Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis reveals that Cyttariales is a synonym of Helotiales

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Mycological Progress Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cyttaria is a morphologically and biologically distinct genus comprising wood-inhabiting species that are biotrophic associates of trees in the genera Nothofagus sensu stricto and Lophozonia in southern South America, Australia, and New Zealand. The uniqueness of the fruit bodies and habitat of Cyttaria has led taxonomists to justify its placement in its own order, Cyttariales, in Leotiomycetes. A multilocus phylogenetic reconstruction of the class Leotiomycetes incorporating new sequence data from Cyttaria nigra shows Cyttariaceae to have an isolated position near the base of Helotiales, with weak support for a relationship with Polydesmia pruinosa (incertae sedis) and Chlorociboriaceae. Cyttariales is here proposed as a synonym of Helotiales.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

source of the genome data for those that have had their genome sequenced (JGI joint genome initiative, MWLR Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research, NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information)

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated and analyzed during this study are available as Supplemental Materials S1 (data matrix) and S2 (partitions file with best-fit models).

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Aveskamp MM, Verkley GJ, de Gruyter J, Murace MA, Perelló A, Woudenberg JHC, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2009) DNA phylogeny reveals polyphyly of Phoma section Peyronellaea and multiple taxonomic novelties. Mycologia 101:363–382. https://doi.org/10.3852/08-199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baral HO, Haelewaters D, Pärtel K (2015) A new attempt to classify the families of the Helotiales. Poster presented at the Second International Workshop on Ascomycete Systematics, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Baral HO, Weber E, Marson G (2020) Monograph of Orbiliomycetes (Ascomycota) based on vital taxonomy. Part I National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg

    Google Scholar 

  • Chernomor O, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ (2016) Terrace aware data structure for phylogenomic inference from supermatrices. Syst Biol 65:997–1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw037

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Crisci JV, Gamundí IJ, Cabello MN (1988) A cladistic analysis of the genus Cyttaria (Fungi-Ascomycotina). Cladistics 4:279–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00475.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Burgess TI, Carnegie AJ, Hardy GESJ, Smith D, Summerell BA, Cano-Lira JF, Guarro J, Houbraken J, Lombard L, Martín MP, Sandoval-Denis M, Alexandrova AV, Barnes CW, Baseia IG, Bezerra JDP, Guarnaccia V, May TW, Hernández-Restrepo M, Stchigel AM, Miller AN, Ordoñez ME, Abreu VP, Accioly T, Agnello C, Colmán AA, Albuquerque CC, Alfredo DS, Alvarado P, Araújo-Magalhães GR, Arauzo S, Atkinson T, Barili A, Barreto RW, Bezerra JL, Cabral TS, Rodríguez FC, Cruz RHSF, Daniëls PP, da Silva BDB, de Almeida DAC, de Carvalho Júnior AA, Decock CA, Delgat L, Denman S, Dimitrov RA, Edwards J, Fedosova AG, Ferreira RJ, Firmino AL, Flores JA, García D, Gené J, Giraldo A, Góis JS, Gomes AAM, Gonçalves CM, Gouliamova DE, Groenewald M, Guéorguiev BV, Guevara-Suarez M, Gusmão LFP, Hosaka K, Hubka V, Huhndorf SM, Jadan M, Jurjević Ž, Kraak B, Kučera V, Kumar TKA, Kušan I, Lacerda SR, Lamlertthon S, Lisboa WS, Loizides M, Luangsa-ard JJ, Lysková P, Mac Cormack WP, Macedo DM, Machado AR, Malysheva EF, Marinho P, Matočec N, Meijer M, Mešić A, Mongkolsamrit S, Moreira KA, Morozova OV, Nair KU, Nakamura N, Noisripoom W, Olariaga I, Oliveira RJV, Paiva LM, Pawar P, Pereira OL, Peterson SW, Prieto M, Rodríguez-Andrade E, De Blas CR, Roy M, Santos ES, Sharma R, Silva GA, Souza-Motta CM, Takeuchi-Kaneko Y, Tanaka C, Thakur A, Smith MT, Tkalčec Z, Valenzuela-Lopez N, van der Kleij P, Verbeken A, Viana MG, Wang XW, Groenewald JZ et al (2017) Fungal planet description sheets: 625–715. Persoonia 39:270–467. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Burgess TI, Hardy GESJ, Gené J, Guarro J, Baseia IG, García D, Gusmão LFP, Souza-Motta CM, Thangavel R, Adamčík S, Barili A, Barnes CW, Bezerra JDP, Bordallo JJ, Cano-Lira JF, de Oliveira RJV, Ercole E, Hubka V, Iturrieta-González I, Kubátová A, Martín MP, Moreau PA, Morte A, Ordoñez ME, Rodríguez A, Stchigel AM, Vizzini A, Abdollahzadeh J, Abreu VP, Adamčíková K, Albuquerque GMR, Alexandrova AV, Álvarez Duarte E, Armstrong-Cho C, Banniza S, Barbosa RN, Bellanger JM, Bezerra JL, Cabral TS, Caboň M, Caicedo E, Cantillo T, Carnegie AJ, Carmo LT, Castañeda-Ruiz RF, Clement CR, Čmoková A, Conceição LB, Cruz RHSF, Damm U, da Silva BDB, da Silva GA, da Silva RMF, Santiago ALCMdA, de Oliveira LF, de Souza CAF, Déniel F, Dima B, Dong G, Edwards J, Félix CR, Fournier J, Gibertoni TB, Hosaka K, Iturriaga T, Jadan M, Jany JL, Jurjević Ž, Kolařík M, Kušan I, Landell MF, Leite Cordeiro TR, Lima DX, Loizides M, Luo S, Machado AR, Madrid H, Magalhães OMC, Marinho P, Matočec N, Mešić A, Miller AN, Morozova OV, Neves RP, Nonaka K, Nováková A, Oberlies NH, Oliveira-Filho JRC, Oliveira TGL, Papp V, Pereira OL, Perrone G, Peterson SW, Pham THG, Raja HA (2018) Fungal planet description sheets: 716–784. Persoonia 40:240–393. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Chooi Y-H, Gilchrist CLM, Lacey E, Pitt JI, Roets F, Swart WJ, Cano-Lira JF, Valenzuela-Lopez N, Hubka V, Shivas RG, Stchigel AM, Holdom DG, Jurjević Ž, Kachalkin AV, Lebel T, Lock C, Martín MP, Tan YP, Tomashevskaya MA, Vitelli JS, Baseia IG, Bhatt VK, Brandrud TE, De Souza JT, Dima B, Lacey HJ, Lombard L, Johnston PR, Morte A, Papp V, Rodríguez A, Rodríguez-Andrade E, Semwal KC, Tegart L, Abad ZG, Akulov A, Alvarado P, Alves A, Andrade JP, Arenas F, Asenjo C, Ballarà J, Barrett MD, Berná LM, Berraf-Tebbal A, Bianchinotti MV, Bransgrove K, Burgess TI, Carmo FS, Chávez R, Čmoková A, Dearnaley JDW, de Azevedo SALCM, Denman F-N, S, Douglas B, Dovana F, Eichmeier A, Esteve-Raventós F, Farid A, Fedosova AG, Ferisin G, Ferreira RJ, Ferrer A, Figueiredo CN, Figueiredo YF, Reinoso-Fuentealba CG, Garrido-Benavent I, Cañete-Gibas CF, Gil-Durán C, Glushakova AM, Gonçalves MFM, González M, Gorczak M, Gorton C, Guard FE, Guarnizo AL, Guarro J, Gutiérrez M, Hamal P, Hien LT, Hocking AD, Houbraken J, Hunter GC, Inácio CA, Jourdan M, Kapitonov VI, Kelly L, Khanh TN, Kisło K, Kiss L, Kiyashko A, Kolařík M, Kruse J, Kubátová A, Kučera V, Kučerová I, Kušan I, Lee HB, Levicán G, Lewis A, Liem NV, Liimatainen K, Lim HJ, Lyons MN, Maciá-Vicente JG, Magaña-Dueñas V, Mahiques R, Malysheva EF, Marbach PAS, Marinho P, Matočec N, McTaggart AR, Mešić A, Morin L, Muñoz-Mohedano JM, Navarro-Ródenas A, Nicolli CP, Oliveira RL, Otsing E, Ovrebo CL, Pankratov TA, Paños A, Paz-Conde A, Pérez-Sierra A, Phosri C, Pintos Á, Pošta A, Prencipe S, Rubio E, Saitta A, Sales LS, Sanhueza L, Shuttleworth LA, Smith J, Smith ME, Spadaro D, Spetik M, Sochor M, Sochorová Z, Sousa JO, Suwannasai N, Tedersoo L, Thanh HM, Thao LD, Tkalčec Z, Vaghefi N, Venzhik AS, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Voyron S, Wainhouse M, Whalley AJS, Wrzosek M, Zapata M, Zeil-Rolfe I, Groenewald JZ, (2020) Fungal Planet description sheets: 1042–1111. Persoonia 44:301–459. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Darlington PJ (1965) Biogeography of the southern end of the world; distribution and history of far-southern life and land, with an assessment of continental drift. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar RC (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res 32:1792–1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ekanayaka AH, Hyde KD, Gentekaki E, McKenzie EHC, Zhao Q, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E (2019) Preliminary Classification of Leotiomycetes Mycosphere 10:310–489. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamundí IJ (1971) Las Cyttariales sudamericanas (Fungi-Ascomycetes). Darwiniana 16:461–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Haelewaters D, Filippova NV, Baral H-O (2018) A new species of Stamnaria (Leotiomycetes, Helotiales) from Western Siberia. MycoKeys 32:49–63. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.32.23277

  • Hernández-Restrepo M, Gené J, Castañeda-Ruiz RF, Mena-Portales J, Crous PW, Guarro J (2017) Phylogeny of saprobic microfungi from Southern Europe. Stud Mycol 86:53–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2017.05.002

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoang DT, Chernomor O, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ, Vinh LS (2018) UFBoot2: improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Mol Biol Evol 35:518–522. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hopple JS (1994) Phylogenetic investigations in the genus Coprinus based on morphological and molecular characters. PhD dissertation. Duke University, Durham

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosoya T (2009) Enumeration of remarkable Japanese discomycetes (3): first records of three inoperculate helotialean discomycetes in Japan. Bull Natl Mus Nat Sci, Ser B 35:113–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaklitsch W, Baral H-O, Lücking R, Lumbsch HT, Frey W (2016) Syllabus of plant families: A. Engler’s syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien part 1/2. Borntraeger, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston PR, Baschien C (2020) Tricladiaceae fam. nov. (Helotiales, Leotiomycetes). Fungal Syst Evol 6:233–242. https://doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.06.10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston PR, Quijada L, Smith CA, Baral H-O, Hosoya T, Baschien C, Pärtel K, Zhuang W-Y, Haelewaters D, Park D, Carl S, López-Giráldez F, Wang Z, Townsend JP (2019) A multigene phylogeny toward a new phylogenetic classification of Leotiomycetes. IMA Fungus 10:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-019-0002-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kalyaanamoorthy K, Minh BQ, Wong TKF, von Haeseler A, Jermiin LS (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat Methods 14:587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Karakehian JM, Quijada L, Friebes G, Tanney JB, Pfister DH (2019) Placement of Triblidiaceae in Rhytismatales and comments on unique ascospore morphologies in Leotiomycetes (Fungi, Ascomycota). MycoKeys 54:99–133. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.54.35697

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi. CAB International, Wallingford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp M, Stöckler K, Havell D, Delsuc F, Sebastiani F, Lockhart PJ (2005) Relaxed molecular clock provides evidence for long-distance dispersal of Nothofagus (southern beech). Plos Biol 3:e14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Korf RP (1983) Cyttaria (Cyttariales): Coevolution with Nothofagus, and evolutionary relationship to the Boedijnopezizeae (Pezizales, Sarcoscyphaceae). Aust J Bot Suppl Ser 13:77–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33:1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Landvik S, Eriksson OE (1994) Relationships of Tuber, Elaphomyces, and Cyttaria (Ascomycotina), inferred from 18S rDNA studies. In: Hawksworth DL (ed) Ascomycetes systematics: problems and perspectives in the nineties. Springer, Boston, pp 225–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9290-4_19

  • Liu YJ, Whelen S, Hall BD (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerase II subunit. Mol Biol Evol 16:1799–1808. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026092

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matheny PB (2005) Improving phylogenetic inference of mushrooms with RPB1 and RPB2 nucleotide sequences (Inocybe; Agaricales). Mol Phylogenet Evol 35:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matheny PB, Liu YJ, Ammirati JF, Hall BD (2002) Using RPB1 sequences to improve phylogenetic inference among mushrooms (Inocybe, Agaricales). Am J Bot 89:688–698. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.4.688

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mengoni TP (1986) El aparato apical del asco de Cyttaria harioti (Ascomycetes-Cyttariales) con microscopía fotónica y electronica. Bol Soc Argent Bot 24:393–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inferences of large phylogenetic trees. Proc Gateway Comp Environ Workshop 14:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen LT, Schmidt HA, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ (2015) IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum likelihood phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol 32:268–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pärtel K, Baral H-O, Tamm H, Põldmaa K (2017) Evidence for the polyphyly of Encoelia and Encoelioideae with reconsideration of respective families in Leotiomycetes. Fungal Divers 82:183–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0370-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson KR, Pfister DH (2010) Phylogeny of Cyttaria inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence and morphological data. Mycologia 102:1398–1416. https://doi.org/10.3852/10-046

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson KR, Pfister DH, Bell CD (2010) Cophylogeny and biogeography of the fungal parasite Cyttaria and its host Nothofagus, southern beech. Mycologia 102:1417–1425. https://doi.org/10.3852/10-048

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pino-Bodas R, Zhurbenko MP, Stenroos S (2017) Phylogenetic placement within Lecanoromycetes of lichenicolous fungi associated with Cladonia and some other genera. Persoonia 39:91–117. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.05

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Prieto M, Schultz M, Olariaga I, Wedin M (2019) Lichinodium is a new lichenized lineage in the Leotiomycetes. Fungal Divers 94:23–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0417-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quandt CA, Haelewaters D (2021) Phylogenetic advances in Leotiomycetes, an understudied clade of taxonomically and ecologically diverse fungi. In: Zaragoza Ó, Casadevall A (eds) Encyclopedia of Mycology, Vol 1. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819990-9.00052-4

  • Quijada L, Tanney JB, Popov E, Johnston PR, Pfister DH (2020) Cones, needles and wood: Micraspis (Micraspidaceae, Micraspidales fam. et ord. nov.) speciation segregates by host plant tissues. Fungal Syst Evol 5:99–111. https://doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.05.05

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehner SA, Buckley E (2005) A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-alpha sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 97:84–98. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.97.1.84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santesson R (1945) Cyttaria, a genus of inoperculate discomycetes. Sven Bot Tidskr 39:319–345

  • Schmitt I, Crespo A, Divakar PK, Fankhauser JD, Herman-Sackett E, Kalb K, Nelsen MP, Nelson NA, Rivas-Plata E, Shimp AD, Widhelm T, Lumbsch HT (2009) New primers for promising single-copy genes in fungal phylogenetics and systematics. Persoonia 23:35–40. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158509x470602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schwessinger B, McDonald M (2017) High quality DNA from fungi for long read sequencing e.g. PacBio, Nanopore MinION. protocols.io. https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.k6qczdw

  • Setoguchi H (2005) Co-evolution of Nothofagus plants and the ascomycete Cyttaria spp. with the Gondwanaland breakup. In: Sugiyama J (ed) Diversity and evolution of fungi, bacteria and viruses. Shokabo Publishing, Tokyo, pp 155–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Spegazzini CL (1888) Fungi fuegiana. Bol Acad Nac Cienc Córdoba 11:135–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Steenis CGGJ (1971) Nothofagus, key genus of plant geography, in time and space, living and fossil, ecology and phylogeny. Blumea 19:65–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenroos S, Laukka T, Huhtinen S, Döbbeler P, Myllys L, Syrjänen K, Hyvönen J (2010) Multiple origins of symbioses between ascomycetes and bryophytes suggested by a five-gene phylogeny. Cladistics 26:281–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00284.x

  • Stiller JW, Hall BD (1997) The origin of red algae: implications for plastid evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4520–4525. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.9.4520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Suija A, Ertz D, Lawrey JD, Dierderich P (2015) Multiple origin of the lichenicolous life habit in Helotiales, based on nuclear ribosomal sequences. Fungal Divers 70:55–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-014-0287-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanney JB, Seifert KA (2020) Mollisiaceae: An overlooked lineage of diverse endophytes. Stud Mycol 95:293–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2020.02.005

  • Vilgalys R, Hester M (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. J Bacteriol 172:4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.172.8.4238-4246.1990

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Johnston PR, Takamatsu S, Spatafora JW, Hibbett DS (2006) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Leotiomycetes based on rDNA data. Mycologia 98:1065–1075. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1065

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee SB, Taylor JW (1990) Analysis of phylogenetic relationships by amplification and direct sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1

  • Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Al-Ani LKT, Tedersoo L, Haelewaters D, Rajeshkumar KC, Zhao RL, Aptroot A, Leontyev DV, Saxena RK, Tokarev YS, Dai DQ, Letcher PM, Stephenson SL, Ertz D, Lumbsch HT, Kukwa M, Issi IV, Madrid H, Phillips AJL, Selbmann L, Pfliegler WP, Horváth E, Bensch K, Kirk PM, Kolaříková K, Raja HA, Radek R, Papp V, Dima B, Ma J, Malosso E, Takamatsu S, Rambold G, Gannibal PB, Triebel D, Gautam AK, Avasthi S, Suetrong S, Timdal E, Fryar SC, Delgado G, Réblová M, Doilom M, Dolatabadi S, Pawłowska J, Humber RA, Kodsueb R, Sánchez-Castro I, Goto BT, Silva DKA, de Souza FA, Oehl F, da Silva GA, Silva IR, Błaszkowski J, Jobim K, Maia LC, Barbosa FR, Fiuza PO, Divakar PK, Shenoy BD, Castañeda-Ruiz RF, Somrithipol S, Lateef AA, Karunarathna SC, Tibpromma S, Mortimer PE, Wanasinghe DN, Phookamsak R, Xu J, Wang Y, Tian F, Alvarado P, Li DW, Kušan I, Matočec N, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Papizadeh M, Heredia G, Wartchow F, Bakhshi M, Boehm E, Youssef N, Hustad VP, Lawrey JD, Santiago ALCMA, Bezerra JDP, Souza-Motta CM, Firmino AL, Tian Q, Houbraken J, Hongsanan S, Tanaka K, Dissanayake AJ, Monteiro JS, Grossart HP, Suija A, Weerakoon G, Etayo J, Tsurykau A, Vázquez V, Mungai P, Damm U, Li QR, Zhang H, Boonmee S, Lu YZ, Becerra AG, Kendrick B, Brearley FQ, Motiejūnaitė J, Sharma B, Khare R, Gaikwad S, Wijesundara DSA, Tang LZ, He MQ, Flakus A, Rodriguez-Flakus P, Zhurbenko MP, McKenzie EHC, Stadler M, Bhat DJ, Liu JK, Raza M, Jeewon R, Nassonova ES, Prieto M, Jayalal RGU, Erdoğdu M, Yurkov A, Schnittler M, Shchepin ON, Novozhilov YK, Silva-Filho AGS, Liu P, Cavender JC, Kang Y, Mohammad S, Zhang LF, Xu RF, Li YM, Dayarathne MC, Ekanayaka AH, Wen TC, Deng CY, Pereira OL, Navathe S, Hawksworth DL, Fan XL, Dissanayake LS, Kuhnert E, Grossart HP, Thines M (2020) Outline of fungi and fungus-like taxa. Mycosphere 11:1060–1456. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zoller S, Scheidegger C, Sperisen C (1999) PCR primers for the amplification of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA of lichen-forming ascomycetes. Lichenologist 31:511–516. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.1999.0220

Download references

Funding

This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DEB-2018098 to D.H.). P.R.J. and D.P. were supported through the Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research Biota Portfolio with funding from the Science and Innovation Group of the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Danny Haelewaters

  2. Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

    Danny Haelewaters

  3. Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    Duckchul Park & Peter R. Johnston

Authors
  1. Danny Haelewaters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Duckchul Park
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peter R. Johnston
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

D.P. and P.R.J. generated sequence data. D.H. performed phylogenetic analyses. D.H. and P.R.J. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Danny Haelewaters.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Section editor: Roland Kirschner

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (NEX 7152 KB)

Supplementary file2 (NEX 1 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Haelewaters, D., Park, D. & Johnston, P.R. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis reveals that Cyttariales is a synonym of Helotiales. Mycol Progress 20, 1323–1330 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01736-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01736-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation