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Assessing the contribution of different sources in atmospheric dispersion of PM2.5 and related health impact in a region of Qazvin, Iran

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Abstract

Consumption of fossil fuels in residential, industrial, and transportation sectors has a significant contribution to air pollution and high attributable premature deaths. To target specific strategies for reducing health effects, the anthropogenic sources and their contributions should be identified. This article provides an integrated modeling approach to evaluate the sector-specific contributions of different PM2.5 sources on air pollution and relevant health impacts. The dispersion of emissions from different sources is modeled by the American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD), and the health impacts are estimated by the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program—Community Edition (BenMAP-CE), while the global exposure mortality model (GEMM) is used as the health impact function. The methodology is applied for the special region in Qazvin province, Islamic Republic of Iran. The total premature deaths from exposure to PM2.5 which are attributable to the suburban transportation systems, industries, and towns and villages (domestic sector and intra-urban transportation systems) are 108.1, 96.3, and 653.4 that are equal to 4%, 4%, and 24% of the total premature deaths, respectively. In some cases, the spatial distribution of PM2.5 from different emission sources, altogether, is not compliant with the limits, while their single distribution is compliant with the limit. This synergy effect is very important for sustainable environmental planning in the region. The results show that the emissions of PM2.5 from towns and villages play a major role in public health, and thus, additional measures and investigations should be implemented to further reduce PM2.5 pollutions and protect public health in the urban area in the future. This research suggests a framework to identify the sources of the health impacts and help policymakers to carefully design the environmental action plans in the region.

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Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available. However, some of them are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request and under the permission of authorities.

Notes

  1. In the country, the spring is from March 21 to June 21, the summer starts from June 22 and ends to September 22, the fall is from September 23 to December 21, and the winter starts from December 22 and ends to March 20.

Abbreviations

AERMOD:

American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model

AQBAT:

Air Quality Benefits Assessment Tool

\({\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{T}}\)  :

The total residential area of Qazvin province that is heated (m2)

BenMAP-CE:

Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program—Community Edition

BPIP:

Building Profile Input Program

c( x,y,z ) :

Air pollution concentration (\({~}^{\mu g}\!\left/ \!\!{~}_{{m}^{3}}\right.\))

CALPUFF:

California Puff

COPD:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

GDP:

Gross domestic product

GEMM:

Global exposure mortality model

GIS:

Geographic information system

h:

The average height of residential units (m)

H:

The heating load of a building per volume unit (W/m3)

Hz :

Effective stack height (m)

IAQS:

Iranian Ambient Air Quality Standard

IHD:

Ischemic heart disease

LC:

Lung cancer

LRI:

Lower respiratory infections

N:

The number of residential units in each town or village

NAAQS:

National Ambient Air Quality Standard

NCD:

Non-communicable diseases

\({\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{T}}\) :

The number of residential units in the province

PM:

Particulate Matter

Q:

Emission rate (g/s)

\({\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{H}}\) :

Heating load in each town or village

u:

Effective wind speed (m/s)

WHO:

World Health Organization

\({\sigma }_{y}\) :

Horizontal dispersion parameters (m)

\({\sigma }_{z}\) :

Vertical dispersion parameters (m)

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the support from Niroo Research Institute (NRI). We thank the anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and insightful comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy Systems Engineering Group, Department of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave, P.O. Box 14565-114, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Ali Akbar Rezazadeh & Akram Avami

  2. Shahid Rajaee Power Plant, Qazvin, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Mojtaba Mashayekhi & Alireza Kianbakhsh

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  1. Ali Akbar Rezazadeh
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Correspondence to Akram Avami.

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Rezazadeh, A.A., Avami, A., Mashayekhi, M. et al. Assessing the contribution of different sources in atmospheric dispersion of PM2.5 and related health impact in a region of Qazvin, Iran. Air Qual Atmos Health 15, 1379–1394 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-022-01163-6

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