Abstract
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms capable of colonizing the interior of plant tissues without causing damage to them. The study of the secondary metabolites produced by their vast biodiversity fungal is relevant for the discovery of new products for biotechnological and agrochemical applications. In addition, extract of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp., isolated from the almonds of Bertholletia excelsa Humn & Bonlp collected in the Brazilian Amazon, oviposition deterrent, and larvicidal activity of against Aedes aegypti. In the oviposition deterrence test was observed that females able to lay eggs preferred the control oviposition sites (46.6%). Furthermore, the extract showed larvicidal activity with LC50 26.86 µg/mL at 24 h and 18.75 µg/mL at 48 h. Molecular docking studies showed the compound Aspergillol B a potent larvicide by to inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (− 7.74 kcal/mol). These results indicate that compounds from secondary metabolites of Aspergillus sp., isolated from almonds of B. excelsa, are useful biological potential against vectors A. aegypti.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alias C, Bulgari D, Bilo F et al (2021) Food waste-assisted metal extraction from printed circuit boards: the Aspergillus niger route. Microorganisms 9:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050895
Araújo IF, Loureiro HA, Ferreira IM et al (2020) Larvicidal activity of the methanolic, hydroethanolic and hexanic extracts from Acmella oleracea, solubilized with silk fibroin, against Aedes aegypti. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 24:101550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101550
Azevedo CR, Rossi LMB, Lima RMB (2008) Comunicado Técnico 63: Castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl), Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527678518.ehg2013005
Baldoni AB, Teodoro LPR, Eduardo Teodoro P et al (2020) Genetic diversity of Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) in southern Brazilian Amazon. For Ecol Manag 458:117795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117795
Balumahendhiran K, Vivekanandhan P, Shivakumar MS (2019) Mosquito control potential of secondary metabolites isolated from Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 21:101334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101334
Barnett HL, Hunter BB (1972) Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Mycologia. https://doi.org/10.2307/3757954
Bawin T, Seye F, Boukraa S et al (2016) Histopathological effects of Aspergillus clavatus (Ascomycota: Trichocomaceae) on larvae of the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Fungal Biol 120:489–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2016.01.002
Braga IA, Valle D (2007) Aedes aegypti: inseticidas, mecanismos de ação e resistência. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 16:279–293. https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742007000400006
Chapla VM, Biasetto CR, Araujo AR (2013) Endophytic fungi: an unexplored and sustainable source of new and bioactive natural products. Rev Virtual Quim 5:421–437. https://doi.org/10.5935/1984-6835.20130036
Cheng SS, Chang HT, Chang ST et al (2003) Bioactivity of selected plant essential oils against the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti larvae. Bioresour Technol 89:99–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00008-7
Cheung J, Rudolph MJ, Burshteyn F et al (2012) Structures of human acetylcholinesterase in complex with pharmacologically important ligands. J Med Chem 55:10282–10286. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm300871x
Cota BB, Tunes LG, Maia DNB et al (2018) Leishmanicidal compounds of nectria pseudotrichia, an endophytic fungus isolated from the plant Caesalpinia echinata (Brazilwood). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 113:102–110. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760170217
De Araújo IF, De Araújo PHF, Ferreira IM et al (2018) Larvicidal effect of hydroethanolic extract from the leaves of Acmella oleracea L. R. K. Jansen in Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. S Afr J Bot 117:134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.05.008
Deepak P, Balamuralikrishnan B, Park S, Sowmiya R (2019) Phytochemical profiling of marine red alga, Halymenia palmata and its bio-control effects against Dengue Vector, Aedes Aegypti. S Afr J Bot 121:257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.11.011
Ferranti L, Fungaro MHP, Massi FP (2018) Diversity of Aspergillus section Nigri on the surface of Vitis labrusca and its hybrid grapes. Int J Food Microbiol 268:53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.027
Ferreira JV, Chaves GA, Marino BLB et al (2017) Cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) ligands with therapeutic potential for withdrawal syndrome in chemical dependents of Cannabis sativa. ChemMedChem 12:1408–1416. https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.201700129
Fournier D, Mutero A, Pralavorio M et al (1993) Drosophila acetylcholinesterase: mechanisms of resistance to organophosphates. Chem Biol Interact 87:233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2797(93)90047-3
Gao H, Guo W, Wang Q et al (2013) Aspulvinones from a mangrove rhizosphere soil-derived fungus Aspergillus terreus Gwq-48 with anti-influenza A viral (H1N1) activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23:1776–1778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.051
Geris R, Da Silva IG, Da Silva HHG et al (2008) Diterpenoids from Copaifera reticulata ducke with larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera, Culicidae). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 50:25–28. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652008000100006
Gill H, Vasundhara M (2019) Isolation of taxol producing endophytic fungus Alternaria brassicicola from non-Taxus medicinal plant Terminalia arjuna. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 35:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-019-2651-8
Gnagey AL, Forte M, Rosenberry TL (1987) Isolation and characterization of acetylcholinesterase from Drosophila. J Biol Chem 262:13290–13298
Gomes SA, Paula AR, Ribeiro A (2015) Neem oil increases the efficiency of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Parasit Vectors 8:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1280-9
Gowthaman U, Jayakanthan M, Sundar D (2008) Molecular docking studies of dithionitrobenzoic acid and its related compounds to protein disulfide isomerase: computational screening of inhibitors to HIV-1 entry. BMC Bioinform 9:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-9-S12-S14
Gubiani JR, Oliveira MCS, Neponuceno RAR (2019) Cytotoxic prenylated indole alkaloid produced by the endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus P63. Phytochem Lett 32:162–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2019.06.003
Gupta S, Chaturvedi P, Kulkarni MG et al (2020) A critical review on exploiting the pharmaceutical potential of plant endophytic fungi. Biotechnol Adv 39:107462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107462
Harburguer LV, Seccacini E, Masuh H (2009) Thermal behaviour and biological activity against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) of permethrin and pyriproxyfen in a smoke-generating formulation. Pest Manag Sci 65:1208–1214. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1811
Harel M, Kryger G, Rosenberry TL (2000) Three-dimensional structures of Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase and of its complexes with two potent inhibitors. Protein Sci 9:1063–1072. https://doi.org/10.1110/ps.9.6.1063
Hoffman AM, Mayer SG, Strobel GA et al (2008) Purification, identification and activity of phomodione, a furandione from an endophytic Phoma species. Phytochemistry 69:1049–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.031
Holanda FH, Birolli WG, Ferreira IM (2019) Study of biodegradation of chloramphenicol by endophytic fungi isolated from Bertholletia excelsa (Brazil nuts). Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 20:101200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101200
Hu ZY, Li YY, Huang YJ (2008) Three new sesquiterpenoids from Xylaria sp. NCY2. Helv Chim Acta 91:46–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.200890011
Ibrahim SRM, Elkhayat ES, Mohamed GA et al (2015) Aspernolides F and G, new butyrolactones from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus. Phytochem Lett 14:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2015.09.006
Isaka M, Berkaew P, Intereya K et al (2007) Antiplasmodial and antiviral cyclohexadepsipeptides from the endophytic fungus Pullularia sp. BCC 8613. Tetrahedron 63:6855–6860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2007.04.062
Ivanova L, Skjerve E, Eriksen GS et al (2006) Cytotoxicity of enniatins A, A1, B, B1, B2 and B3 from Fusarium avenaceum. Toxicon 47:868–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.02.012
Jonsson M, Jestoi M, Anthoni M et al (2016) Fusarium mycotoxin enniatin B: cytotoxic effects and changes in gene expression profile. Toxicol In Vitro 34:309–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2016.04.017
Kim IH, Pham V, Jablonka W (2017) A mosquito hemolymph odorant-binding protein family member specifically binds juvenile hormone. J Biol Chem 292:15329–15339. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M117.802009
Kirchmair J, Göller AH, Lang D et al (2015) Predicting drug metabolism: experiment and/or computation? Nat Rev Drug Discov 14:387–404. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd4581
Kraemer MUG, Sinka ME, Duda KA et al (2015) The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. Albopictus. eLife 4:1–18. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08347
Kumar P, Singh B, Thakur V (2019) Hyper-production of taxol from Aspergillus fumigatus, an endophytic fungus isolated from Taxus sp. of the Northern Himalayan region. Biotechnol Rep 24:00395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00395
Kuo CT, Liu TH, Hsu TH et al (2015) Antioxidant and antiglycation properties of different solvent extracts from Chinese olive (Canarium album L.) fruit. Asian Pac J Trop Med 8:1013–1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.11.013
Linnakoski R, Reshamwala D, Vetel P (2018) Antiviral agents from fungi: diversity, mechanisms and potential applications. Front Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02325
Lo MK, Jordan R, Arvey A et al (2017) GS-5734 and its parent nucleoside analog inhibit Filo, Pneumo-, and Paramyxoviruses. Sci Rep 7:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43395
Macari PAT, De SRR, Crespo MLL et al (2002) Comparação entre os metais presentes em Croton floribundus Spreng. e Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. Rev Bras Farmacogn 12:76–77. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2002000300037
Martínez-Culebras PV, Crespo-Sempere A, Sánchez-Hervás M (2009) Molecular characterization of the black Aspergillus isolates responsible for ochratoxin A contamination in grapes and wine in relation to taxonomy of Aspergillus section Nigri. Int J Food Microbiol 132:33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.03.015
Meriç A (2017) Molecular modelling of 2-iminothiazoles as insecticidal activity. Bulg Chem Commun Bulg Chem Commun 49:5–14
Messina JP, Brady OJ, Golding N et al (2019) The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue. Nat Microbiol 4:508–1515. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0476-8
Michaelakis A, Papachristos DP, Rumbos CI et al (2020) Larvicidal activity of spinosad and its impact on oviposition preferences of the West Nile vector Culex pipiens biotype molestus—a comparison with a chitin synthesis inhibitor. Parasitol Int 74:101917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.014
Mikawlrawng K (2016) Aspergillus in biomedical research. In: New and future developments in microbial biotechnology and bioengineering. Aspergillus system properties and applications. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63505-1.00019-1
Ministério da Saúde (2020) Monitoramento dos casos de Arboviroses urbanas transmitidas pelo Aedes (dengue, chikungunya e Zika). Bol Epidemiol Arboviroses 51:1–13
Montenegro LHM, Oliveira PES, Conserva LM et al (2006) Terpenóides e avaliação do potencial antimalárico, larvicida, anti-radicalar e anticolinesterásico de Pouteria venosa (Sapotaceae). Rev Bras Farmacogn 16:611–617. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-695x2006000500005
Mookherjee A, Mitra M, Kutty NN et al (2020) Characterization of endo-metabolome exhibiting antimicrobial and antioxidant activities from endophytic fungus Cercospora sp. PM018. S Afr J Bot. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.01.040
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA (2006) Microbiología médica, 5th edn. Elsevier, Madrid, pp 523–531
Olmstead AW, LeBlanc GA (2003) Insecticidal juvenile hormone analogs stimulate the production of male offspring in the crustacean Daphnia magna. Environ Health Perspect 111:919–924. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5982
Parvatkar RR, D’Souza C, Tripathi A et al (2009) Aspernolides A and B, butenolides from a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus terreus. Phytochemistry 70:128–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.10.017
Pascini TV, Ramalho-Ortigão M, Martins GF (2012) Morphological and morphometrical assessment of spermathecae of Aedes aegypti females. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 107:705–712. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762012000600001
Patil RH, Patil MP, Maheshwari VL (2016) Bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi: a review of biotechnological production and their potential applications. Stud Nat Prod Chem 49:189–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63601-0.00005-3
Paul A, Harrington LC, Scott JG (2006) Evaluation of novel insecticides for control of dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 43:55–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/43.1.55
Pliego-Pliego E, Vasilieva O, Velázquez-Castro J et al (2020) Control strategies for a population dynamics model of Aedes aegypti with seasonal variability and their effects on dengue incidence. Appl Math Model 81:296–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2019.12.025
Pradeep FS, Palaniswamy M, Ravi S et al (2015) Larvicidal activity of a novel isoquinoline type pigment from Fusarium moniliforme KUMBF1201 against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. Process Biochem 50:1479–1486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2015.05.022
Ragavendran C, Dubey NK, Natarajan D (2017) Beauveria bassiana (Clavicipitaceae): a potent fungal agent for controlling mosquito vectors of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). RSC Adv 7:3838–3851. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA25859J
Ramos RS, Macêdo WJC, Costa JS, et al (2019) Potential inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and juvenile hormone with insecticidal activity: study of the binding mode via docking and molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2019.1688192
Rana KL, Kour D, Kaur T et al (2020). Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants: biodiversity and biotechnological applications. In: Microbial endophytes. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819654-0.00011-9
Renaud JB, Kelman MJ, McMullin DR et al (2017) Application of C8 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of enniatins and bassianolides. J Chromatogr A 1508:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.070
Revathi K, Chandrasekaran R, Thanigaivel A et al (2013) Effects of Bacillus subtilis metabolites on larval Aedes aegypti L. Pestic Biochem Physiol 107:369–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.10.005
Rocha HDR, Paiva MHS, Silva NM (2015) Susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti from Santiago Island, Cabo Verde, to insecticides. Acta Trop 152:66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.013
Rodrigues ECR, Ferreira AM (2014) Development of a larvicidal nanoemulsion with Copaiba (Copaifera duckei) oleoresin. Braz J Pharmacogn 24:699–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2014.10.013
Samson RA, Visagie CM, Houbraken J (2014) Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus. Stud Mycol 78:141–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2014.07.004
Santos GKN, Dutra KA, Barros RA et al (2012) Essential oils from Alpinia purpurata (Zingiberaceae): chemical composition, oviposition deterrence, larvicidal and antibacterial activity. Ind Crops Prod 40:254–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.03.020
Siegel D, Hui HC, Doerffler E et al (2017) Discovery and synthesis of a phosphoramidate prodrug of a pyrrolo[2,1-f][triazin-4-amino] adenine C-nucleoside (GS-5734) for the treatment of Ebola and emerging viruses. J Med Chem 60:1648–1661. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01594
Sivanathan S, Scherkenbeck J (2014) Cyclodepsipeptides: a rich source of biologically active compounds for drug research. Molecules 19:12368–12420. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812368
Smith LB, Kasai S, Scott JG (2016) Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: important mosquito vectors of human diseases. Pestic Biochem Physiol 133:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.03.005
Soltani J (2016) Secondary metabolite diversity of the genus Aspergillus: recent advances. In: New and future developments in microbial biotechnology and bioengineering. Aspergillus system properties and applications. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63505-1.00035-X
Soonwera M, Phasomkusolsil S (2017) Adulticidal, larvicidal, pupicidal and oviposition deterrent activities of essential oil from Zanthoxylum limonella Alston (Rutaceae) against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 7:967–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.09.019
Strobel G (2012) Genetic diversity of microbial endophytes and their biotechnical applications. In: Genomics applications for the developing world. Advances in microbial ecology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2182-5
Subban K, Subramani R, Madambakkam Srinivasan VP (2019) Salicylic acid as an effective elicitor for improved taxol production in endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis microspora. PLoS ONE 14:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212736
Sullivan JJ, Goh KS (2008) Environmental fate and properties of pyriproxyfen. J Pestic Sci 33:339–350. https://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.R08-02
Teleky BE, Vodnar DC (2021) Recent advances in biotechnological itaconic acid production, and application for a sustainable approach. Polymers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13203574
Tilak R, Gupta V, Suryam V et al (2005) A laboratory investigation into oviposition responses of Aedes aegypti to some common household substances and water from conspecific larvae. Med J Armed Forces India 61:227–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-1237(05)80159-5
Ureña E, Guillem-Amat A, Couso-Ferrer F et al (2019) Multiple mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Ccα6 gene associated with resistance to spinosad in medfly. Sci Rep 9:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38681-w
Valotto CFB, da Silva HHG, Cavasin G et al (2011) Alterações ultraestruturais em larvas de Aedes aegypti submetidas ao diterpeno labdano, isolado de Copaifera reticulata (Leguminosae), e à uma fração rica em taninos de Magonia pubescens (Sapindaceae). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 44:194–200. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822011005000010
Varga J, Frisvad JC, Kocsubé S (2011) New and revisited species in Aspergillus section Nigri. Stud Mycol 69:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2011.69.01
Visagie CM, Houbraken J, Frisvad JC (2014) Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium. Stud Mycol 78:343–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.001
Warren TK, Jordan R, Lo MK et al (2016) Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys. Nature 531:381–385. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17180
World Health Organization (2005) Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. Communicable disease control, prevention and eradication who pesticide evaluation scheme, 39 p
Yang J (2009) Brazil nuts and associated health benefits: a review. LWT Food Sci Technol 42:1573–1580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2009.05.019
Yang S, Bai M, Yang J et al (2020) Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oils from Peganum harmala, Nepeta cataria and Phellodendron amurense against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Saudi Pharm J 28:560–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.03.007
Yokoyama K, Wang L, Miyaji M et al (2001) Identification, classification and phylogeny of the Aspergillus section Nigri inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome β gene. FEMS Microbiol Lett 200:241–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10722.x
Zhang P, Li XM, Wang JN et al (2015) New butenolide derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Paecilomyces variotii with DPPH radical scavenging activity. Phytochem Lett 11:85–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2014.11.014
Zhu L, Chen L (2019) Progress in research on paclitaxel and tumor immunotherapy. Cell Mol Biol Lett 24:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11658-019-0164-y
Zuharah WF, Ling CJ, Zulkifly N et al (2015) Toxicity and sub-lethal effect of endemic plants from family Anacardiaceae on oviposition behavior of Aedes albopictus. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 5:612–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.03.012
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the Research Support Foundation of the State of Amapá (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amapá, FAPEAP; Grant No. 88887.568501/2020-00 and Nº 23038.006914/2020-12), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel—Brazil (CAPES), for the financing of part of the present work and the Pharmaceutical Innovation Graduate Program (PPGIF) for their financial support.
Supplementary Information
Figure S1—Total ion (positive) current chromatogram of crude extract (acetyl fraction) of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp., isolated from the almonds of Bertholletia excelsa.
Figure S2—Total ion (negative) current chromatogram of crude extract (acetyl fraction) of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp., isolated from the almonds of Bertholletia excelsa.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Araújo, I.F., Marinho, V.H.S., Sena, I.S. et al. Larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and molecular docking studies of compounds extracted from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. isolated from Bertholletia excelsa Humn. & Bonpl. Biotechnol Lett 44, 439–459 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-022-03220-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-022-03220-7