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Comparative study on the monocycle of Phakopsora meliosmae-myrianthae and Phakopsora pachyrhizi

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Abstract

Asian grapevine leaf rust, caused by Phakopsora meliosmae-myrianthae, presents symptoms similar to Asian soybean rust, caused by P. pachyrhizi, such as the presence of satellite uredinia and early leaf fall. To shed light on the epidemiological behaviour of these rusts, we compared the monocyclic components of these Phakopsora species and the effects of these pathogens on host photosynthesis over time. Both hosts were inoculated with a 104 urediniospores mL−1 suspension and incubated at 23–25 °C. Incubation and latent periods were simultaneous at 8 days in Asian grapevine leaf rust and 13 days in Asian soybean rust. The minimum infectious periods were 21 days for P. meliosmae-myrianthae and 13 days for P. pachyrhizi. The continuous production of urediniospores through a long infectious period was observed for both pathogens. Both Phakopsora rusts showed an increase in rust severity with similar progress rates to those estimated with the monomolecular model as 0.07 day−1 and 0.02 day−1 for grapevine and soybean rusts, respectively. No increase in the number of lesions was observed from the first assessment, although the number of uredinia increased over time. P. meliosmae-myrianthae and P. pachyrhizi infection reduced the net photosynthetic rates by 22% and 5%, respectively, before the onset of symptoms. Both pathogens withstand non-ideal environmental conditions for secondary infections. We concluded that, although P. meliosmae-myrianthae has a restricted host range on Vitis sp., unlike to P. pachyrhizi with a broad host range, the epidemiological behaviour of P. meliosmae-myrianthae is in some ecological aspects similar to that of P. pachyrhizi.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for financial support (grant #013/24003-9) and for a PhD grant to Isabela V. Primiano (grant #015/26108-8). We thank Silvia de Afonseca Lourenço for technical support.

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  1. Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Sao Paulo, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil

    Isabela V. Primiano & Lilian Amorim

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  1. Isabela V. Primiano
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Correspondence to Isabela V. Primiano.

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ESM 1

Selected area (900 cm2) for spray inoculation in grapevine ‘Niagara Rosada’ leaves (a) and in soybean ‘M6410IPRO’ leaflets (b). (PNG 394 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 1464 kb)

ESM 2

Lesion growth of Phakopsora rusts. The number of lesions was constant, but each lesion grew in size and number of uredinia over time. Asian grapevine leaf rust (Phakopsora meliosmae-myrianthae) and Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) lesions on grapevine ‘Niagara Rosada’ plants (a and c) and soybean ‘M6410IPRO’ plants (b and d), respectively. Dpi = days post inoculation. (PNG 4241 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 7979 kb)

ESM 3

Asian grapevine leaf rust (Phakopsora meliosmae-myrianthae) and Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) progress and changes in photosynthetic variables over time on grapevine ‘Niagara Rosada’ plants (a, c, and e) and soybean ‘M6410IPRO’ plants (b, d, and f) in the first (dark circles) and in the second (white circles) experiments. The relative photosynthetic variables were relative stomatal conductance (gsx/gso – e and f), relative intercellular CO2 concentration (Cix/Cio – g and h), and relative transpiration (Ex/Eo - i and j). Bars represent the mean standard error (n = 6). Dashed lines represent values of diseased plants equal to healthy plants. (PNG 95 kb)

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Primiano, I.V., Amorim, L. Comparative study on the monocycle of Phakopsora meliosmae-myrianthae and Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Eur J Plant Pathol 157, 151–162 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-01995-x

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