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN, Freitag H (2009) IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 8. Taxon 58(4):1284

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN, Krasnikov AA (1993) Chromosome numbers in some members of the Chenopodiaceae. Bot. Zhurn 78(3):158–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN, Krasnikov AA (1994) Chromosome numbers in some species of genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae) of the flora of Siberia. Bot Zhurn 79(3):124–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN, Krasnikov AA (2006) Chromosome numbers of some Chenopodiaceae representatives of the flora of Russia. Bot Zhurn 91(11):1757–1759

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN, Lysenko DS (2010) Chromosome numbers of the family Chenopodiaceae representatives from Volgograd and Magadan regions. Bot Zhurn 95(11):1065–1067

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN, Nikolin EG (2013) IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 15. Taxon 62(5):1078

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN, Krasnikov AA, Krasnikova SA (2001) Chromosome numbers of Chenopodiaceae from Siberia. Bot Zhurn 86(9):145–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN, Krasnikova SA, Krasnikov AA, Ebel AL, Rudaia NA (2003) Chromosome numbers of the family Chenopodiaceae representatives from Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Bot Zhurn 88(8):113–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN, Krasnjkova SA, Krasnjkov AA, Sukhorukov AP, Bananova VA, Pavlova NS (2005) Chromosome numbers of Chenopodiaceae species from Russia and Kazakhstan. Bot Zhurn 90(7):1132–1134

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN, Yusupova DM, Akopian JA (2007) Chromosome numbers of the Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) representatives. Bot Zhurn 92(7):1077–1078

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN, Sinelnikova NV, Sukhorukov AP (2010) Karyology of some species of the Chenopodiaceae family from Israel and Jordan. Bot Zhurn 95:270–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomonosova MN, Sukhorukov AP, Sinelnikova NV (2012) Chromosome numbers of Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae species from Spain, Egypt, Syria and Nepal. Bot Zhurn 97 (99–102)

  • Mirzaie-Nodoushan H, Asadi-Corom F (2002) Karyotypic studies of two Haloxylon species. Nucleus 45:19–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Murín A, Chaudhri II (1970) In IOPB chromosome number reports XXVI. Taxon 19:266–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Podlech D, Bader O (1974) Chromosomenstudien an afghanischen Pflanzen II. Mitt Bot Staats München 11:457–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Podlech D, Dieterle A (1969) Chromosomenstudien an afghanischen Pflanzen. Candollea 24(2):185–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratov UP (1986) Rod Climacoptera Botsch.: sistematuka, geografiya, filogeniya i voprocy okhrany. Izdatel’stvo Fan Uzbekskoi, Tashkent

  • Probatova NS, Seledets VP, Rudyka EG, Gnutikov AA, Kozhevnikova ZV, Barkalov VY (2009) IOPB chromosome data 8. Taxon 58(4):1284–1288

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahiminejad MR (2004) Chenopodium pumilio (Chenopodiaceae) new to the flora of Iran. Willdenovia 34:183–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahiminejad MR (2006) IAPT/IOPB Chromosome Data 1. Taxon 552:444–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahiminejad MR, Gornall RJ (2004) Flavonoid evidence for allopolyploidy in the Chenopodium album aggregate (Amaranthaceae). Pl Syst Evol 246:77–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rechinger KH (1963–2012) Flora Iranica, 1-179. Akademsiche Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt und Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Graz & Wien

  • Reese G (1957) Über die polyploidie Spektren in der Nordsaharischen Wüstenflora. Flora 144:598–634

    Google Scholar 

  • Rilke S (1999) Revision der Sektion Salsola s.l. der Gattung Salsola (Chenopodiaceae), vol 149. Bibiotheca Botanica. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart

  • Sage RF (2004) The evolution of C-4 photosynthesis. New Phytol 161(2):341–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sage RF, Christin PA, Edwards EJ (2011) The C4 plant lineages of planet Earth. J Exp Bot 62(9):3155–3169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salar N, Maddah Arefi H, Asadi M, Nasirzadeh A (2003) Cytogenetic studies of some species from the genus of Salsola. Iran J Rang For Plant Breed Gen Res 11(4):443–463 (In Farsi), 480 (English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson SC, Stutz HC (1994) High Chromosome-numbers in Mojavean and Sonoran desert Atriplex-canescens (Chenopodiaceae). Am J Bot 81(8):1045–1053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sankary MN (1986) Chromosome number reports XCI. Taxon 35(2):404

    Google Scholar 

  • Semiotroczeva NL (1975) Karyosystematics of the genus Camphorosma L., Panderia Fisch. & Mey. Chenopodiaceae Less., tribe Camphorosmeae Moq. Bot Mater Gerb Bot Inst Acad Nauk SSSR 9:47–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Semiotroczeva NL (1983) Examinatio caryosystematica specierum monnularum generum Salsola L. et Climacoptera Botsch. Not Syst Herb Inst Bot Acad Sci Kazakhst 13:66–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis DE, Albert VA, Leebens-Mack J, Bell CD, Paterson AH, Zheng CF, Sankoff D, dePamphilis CW, Wall PK, Soltis PS (2009) Polyploidy and angiosperm diversification. Am J Bot 96(1):336–348

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins GL (1950) Variation and evolution in higher plants. Adison-Wesley, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Stomps TJ (1910) Kerndeeling en Synapsis bij Spinacia oleraceae L., Amsterdam

  • Sukhorukov AP (2007) Fruit anatomy and its taxonomic significance in Corispermum (Corispermoides, Chenopodiaceae). Willdenowia 37:63–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tal M (1980) Physiology of polyploids. In: Lewis WH (ed) Polyploidy. Plenum Press, New York, pp 61–75

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Turner BL (1994) Chromosome numbers and their phyletic interpretation. In: Behnke HD, Mabry TJ (eds) Caryophyllales: evolution and systematics. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 27–43

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Uotila P (1973) Chromosome counts on Chenopodium L. from SE Europa and SW Asia. Acta Bot Fenn 10:337–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Uotila P (1993) Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Chenopodium in the Flora-Iranica Area. Ann Bot Fenn 30(3):189–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Voznesenskaya EV, Franceschi VR, Kiirats O, Freitag H, Edwards GE (2001) Kranz anatomy is not essential for terrestrial C-4 plant photosynthesis. Nature 414(6863):543–546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warner DA, Edwards GE (1993) Effects of polyploidy on photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 35(2):135–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wen ZB, Zhang ML, Zhu GL, Sanderson SC (2010) Phylogeny of Salsoleae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae) based on DNA sequence data from ITS, psbB-psbH, and rbcL, with emphasis on taxa of northwestern China. Pl Syst Evol 288(1–2):25–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witte MB (1947) A comparative cytological study of three species of the Chenopodiaceae. Bull Torr Bot Club 74(6):443–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zacharyeva (1968) in Fedorov AA (ed) (1969) Chromosome numbers of flowering plants. Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Leningrad

  • Zakharyeva OI (1985) Chromosome numbers of some flowering plants from the Caucasus and Middle Asia. Bot Zhurn 70(12):1699–1701 (In Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakharyeva OI, Soskov YD (1981) Chromosome numbers in desert herbage plants. Bull NI Vavilov Inst Pl Indus 108:57–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeybek N, Kesercioglu T, Mert HH (1973) Halophyten von der Türkei 1. Die Chromosomenzahlen von Salicornia-Arten aus Anatolien. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on Abies equi-trojani and Turkish Flora, 22-28 October 1973. Ýstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayýnlarý 209, pp 165–175

  • Zeybek N, Tokur S, Akbulut I, Mert HH (1977) Chromosomenzahlen von drei Salzpflanzen aus Westanatolien. Ber Schweiz botan Gesell 87:60–62

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The work by Z. B. was supported by a grant from Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of East Azarbaijan, and that of S. M. G. by the Research Council of the University of Tehran 6401011/1/06. These authors are much indebted to M. Assadi and Y. Aghayev for their help in some identifications and methodological questions. H. A. and T. C. acknowledge support of their work by a grant from Research Council of University of Tehran under Project No. 6104037/1/2 and M. Lomonosova and M. Malekmohammadi for providing access to many references which are widely dispersed in often remote publications. We appreciate critical review of the first draft and improvement of the second draft of this paper by H. Freitag.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, PO Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Mahmood Ghaffari

  2. East Azarbaijan, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Tabriz, Iran

    Zhila Balaei

  3. Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran

    Targol Chatrenoor & Hossein Akhani

Authors
  1. Seyed Mahmood Ghaffari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhila Balaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Targol Chatrenoor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hossein Akhani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hossein Akhani.

Additional information

This paper is dedicated to Ian Hedge on his 85th birthday in 2013, the eminent British botanist and investigator of SW Asian plants and the main author of Chenopodiaceae volume of Flora Iranica (Hedge et al. 1997). An abstract of a part of this paper was already published in a project report available on the internet (Balaei et al. 2006) and in a symposium proceeding with limited copies among participants (Balaei et al. 2004).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ghaffari, S.M., Balaei, Z., Chatrenoor, T. et al. Cytology of SW Asian Chenopodiaceae: new data from Iran and a review of previous records and correlations with life forms and C4 photosynthesis. Plant Syst Evol 301, 501–521 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1109-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1109-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation