Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are destructive fungal diseases and economically important threat to grapevine industry worldwide. During a survey of vineyards in the Kurdistan Province, 233 fungal isolates were obtained that associated with various external and internal trunk diseases symptoms. Based on sequence data and morphological characteristics, 24 species belonging to 19 genera were characterized. Botryosphaeriaceae species were the most prevalent identified fungi followed by Alternaria, Sporocadaceae, Phaeoacremonium, and Didymellaceae taxa. At the species level, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Alternaria malorum, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, Acremonium sclerotigenum, Alternaria chlamydosporigena, and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum were the most frequent identified species. Acremonium sclerotigenum, A. chlamydosporigena, A. malorum, Juxtiphoma eupyrena, and Paecilomyces formosus are new records associated with GTDs around the world. Among the four pestalotia-like species identified based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses of LSU, ITS, TEF1, and TUB2 sequence data, three species are newly described and introduced here as Seimatosporium marivanicum, Sporocadus kurdistanicus, and Xenoseimatosporium kurdistanicum. Furthermore, three new combinations are proposed, including Sporocadus corni, Spo. italicus, and Spo. pseudocorni. Pathogenicity of 15 species was studied on cultivars Rasha and Bidaneh Sefid in field conditions. The pathogenicity of Neoscytalidium novahollandiae, B. dothidea, Ph. aleophilum, and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora was confirmed in field conditions.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Mr. Alireza Javadi for his assistance in preparation of holotypes and recording growth rate of new species introduced here. Some sequences were amplified and generated in the context of a sabbatical leave at the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute (Utrecht, the Netherlands) in 2018.
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This study was supported by the University of Kurdistan. Jafar Abdollahzadeh was supported by the Kurdistan Provincial Office under project number 65/6/64197/2011.
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Project conception and design, photography, phylogeny, GenBank, TreeBASE and MycoBank submissions and writing the manuscript: Jafar Abdollahzadeh. Sampling, fungal isolation and purification, slide preparation and molecular experiments: Esmail Khaledi and Jamal Nahvi Moghadam. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Fig. S1
Single gene tree inferred from a Bayesian analysis based on LSU sequence data. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) values are indicated at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site. The tree was rooted with Distononappendiculata banksiae (CBS 143906) (PDF 293 kb)
Fig. S2
Single gene tree inferred from a Bayesian analysis based on ITS sequence data. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) values are indicated at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site. The tree was rooted with Distononappendiculata banksiae (CBS 143906) (PDF 304 kb)
Fig. S3
Single gene tree inferred from a Bayesian analysis based on TEF1 sequence data. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) values are indicated at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site. The tree was rooted with Distononappendiculata banksiae (CBS 143906) (PDF 277 kb)
Fig. S4
Single gene tree inferred from a Bayesian analysis based on TUB2 sequence data. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) values are indicated at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site. The tree was rooted with Distononappendiculata banksiae (CBS 143906) (PDF 293 kb)
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Moghadam, J.N., Khaledi, E., Abdollahzadeh, J. et al. Seimatosporium marivanicum, Sporocadus kurdistanicus, and Xenoseimatosporium kurdistanicum: three new pestalotioid species associated with grapevine trunk diseases from the Kurdistan Province, Iran. Mycol Progress 21, 427–446 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01764-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01764-y