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The characters of root-derived fungi from Gentiana scabra Bunge and the relations with their habitats

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Abstract

Aims

Gentiana scabra Bunge (gentian) is one of the best-known traditional Chinese medicinal plants and its dry roots and rhizomes are usually used as medicine. To our knowledge, the main active metabolites of gentian, such as gentian polysaccharide and gentiopicroside, determine the quality and pharmaceutical effect of gentian. The root-derived fungi including endophytic fungi and rhizosphere fungi are key factors which affect the secondary metabolism and the utilization of soil nutrients of gentian. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the characteristics and dynamics of root-derived fungi related to gentian, as well as their relationships with the quality of gentian.

Methods

The population, diversity, and the dominant type of endophytic and rhizosphere fungi in gentian were determined by using ITS rRNA gene amplicon and sequencing methods. The potential influences of different habitats on fungi communities and the correlation between fungi communities, the main active metabolites of gentian and soil physicochemical properties were analyzed by statistical methods.

Results

The population and diversity of endophytic and rhizosphere fungi varied with both habitats and growth stages, showing a significant difference. Among them, the predominant genera of endophytic fungi were Lecidella, Leptoshaeria and unclassified_p_Ascomycota with the relative abundance of 35.1%, 9.0% and 7.3%, respectively, while the predominant genera of rhizosphere fungi were complicated. Compared to endophytic fungi, the diversity of rhizosphere fungi was obviously affected by soil physicochemical properties, including pH, water content, alkali hydrolysis nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), etc. Additionally, we found that the accumulation of gentiopicroside was positively correlated with endophytic fungi of Epicoccum and rhizosphere fungi of Mortierella, Solicoccozyma, Talaromyces and Trichoderma. The accumulation of gentian polysaccharide was negatively correlated with endophytic fungi of Lenzites, Mucor, Myrothecium and Saccharomycopsis and rhizosphere fungi, such as Botrytis, Cadophora, Cladophora, Didymela, Fusarium, etc.

Conclusions

In this work, the differences on population, diversity, and the dominant type of endophytic fungi and rhizosphere fungi in gentian were revealed. The relationship between the main active metabolites of gentian and root-derived fungi, and the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and root-derived fungi were clarified, respectively. It is believed that our work will guide to explore strategies on improving the quality of gentian by regulating soil factors and root-derived microbial community structure with microorganisms.

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Data availability

The sequences of ITS genes were deposited in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) at NCBI under bioprojects PRJNA786729 (Biosamples SAMN23713978 - SAMN23714031).

Abbreviations

AN :

Alkaline hydrolysis of nitrogen

AP :

Available phosphorus

JL :

Jilin Province

LN :

Liaoning Province

OTUs :

Operational taxonomic units

RV :

Root vitality

YN :

Yunnan Province

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Acknowledgements

We thank Cheng Chen, Xia Li and Sen Li for providing the sources of samples, Hongyuan Ji, Min Fan, and Xiaoling Wang for helping with the Preparation of plant and soil samples for downstream processing.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC No. 31400441) and by the Scientific Research Projects from Education Administration of Liaoning Province (LJKMZ20221352).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People’s Republic of China

    Tianshuai Hu, Fuqi Wang, Ruixue Guo, Ying Zhai, Huan Wang, Cheng Cheng, Wenjing Ding, Shumeng Ren, Yingni Pan & Xiaoqiu Liu

  2. School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People’s Republic of China

    Dongmei Wang

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  1. Tianshuai Hu
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design.TH and DW designed the research. TH, FW, YZ, RG and CC performed experiments and conducted fieldwork. TH, DW and WD analyzed the data. TH wrote the manuscript. TH, DW, HW, and SR contributed to the interpretation of the results. TH, DW, XL and YP revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Dongmei Wang, Yingni Pan or Xiaoqiu Liu.

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Hu, T., Wang, F., Wang, D. et al. The characters of root-derived fungi from Gentiana scabra Bunge and the relations with their habitats. Plant Soil 486, 391–408 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-05877-z

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