Abstract
This study provided crucial insights into the concentrations of airborne fungi, environmental parameters, and atmospheric pollution in Thailand’s ancient stone temples. Airborne fungi were identified based on morphological characteristics. Airborne fungi, meteorological parameters, and atmospheric pollutants concurrently assessed during each sampling event, evaluating indoor/outdoor ratio. Prevalent genera included Penicillium (14.36%), Aspergillus (10.94%), Cladosporium (10.74%), Rhizopus (6.31%), and Fusarium (5.90%), with an average fungi concentration of 4884.46 ± 724.79 CFU/m3. Eighteen fungal species out of the 64 airborne fungi identified were well-known serious pathogenic agents, contributing not only to structural deterioration but also to human health. Significant variations were observed between indoor and outdoor environments and across diverse landscapes, particularly for PM10 (ranging from 43.47 to 121.31 µg/m3) and PM2.5 (ranging from 29.59 to 89.60 µg/m3), with intensive incense burning identified as a prominent source of indoor atmospheric pollution. Historical temples, particularly situated in urban areas, were identified as significant reservoirs of airborne fungi. Correlations between meteorological parameters and pollutants revealed strong associations. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis elucidated distinct patterns in airborne fungal concentrations and contaminations. This study analyzed environmental factors, pollutants, airborne fungi, and geographical variations from July 2020 to March 2021. Understanding prevalent genera, airborne fungi concentrations, pathogenic species, biodeterioration, and environmental dynamics provided strategies for improving indoor air quality and mitigating airborne fungal contamination in archaeological buildings worldwide.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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We would like to thank the 10th Regional Office of Fine Arts, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, for granting permission and assisting during fieldwork.
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This work was supported by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT).
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Pradub Reanprayoon designed the study, conducted airborne fungal and environmental analyses, interpreted the results, and was a major contributor to manuscript writing, involved in all aspects of the work. Sayam Aroonsrimorakot was involved in material preparation. Worasitikulya Taratima and Pitakpong Maneerattanarungroj conducted the fieldwork and sampling. Wattanachai Pathomsiriwong performed environmental analysis, data collection, and all aspects of the work. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Pathomsiriwong, W., Aroonsrimorakot, S., Taratima, W. et al. Exploring airborne fungal contaminations and air quality pollution in nine ancient stone temples, Surin, Thailand. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33310-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33310-0