Phylogenetic study with nuclear and chloroplast data and ecological niche reveals Atacama (Brassicaceae), a new monotypic genus endemic from the Andes of the Atacama Desert, Chile

Abstract

Phylogenetic analyses have suggested that Mathewsia is not monophyletic because of the exclusion of M. nivea from a well-supported clade comprising the remaining species of the genus. This result suggests that M. nivea should be recognized as a new taxon in Brassicaceae. Nevertheless, the lack of phylogenetic placement and limitations in morphological differentiation from other Mathewsia species preclude its practical recognition. Phylogenetic and hypothesis testing analyses were conducted to elucidate the possible tribal position of M. nivea in Brassicaceae. At the same time, ecological niche for M. nivea and Mathewsia species was modeled to evaluate a possible climatic and geographic circumscription for both taxa. Phylogenetic analyses supported a most likely tribal affinity, but not the inclusion, of M. nivea with Schizopetaleae, supporting previous molecular and morphological evidence. Ecological niche model analysis revealed non-overlapped areas of occurrence between M. nivea with M. auriculata and the remainder of the genus Mathewsia, implying that M. nivea occurrs in a different ecological niche than Mathewsia in the Andes. Therefore, the new monotypic genus Atacama and its species A. nivea are defined. This circumscription reveals important insights about the diversification of Schizopetaleae, as close relationship of A. nivea with Schizopetaleae could help the comparative analysis of biological adaptations to aridity. Likewise, the concomitant discovery of A. nivea with other monotypic taxa of Brassicaceae in the area might suggest possible areas of co-diversification in Andean-arid latitudes of South America.

Appendices

Appendix 1

364 Taxon and accession information for the ITS and trnL-F sequences used in this study (ITS, trnL-F). Most of ITS sequences corresponded to the Warwick et al. (2010) dataset obtained from the TreeBase accession code: S10299 and GenBank. trnL-F sequences were mostly obtained from Genbank except those obtained for M. nivea. Updated names are provided in this list, but former names used in Warwick et al. (2010) are also included into parenthesis. Sequence Matthiola sp accession is an unidentified taxa from Warwick et al. 2010.

Tribe Cleomaceae. Cleome lutea Hook. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Cleome spinosa Jacq. (—, DQ649093). Tribe Aethionemeae. Aethionema arabicum (L.) Andrz. ex DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ180218); Aethionema elongatum Boiss. (—, DQ180216); Aethionema grandiflorum Boiss. & Hohen. (Warwick et al. 2010, AP009367); Aethionema spinosum (Boiss.) Bornm. (Moriera spinosa Boiss. in Warwick et al. 2010, FN677640). Tribe Alysseae. Alyssum lenense Adams (—, FN677633); Alyssum montanum L. (Warwick et al. 2010, KF022758); Berteroa incana (L.) DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, KF022814); Galitzkya potaninii (Maxim.) V.V.Botschantz. (—, FN677635); Hormathophylla purpurea (Lag. & Rodr.) P.Küpfer (—, FN677738); Physocardamum davisii Hedge (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Alyssopsideae. Alyssopsis mollis (Jacq.) O.E.Schulz (Warwick et al. 2010, FJ188227); Alyssopsis trinervis Botsch. & Seifulin (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Calymmatium draboides O.E.Schulz (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Dielsiocharis kotschyi (Boiss.) O.E.Schulz (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Anastaticeae. Anastatica hierochuntica L. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Cithareloma lehmannii Bunge (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Eigia longistyla (Eig.) Soják (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Farsetia aegyptia Turra (—, KF022851); Lachnocapsa spathulata Balf.f. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Marcus-kochia triloba (L.) Al-Shehbaz (Malcolmia triloba (L.) Spreng. in Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Anchonieae. Anchonium billardieri DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Matthiola incana (L.) W.T.Aiton (Warwick et al. 2010, KF022853); Matthiola sp (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Microstigma deflexum (Bunge) Juz. (—, FN677641). Tribe Aphragmeae. Aphragmus eschscholtzianus Andrz. ex DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Aphragmus hobsonii (H.Pearson) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Aphragmus oxycarpus (Hook.f. & Thomson) Jafri (—, DQ518350). Tribe Arabideae. Arabis alpina L. (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ821412); Arcyosperma primulifolium (Thomson) O.E.Schulz (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Athysanus pusillus (Hook.) Greene (—, GU246241); Aubrieta deltoidea (L.) DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ180303); Baimashania pulvinata Al-Shehbaz (Warwick et al. 2010, FJ188118); Draba aizoides L. (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ466991); Draba alpina L. (—, DQ467004). Tribe Asteae. Asta schaffneri (S.Watson) O.E.Schulz (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Asta schaffneri var. pringlei (O.E.Schulz) Rollins (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Biscutelleae. Biscutella didyma L. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Biscutella laevigata L. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Megadenia pygmaea Maxim. (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Boechereae. Boechera retrofracta (Graham) A.Löve & D.Löve (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Boechera suffrutescens (S.Watson) Dorn (—, DQ013046); Cusickiella douglasii (A.Gray) Rollins (—, AF307557); Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides Nutt. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Sandbergia whitedii (Piper) Greene (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Brassiceae. Ammosperma cinerea (Desf.) Hook.f (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Brassica oleracea L. (Warwick et al. 2010, GQ268028); Brassica rapa L. (—, GQ268033); Cakile maritima Scop. (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ180293 + DQ180247); Crambe maritima L. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Didesmus aegyptius (L.) Desv. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Didesmus bipinnatus (Desf.) DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. (—, AY751763); Douepea tortuosa Cambess (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Eremophyton chevallieri (Barrate ex L.Chevall) Bég. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa (Mill.) Thell. (—, AY751765); Fezia pterocarpa Pit. ex Batt. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Foleyola billotii Maire (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Henophyton deserti (Coss. & Durieu) Coss. & Durieu (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Fossat (Warwick et al. 2010, EU620407); Nasturtiopsis coronopifolia (Desf.) Boiss. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Pseuderucaria teretifolia (Desf.) O.E.Schulz (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. (—, AY751769); Sinapis alba L. (—, JQ041854). Tribe Buniadeae. Bunias erucago L. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Bunias orientalis L. (Warwick et al. 2010, FN677645). Tribe Calepineae. Calepina irregularis (Asso) Thell. (Warwick et al. 2010, AY751760); Goldbachia laevigata (M.Bieb.) DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Camelineae. Arabidopsis arenosa (L.) Lawalrée (—, GQ386472); Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ821412); Chrysochamela velutina (DC.) Boiss. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. (—, DQ310518); Noccidium hastulatum (Steven) F.K.Mey. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Pseudoarabidopsis toxophylla (M.Bieb.) Al-Shehbaz, O’Kane & R.A.Price (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Cardamineae. Aplanodes doidgeana Marais (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Cardamine flexuosa With. (—, AB247985); Cardamine pratensis L. (Warwick et al. 2010, AY260636); Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Leavenworthia crassa Rollins (Warwick et al. 2010, AM072911); Sisymbrella aspera (L.) Spach (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Ornithocarpa torulosa Rollins (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Planodes virginicum (L.) Greene (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern (—, EF426788); Selenia dissecta Torr. & A.Gray (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Sisymbrella aspera (L.) Spach (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Chorisporeae. Chorispora sabulosa Cambess. (—, FN677724); Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, FN677721); Diptychocarpus strictus (Fisch. ex M.Bieb.) Trautv. (Warwick et al. 2010, FN677717); Litwinowia tenuissima (Pall.) Woronow ex Pavlov (—, FN677714); Parrya gracillima (Popov ex Botsch. & Vved.) D.A.German & Al-Shehbaz (—, FN677652); Parrya podlechii (Dvorák) Al-Shehbaz & D.A.German (—, FN677719). Tribe Cochlearieae. Ionopsidium megalospermum (Maire) M.Koch (Cochlearia megalosperma (Maire) Vogt in Warwick et al. 2010, HQ268695); Ionopsidium acaule (Desf.) DC. ex Rchb. (Warwick et al. 2010, HQ268714). Tribe Conringieae. Conringia clavata Boiss. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Conringia planisiliqua Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (—, AY751762); Zuvanda crenulata (DC.) Askerova (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Coluteocarpeae. Noccaea andersonii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz (Eunomia andersonii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz in Warwick et al. 2010, —); Noccaea cochleariformis (DC.) Á.Löve & D.Löve (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ518374); Noccaea fendleri (A.Gray) Holub (Warwick et al. 2010, AY154794); Noccaea jankae (A.Kern.) F.K.Mey. (—, AY154796); Noccaea lilacina (Boiss. & A.Huet) Al-Shehbaz (Callothlaspi lilacinum in Warwick et al. 2010, —); Noccaea oppositifolia (Pers.) Al-Shehbaz & Menke (Eunomia oppositifolia (Pers.) DC in Warwick et al. 2010, AY122456); Noccaea papyracea (Boiss.) Khosravi et al. (Brossardia papyracea Boiss. in Warwick et al. 2010, —); Noccaea stenocarpa (Boiss.) Al-Shehbaz (Kotschyella stenocarpa Boiss. in Warwick et al. 2010, —); Noccaea vesicaria (L.) Al-Shehbaz (Coluteocarpus versicaria (L.) Holmboe in Warwick et al. 2010, —); Pseudosempervivum aucheri (Boiss.) Pobed. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Noccaea campylophylla (F.K.Mey.) Al-Shehbaz (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Cremolobeae. Cremolobus chilensis (Lag. ex DC.) DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Cremolobus subscandens Kuntze (—, EU620348); Menonvillea cuneata (Gillies & Hook.) Rollins (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Descurainieae. Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Descurania californica (A.Gray) O.E.Schulz (—, GU246239); Hornungia alpina (Sievers) O.Appel (—, DQ310515); Hornungia petraea (L.) Rchb. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Robeschia schimperi (Boiss.) O.E.Schulz (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Tropidocarpum gracile Hook. (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Dontostemoneae. Clausia aprica (Stephan ex Willd.) Korn.-Trotzky (Warwick et al. 2010, AY559024); Dontostemon integrifolius (L.) C.A.Mey. (Warwick et al. 2010, AY559010); Dontostemon intermedius Vorosch. (—, FN677644). Tribe Erysimeae. Erysimum canescens Roth (—, EU170623); Erysimum capitatum (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (Warwick et al. 2010, EU170622). Tribe Euclidieae. Braya alpina Sternb. & Hoppe (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Catenulina hedysaroides (Botsch.) Soják (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Cymatocarpus pilosissimus (Trautv.) O.E.Schulz (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Solms-laubachia baiogoinensis (K.C.Kuan & C.H.An) Al-Shehbaz (—, DQ523315); Solms-laubachia jafrii (Al-Shehbaz) Yue, Al-Shehbz & H. Sun (Phaeonychium jafrii Al-Shehbaz in Warwick et al. 2010, DQ523321); Solms-laubachia flabellata (Regel) Yue, Al-Shehbz & H.Sun (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Euclidium syriacum (L.) W.T.Aiton (—, EF426780); Lachnoloma lehmannii Bunge (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Lepidostemon glaricola (H.Hara) Al-Shehbaz (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Neotorularia torulosa (Desf.) Hedge & J.Léonard (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Octoceras lehmannianum Bunge (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Pycnoplinthopsis bhutanica Jafri (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Pycnoplinthus uniflora (Hook.f. & Thomson) O.E.Schulz (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Shangrilaia nana Al-Shehbaz, J.P.Yue & H.Sun (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Spryginia winkleri (Regel) Popov (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Strigosella africana (L.) Botsch. (—, EU170625). Tribe Eudemeae. Brayopsis colombiana Al-Shehbaz (Warwick et al. 2010, EU620339); Eudema nubigena subsp. nubigena Humb. & Bonpl. (EU620297, EU620353); Xerodraba pectinata (Speg.) Skottsb. (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Eutremeae. Chalcanthus renifolius (Boiss.) Boiss. (GQ424528, —); Eutrema altaicum (C.A.Mey.) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ649087); Eutrema edwardsii R.Br. (Warwick et al. 2010, JN387862); Eutrema heterophyllum (W.W.Sm.) H.Hara (—, DQ649086); Pegaeophyton scapiflorum (Hook.f. & Thomson) C.Marquand & Airy Shaw (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Halimolobeae. Exhalimolobos pazensis (Rusby) Al-Shehbaz & C.D.Bailey (—, AF307547); Halimolobos lasiolobus (Link) O.E.Schulz (AF307647, —); Mancoa bracteata (S.Watson) Rollins (—, AF307556); Pennellia longifolia (Benth.) Rollins (Warwick et al. 2010, AF307549). Tribe Heliophileae. Heliophila arenaria Sond. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Heliophila coronopifolia L. (—, DQ518369); Heliophila subulata Burch. & DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Hesperideae. Hesperis matronalis L. (Warwick et al. 2010, AY546166); Hesperis sibrica L. (Warwick et al. 2010, FN677642); Tchihatchewia isatidea Boiss. (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Iberideae. Iberis amara L. (Warwick et al. 2010, AY122455); Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) W.T.Aiton (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Iberis spathulata Bergeret (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Isatideae. Chartoloma platycarpum (Bunge) Bunge (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Isatis aptera (Boiss. & Heldr) Al-Shehbaz, Moazzeni & Mumm. (Boreava aptera Boiss. & Haldr. in Warwick et al. 2010, —); Isatis brevipes (Bunge) Jafri (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Isatis minima Bunge (—, DQ821409); Isatis quadrialata Al-Shehbaz, Moazzeni & Mumm. (Boreava orientalis Jaub. & Spach in Warwick et al. 2010, DQ518353); Isatis tinctoria L. (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ518370); Myagrum perfoliatum L. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Isatis zarrei Al-Shehbaz, Moazzeni & Mumm. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Schimpera arabica Hochst. & Steud. ex Steud. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Isatis gymnocarpa (Fisch. ex DC.) Al-Shehbaz, Moazzeni & Mumm. (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ518377). Tribe Kernereae. Kernera saxatilis (L.) Rchb. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Rhizobotrya alpina Tausch (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Lepidieae. Cyphocardamum aretioides Hedge (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Delpinophytum patagonicum (Speg.) Speg. (Warwick et al. 2010, —);Lepidium apetalum Willd. (—, DQ821406); Lepidium latifolium L. (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ821404); Lepidium sisymbrioides Hook.f. (—, DQ997056); Lithodraba mendocinensis (Hauman) Boelcke (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Lepidium pavlovii Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. (Warwick et al. 2010, AM991729 + AM991904). Tribe Megacarpareeae. Megacarpaea delavayi Franch. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Megacarpaea gracilis Lipsky (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Microlepidieae. Carinavalva glauca Ising (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Microlepidium pilosulum F.Mull. (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Notothlaspideae. Notothlaspi australe Hook.f. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Notothlaspi rosulatum Hook.f. (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Oreophytoneae. Murbeckiella huetii (Boiss.) Rothm. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Oreophyton falcatum (A.Rich.) O.E.Schulz (Warwick et al. 2010, —). Tribe Physarieae. Physaria arctica (Wormsk. ex Hornem.) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz (—, GQ245072); Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A.Gray (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Synthlipsis greggii A.Gray (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Physaria fendleri (A.Gray) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz (—, AF055266). Tribe Schizopetaleae. Atacama nivea (Phil.) Toro, Mort & Al-Shehbaz (EU620302 + KC174380 + KC174381, EU620361 + KM575847 + KM575848); Mathewsia linearifolia Turcz. (EU620301, EU620359); Mathewsia foliosa Hook. & Arn. (Warwick et al. 2010, EU620360); Mathewsia peruviana O.E.Schulz (EU620303, EU620362); Schizopetalon biseriatum Phil. (EU620313, EU620375); Schizopetalon rupestre (Barnéoud) Reiche (EU620314, EU620376); Schizopetalon walkeri Sims (Warwick et al. 2010, EU620378). Tribe Sisymbrieae. Sisymbrium altissimum L. (Warwick et al. 2010, AY958545); Sisymbrium septulatum DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, AY958565). Tribe Smelowskieae. Smelowskia alba (Pall.) Regel (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Smelowskia calycina (Stephan ex Willd.) C.A. Mey. (—, JF298538); Smelowskia jacutica (Botsch. & Karav.) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Smelowskia sisymbrioides (Regel & Herder) Lipsky ex Paulsen (—, JF298539). Tribe Thelypodieae. Chaunanthus acuminatus (Rollins) R.A.Price & Al-Shehbaz (Warwick et al. 2010, EU620344); Chaunanthus petiolatus (Hemsl.) O.E.Schulz (—, EU620345); Chilocardamum castellanosii (O.E.Schulz) Al-Shehbaz (—, AY958548); Chlorocrambe hastata (S.Watson) Rydb. (Warwick et al. 2010, EU620346); Dryopetalon auriculatum (A.Gray) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620347); Dictyophragmus punensis (Romanczuk) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620349); Dryopetalon paysonii (Rollins) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620350); Englerocharis pauciflora Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620351); Hesperidanthus jaegeri (Rollins) Al-Shehbaz (Warwick et al. 2010, EU620357); Hesperidanthus linearifolius (A.Gray) Rydb. (Warwick et al. 2010, EU620358); Hesperidanthus suffrutescens (Rollins) Al-Shehbaz (Warwick et al. 2010, EU620356); Mostacillastrum andinum (Phil.) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620363); Mostacillastrum gracile (Wedd.) Al-Shehbaz (—, AY958553); Mostacillastrum leptocarpum (Hook. & Arn.) Al-Shehbaz (—, AY958556); Mostacillastrum stenophyllum (Gilles ex Hook. & Arn.) O.E.Schulz (—, EU620364); Neuontobotrys intricatissima (Phil.) Al-Shehbaz (Eremodraba intricatissima (Phil.) O.E.Schulz in Warwick et al. 2010, —); Neuontobotrys lanata (Walp.) Al-Shehbaz (AF531651, EU620366); Neuontobotrys linearifolia (Kuntze) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620367); Neuontobotrys tarapacana (Phil.) Al-Shehbaz (KC174372, EU620368); Parodiodoxa chionophila (Speg.) O.E.Schulz (—, JX971122); Phlebolobium maclovianum (d’Urv.) O.E.Schulz (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Polypsecadium arnottianum (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620369); Polypsecadium grandiflorum Romanczuk & Boelcke (—, EU620370); Polypsecadium harmsianum (Muschl.) O.E.Schulz (—, EU620371); Pringlea antiscorbutica R.Br. ex Hook.f. (—, AY533521); Romanschulzia arabiformis (DC.) Rollins (—, AY958538); Romanschulzia costaricensis (Standl.) Rollins (—, AY958539); Sarcodraba dusenii (O.E.Schulz) Al-Shehbaz (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Sibara angelorum (S.Watson) Greene (—, EU620379); Sibara macrostachya (O.E.Schulz) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620403); Sibara mendocina (Boelcke) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620404); Sibara tehuelches (Speg.) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620374); Streptanthus crassicaulis Torr. (—, EU620341); Streptanthus hammittii (S.Boyd & T.S.Ross) Al-Shehbaz (Sibaropsis hammittii S.Boyd & T.S.Ross in Warwick et al. 2010, EU620380); Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britton (—, EU620381); Stanleya tomentosa Parry (—, EU620382); Streptanthus longirostris (S.Watson) S.Watson (—, EU620383); Streptanthus anceps (Payson) Hoover (—, JF827264); Streptanthus campestris S.Watson (—, AY958571); Streptanthus cordatus Nutt. (—, EU620384); Streptanthus hyacinthoides Hook. (—, EU620385); Streptanthus maculatus Nutt. (—, EU620386); Streptanthus tortuosus Kellogg (—, EU620387); Thelypodiopsis ambigua (S.Watson) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620389); Thelypodiopsis elegans (M.E.Jones) Rydb. (—, EU620391); Thelypodium flexuosum B.L.Rob. (—, AY958582); Thelypodium laciniatum (Hook.) Endl. (Warwick et al. 2010, EU620392); Thelypodium sagittatum (Nutt.) Endl. (—, EU620393); Thysanocarpus curvipes Hook. (—, GU246194); Warea amplexifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. (—, EU620397); Warea cuneifolia (Muhl. ex Nutt.) Nutt. (—, EU620398); Weberbauera peruviana (DC.) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620402); Weberbauera rosulans (O.E.Schulz) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620340); Weberbauera herzogii (O.E.Schulz) Al-Shehbaz (—, EU620400). Tribe Thlaspideae. Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande (AH010943, —); Elburzia fenestrata (Boiss. & Honen.) Hedge (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Pachyphragma macrophyllum (Hoffm.) N.Busch (Gagria lobata M. Král in Warwick et al. 2010, —); Parlatoria rostrata Boiss. & Hohen. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Peltaria alliacea Jacq. (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ518375); Peltariopsis planisiliqua (Boiss.) N.Busch (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Pseudovesicaria digitata (C.A.Mey.) Rupr. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Sobolewskia caucasica N.Busch (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Thlaspi arvense L. (Warwick et al. 2010, DQ821410). Tribe Yinshanieae. Yinshania acutangula (O.E.Schulz) Y.H.Zhang (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Yinshania acutangula subsp wilsonii (O.E.Schulz) Al-Shehbaz, G. Yang, L.L.Lu & T.Y.Cheo (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Unresolved. Asperuginoides axillaris (Boiss. & Honen.) Rauschert (Warwick et al. 2010, GU181984); Chamira circaeoides (L.f) Zahlbr. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Dipoma iberideum Franch (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Heldreichia bupleurifolia Boiss. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Horwoodia dicksoniae Turrill (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Idahoa scapigera (Hook.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Lunaria redeviva L. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Ochthodium aegyptiacum (L.) DC. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Petrocallis pyrenaica (L.) W.T.Aiton (Warwick et al. 2010, —);Pseudofortunynia leucoclada (Boiss.) Khosravi (Pseudofortuynia esfandiarii Hedge in Warwick et al. 2010, —); Ricotia cretica Boiss. & Heldr. (Warwick et al. 2010, —); Subularia monticola A.Braun ex Schweinf. (Warwick et al. 2010, —).

Appendix 2

List of occurrence information (coordinate, locality and herbarium specimen) employed for the ecological niche models obtained to estimate geographic distributions of Mathewsia, M. auriculata and M. nivea (See Table 3).

Table 3 .

Appendix 3

Contribution and permutation importance from each variable obtained for the projected geographic distribution inferred for every training area analyzed (southern subclade, northern subclade, M. auriculata, and M. nivea) (see Table 4).

Table 4 .

Appendix 4

Results from the binary predictions test used for every training area (See Materials and methods). Jackknife resampling method is based on Pearson et al. (2007), given the small number of occurrences available per training area test (see Table 5).

Table 5 .