Abstract
We present ataxonomic revision of the ‘manna lichens’ based on morphological, chemical, ecological and molecular data. A large number of herbarium specimens and fresh collections were examined. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using nuclear ribosomal (nrITS, nrLSU) and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) sequences. Some notable phenotypic characters were plotted on the phylogenetic tree, and the analysis reveals that some of these characters are useful for genus and species level distinction of certain ‘manna lichens.’ Phylogeny of the Megasporaceae was revised using a combined data set of nrLSU and mtSSU and performing parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Five genera (Aspicilia, Circinaria, Lobothallia, Megaspora and Sagedia) are recognized. Further, the relationships of five presumably closely related genera of ‘manna lichens’, namely Agrestia (vagrant), Aspicilia (crustose) Circinaria (crustose), Chlorangium (vagrant) and Sphaerothallia (vagrant) with different growth forms were analysed. The analyses revealed that ‘manna lichens’ do not form a monophyletic group but occur in different clades within the genus Circinaria. The genera Agrestia, Chlorangium and Sphaerothallia are assigned as new synonyms under the genus Circinaria and no vagrant or erratic species remain in the genus Aspicilia. The analyses also show that five new erratic, vagrant and crustose species can be recognized. In this study two ‘manna lichens’, viz. Circinaria rostamii sp. nov. (Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey), and Circinaria gyrosa sp. nov. (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Spain) are described as new to science. Three potentially new species with crustose and erratic forms need additional study. Aspicilia fruticolosofoliacea is reduced to synonymy under C. alpicola, and a lectotype is designated for C. aspera. Thirteen new combinations in Circinaria are presented. The phenomenon of vagrancy is briefly discussed, and the biogeography of the ‘manna lichens’ is outlined. Illustrations, distribution maps, and an identification key to the species are provided.
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Acknowledgments
The senior author is grateful to O. Vitikainen, A. Sennikov and N. Bell (all from Helsinki), H. Sipman (Berlin), V. Rico (Madrid), V. Jhon (Bad Dürkheim), U. Arup (Lund), A. Nordin and B. Owe-Larsson (both from Uppsala), F. Lutzoni (Durham, NC), A. Şenkardeşler (Izmir) and W. Obermayer (Graz) for valuable information and discussions. Special thanks are due to B. Litterski (Greifswald), A. Abbas and H. Xahidin (both from Urumqi), V. Wagner (Halle), M. Seaward (Bradford), M. Candan (Eskişehir), R. Rosentreter (Boise, Idaho), M. Andreev (St-Petersburg) and L. Biazrov (Moscow) for providing fresh material for examination. Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad (Helsinki) is acknowledged for her kind help during the lab work. We also thank Pirkko Harju and Eija Rinne (both from Helsinki), who helped us to make microtome sections for some samples, and also the laboratory technicians at the Department of Biology (Copenhagen) who helped us with HPLC. This study was supported by awards from the Iranian Ministry of Science and Technology to the senior author enabling him to study at the University of Helsinki. MS wishes to thank the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica for financial support of this study. We also thank the curators of the indicated herbaria for their help in searching and lending specimens and are indebted to the anonymous reviewers for their critical advice and helpful suggestions.
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Sohrabi, M., Stenroos, S., Myllys, L. et al. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the ‘manna lichens’. Mycol Progress 12, 231–269 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-012-0830-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-012-0830-1