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Molecular phylogeography and paleodistribution modeling of the boreal tree species Ulmus lamellosa (T.Wang et S. L. Chang) (Ulmaceae) in China

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Abstract

The uplift of mountains and climatic oscillations are important for understanding of the demographic history and genetic structure of species. We investigated the biogeographic history of the boreal tree species Ulmus lamellosa (Ulmaceae) in China, by using a combined phylogeographic and paleodistribution modeling approach. In this study, 14 populations of endangered U. lamellosa were analyzed by using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences. A high level of genetic differentiation (Φ ST = 86.22%) among populations with a significant phylogeographic pattern (N ST > G ST, P < 0.05) was found in U. lamellosa. Ten haplotypes were detected by combining chloroplast DNA data, and haplotype 3 (H3) was found to be common and widespread. The intraspecific divergence of all U. lamellosa cpDNA haplotypes (9.27 Ma; 95% HPD 5.17–13.33 Ma) most probably began in the late Miocene. The pairwise difference among haplotypes and neutrality tests (Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs statistic) indicated that populations of U. lamellosa, except group I, have not experienced recent sudden expansions. Multiple refuge areas were identified across the entire distribution ranges of U. lamellosa. The low level of gene flow (Nm = 0.14) among populations may have resulted from isolation resulting from distance and complex topography during climatic oscillations; this isolation was probably the major process that shaped the present distribution of haplotypes. These results support the hypothesis that U. lamellosa persisted in situ during glaciations and occupied multiple localized glacial refugia, contrary to the hypotheses of large-scale range contraction and long-distance southward migration.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Feng Li (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China) for the insightful comments and assistance. This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province, P.R. China (2015011069) and The University Innovation program of Science and Technology of Shanxi Province (20161109).

Data archiving statement

Sequence data obtained in this study has been submitted to GenBank (http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/genbank/). The accession numbers were KX671803–KX671806, KX671807–KX671813, KX671814–KX671818, and KX671819–KX671826 for matK, psbA-trnH, atpB-rbcL, and trnD-trnE, respectively.

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  1. College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, People’s Republic of China

    Li Liu, Wei Chen, Dong-Ting Yan, Jing Li, Lin Liu & Yi-Ling Wang

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  1. Li Liu
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Fig. S1

a–d Mismatch distribution for three groups and all populations of Ulmus lamellosa. The thin represents the expectation; The dotted line represents the observed value (GIF 50 kb)

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Liu, L., Chen, W., Yan, DT. et al. Molecular phylogeography and paleodistribution modeling of the boreal tree species Ulmus lamellosa (T.Wang et S. L. Chang) (Ulmaceae) in China. Tree Genetics & Genomes 13, 11 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-016-1095-7

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