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Proposal for a subdivision of the family Psathyrellaceae based on a taxon-rich phylogenetic analysis with iterative multigene guide tree

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Abstract

The family Psathyrellaceae was analysed using phylogenetic and morphological characters. A total of 18,133 sequences (ITS, 5.8S, LSU, ef-1α, β-tubulin), with 45 newly generated, were evaluated from a wide geographic sampling. Special attention was given to the alignment procedures and an iterative multigene guide tree was used to achieve the best possible phylogenetic hypotheses. A new generic system is proposed, which includes the known genera Coprinellus, Coprinopsis, Cystoagaricus, Homophron, Hormographiella, Kauffmania, Lacrymaria, Parasola, Psathyrella and Typhrasa. Six new, monophyletic genera are recognized, viz. Candolleomyces, Britzelmayria, Narcissea, Olotia, Punjabia and Tulosesus, and the corresponding new combinations are proposed. Galerella floriformis is shown to belong to the Psathyrellaceae and the new genus Hausknechtia is erected for it. Psathyrella is subdivided into 18 sections (sections Noli-tangere, Saponaceae, Stridvalliorum, Arenosae, Confusae, Sublatisporae, Sinefibularum are new), and sections Pennatae, Pygmaeae and Pseudostropharia are emended. Coprinellus is divided into nine sections (Disseminati, Aureogranulati, Curti, Hepthemeri and Deminuti are new), and 20 sections are proposed for Coprinopsis (Cinereae, Filamentiferae, Melanthinae, Alopeciae, Xenobiae, Phlyctidosporae, Krieglsteinerorum, Erythrocephalae, Geesteranorum, Mitraesporae, Radiatae, Subniveae and Canocipes are new). And lastly, Parasola is divided into sections Parasola and Conopileae. Many problematic species groups still need revision. A key to the genera based on morphological characters is included.

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Acknowledgments

We are thankful for the information, photographs (also in Supplement S2), fresh or dry material and friendly help from “Abeja”, Claudio Angelini, Ditte Bandini, Michael Beeckmann, Hans Bender, Konstanze Bensch, Julian Branscombe, Micheline Broussal, Klaus Büchler, Emanuele Campo, David Dandria, Daniel Deschuyteneer, Matthias Dondl, Giuliano Ferisin, Gernot Friebes, Andreas Gminder, Pérez-De-Gregorio, Anton Hausknecht, Norbert Heine, Michel Heykoop, Shah Hussain, Alexander Karisch, Amandeep Kaur, Lothar Kreuer, Lothar Krieglsteiner, Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber, Steffen Lorenz, Regina Lüdecke, Rudi Markones, Jürgen Marqua, Antonio Ruiz Mateo, Andgelo Mombert, Gabriel Moreno, Bernd Mühler, Guillermo Muñoz, Andrea Oppolzer, Leif Örstadius, Shaun Pennycook, Marcus Rave, Matthias Reul, Torsten Richter, Antonio Ruiz, Carmel Sammut, Pablo Schäfer, Robert Schaike, M. Schönfeld, Wolfgang Schößler, Rika Seibert, Karl Soop, Muhammad Usman, Andreas Vesper, Heidrun Wawrok, Karl Wehr, Gerhard Wührleitner, Jun-Qing Yan, Rainer Ziehbart, Helmut Zitzmann and Stefan Zinke. Thankfully, Pablo Alvarado performed several sequencing sessions. We are grateful for the support for program-specific problems by Kazutaka Katoh, Ari Löytynoja, Bernd Kretschmer, Rob Lanfear, Anders Larsson, Mark Miller, Sonja J. Prohaska, Alexandros Stamatakis and Ben Stöver.

Special thanks to Matthias Reul for the comprehensive help with the translation.

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    Dieter Wächter

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    Andreas Melzer

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Appendix. Preliminary key to the genera

Appendix. Preliminary key to the genera

Below, the design of a key based on the natural system is shown. The characteristics are often not restricted to one genus. Sometimes there are overlaps with features of other genera. For the determination of the species, a key based on distinctive features, regardless of the system would be more appropriate.

1Pileipellis a cutis ...........................................Coprinopsis

1*Pileipellis a hymeniderm ............................................... 2

2(1) Pileus surface totally naked ...................................... 3

2*Pileus surface not totally naked; veil, pileocystidia, setae or hairs present .............................................................. 4

3(1) Pleurocystidia thick-walled, spores pale and ellipsoid ..................................................................... Homophron

3*Pleurocystidia thin-walled, spores dark and lentiform .................................................................... Parasola p.p.

4(2) Veil always absent .................................................... 5

4*Veil always present, but sometimes fugacious ........................................................................................ 6

5(4) Pileipellis with long brown hairs, no other elements present ....................................................... Parasola p.p.

5*Pileipellis without such hairs, but pileocystidia or setae may be present ........................................ Tulosesus p.p.

6(4) Veil not wipeable .................................................... 7

6*Veil wipeable ................................................................. 8

7(6) Spores warty ........................................... Lacrymaria

7*Spores not warty ...................................... Cystoagaricus

8(6) Veil consisting at least partially of spherical cells ....9

8*Veil without spherical cells ......................................... 15

9(8) Pileocystidia present .............................................. 10

9*Pileocystdia absent ...................................................... 13

10(9) Pileus with greenish tones .......................... Punjabia

10*Pileus without greenish tones ...................................... 11

11(10) Spores rounded-angular ................... Tulosesus p.p.

11*Spores otherwise ......................................................... 12

12(11) Pileus plicate or furrowed ............ Coprinellus p.p.

12*Pileus at most translucent striated ..................................... ................................... Psathyrella sect. Cystopsathyra p.p.

13(9) Spores strongly flattened, ouline tri- to polygonal ......................................................................... Narcissea

13*Spores otherwise ......................................................... 14

14(13) Pileus plicate or furrowed ............ Coprinellus p.p.

14*Pileus at most translucent striated ............................ .............................. Psathyrella sect. Cystopsathyra p.p.

15(8) Pileus plicate or furrowed ..................................... 16

15*Pileus at most translucent striated ............................... 17

16(15) Pileocystidia present ........................ Tulosesus p.p.

16*Pileocystidia absent .................................. Hausknechtia

17(15) Pleurocystidia absent .................... Candolleomyces

17*Pleurocystidia present ................................................. 18

18(17) Pleurocystidia with large, refractive globules .......................................................................... Typhrasa

18*Pleurocystidia otherwise .............................................. 19

19(18) Pleurocystidia predominantly spatula-shaped and strongly pediculated, often slightly thick-walled ............................................................................... Olotia

19*Pleurocystidia predominantly otherwise ..................... 20

20(19) Stipe distinctly rooting, cystidia with greenish deposits, pileocystidia or similar elements present ................................................................... Britzelmayria

20*Features not in this combination .................................. 21

21(20) Basidiocarps large, spores about 10 μm long, pale, germ pore absent or tiny .............................. Kauffmania

21*Features not in this combination .................. Psathyrella

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Wächter, D., Melzer, A. Proposal for a subdivision of the family Psathyrellaceae based on a taxon-rich phylogenetic analysis with iterative multigene guide tree. Mycol Progress 19, 1151–1265 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01606-3

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