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Endolichenic fungi: a new source of rich bioactive secondary metabolites on the horizon

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Abstract

Endolichenic fungi are diverse groups of predominantly filamentous fungi that reside asymptomatically in the interior of lichen thalli. Natural products from endolichenic fungi, isolated from a variety of different lichen species, have been attracting increased attention for their potential to produce bioactive metabolites possessing new structures and representing different structural classes. This is evident from the steady increase of publications devoted to endolichenic fungal metabolites over the past decade, since the first report of endolichenic secondary metabolites. The bioactive metabolites produced by endolichenic fungi originate from multiple biosynthetic pathways and occupy different chemical structure classes, including steroids, quinones, terpenoids, peptides, xanthones, sulfur-containing chromenones, etc. Endolichenic fungal metabolites possess a diverse array of bioactivities, such as anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-Alzheimer’s disease. This review provides the first thorough assessment of endolichenic fungi, their biodiversity, secondary metabolites, and associated bioactivity. This review will highlight the bioactive metabolites reported in recent years from endolichenic fungi, as well as discussing the potential of these symbiotic fungi as sources of new, diverse natural products with varying bioactivities.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

FIC:

Fractional inhibitory concentration

GPS:

Global positioning system

IC50 :

50 % inhibitory concentration

ITS:

Internal transcribed spacer

MEA:

Malt extract agar

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

OSMAC:

One-strain, many compounds

PDB:

Potato dextrose broth

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Drs. Nicholas H. Oberlies and Nadja B. Cech for their insightful comments and careful editing of the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA

    Joshua J. Kellogg & Huzefa A. Raja

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Correspondence to Joshua J. Kellogg.

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Kellogg, J.J., Raja, H.A. Endolichenic fungi: a new source of rich bioactive secondary metabolites on the horizon. Phytochem Rev 16, 271–293 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9473-1

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