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The genus Agaricus in the Caribbean II. Refined phylogeny of Agaricus subg. Spissicaules with description of two new sections and eight new species

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Abstract

The genus Agaricus currently includes about 500 species in seven subgenera. Continuing an inventory of species in the Caribbean, this manuscript’s objective was to focus on those in Agaricus subg. Spissicaules. This subgenus has been recently proposed and divided into four sections by applying a new taxonomic system in which supraspecific taxa are ranked according to their divergence times. We similarly applied this system using Bayesian evolutionary analyses (BEAST). Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods, based either on multi-gene sequence data (ITS, ncLSU, and TEF1) or only on ITS, and including new collections from the Caribbean and one from Argentina. The analyses revealed seven major clades, all with divergence time estimated around 24 Ma. Among those, four were known sections of the subgenus, one remains a putative section, and we introduce the remaining two as new sections, A. sect. Fulventes and A. sect. Globoterminales. New samples were distributed among ten species-level clades. For eight of them, new species were proposed. They are distributed as follows: A. nanofulvens and A. basicingulatus are in the two new sections cited above, respectively; A. ciferrianus and A. omphalodiscus are in A. sect. Subrutilescentes; A. baronii, A. furfuripes, A. microincrustatus, and A. parvisporus are in A. sect. Rarolentes. The eight new species and the four sections to which they belong are described in detail. High levels of both species richness and phylogenetic diversity in the Caribbean region contributed to the refinement of the classification of A. subg. Spissicaules.

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Acknowledgements

Claudio Angelini thanks Ricardo G. García, Francisco Jiménez, and Brígido Peguero (Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael M. Moscoso, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) for their interest and encouragement in studying fungi of the Dominican Republic and for their active cooperation in providing herbarium material preserved in their institution. Philippe Callac thanks Régis Courtecuissse for providing specimens from the LIP herbarium including those collected in Martinique by Jean-Pierre Fiard, who is also warmly thanked by Luis Parra for the precise and useful notes on his collections.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study were submitted to TreeBase (Submission ID: 26968). Sequence data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in GenBank. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. All specimens described in this study were deposited in institutional herbaria.

Funding

Collecting in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic by T.J. Baroni, D.J. Lodge, B. Ortiz-Santana, and other researchers of the NSF-funded Basidiomycetes of the Greater Antilles Project (1996–2000) was supported by grants from the US National Science Foundation’s Biodiversity Surveys and Inventories Program to the Research Foundation of the State University of New York, College at Cortland (DEB-9525902 and DEB-0103621), in collaboration with the USDA Forest Service, Center for Forest Mycology Research in Madison, WI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Center for Forest Mycology Research, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, 53726, USA

    Beatriz Ortiz-Santana

  2. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Peñuela, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán de los Reyes, 94945, Veracruz, México

    Jie Chen

  3. Avda. Miranda do Douro 7, 5° G, 09400 Aranda de Duero, Burgos, Spain

    Luis A. Parra

  4. Herbario del Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso, Apartado 21-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

    Claudio Angelini

  5. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 2105 Miller Plant Sciences Bldg., Athens, GA, 30606, USA

    D. Jean Lodge

  6. Worthington, PA, USA

    Richard W. Kerrigan

  7. INRAE, MycSA, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d’Ornon, France

    Philippe Callac

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  1. Beatriz Ortiz-Santana
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Collecting of specimens was mainly done by Claudio Angelini, Beatriz Ortiz-Santana, and D. Jean Lodge. DNA sequences were generated by Beatriz Ortiz-Santana, Luis A. Parra, and Philippe Callac. Phylogenetic analyses were performed by Beatriz Ortiz-Santana, Jie Chen, and Philippe Callac. Morphological taxonomy was performed by Luis A. Parra and Beatriz Ortiz-Santana. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Beatriz Ortiz-Santana, Jie Chen, Luis A Parra, and Philippe Callac. The review and editing of the manuscript were performed by all the authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Beatriz Ortiz-Santana.

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Ortiz-Santana, B., Chen, J., Parra, L.A. et al. The genus Agaricus in the Caribbean II. Refined phylogeny of Agaricus subg. Spissicaules with description of two new sections and eight new species. Mycol Progress 20, 381–411 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01686-9

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