Skip to main content
Log in

Origin of the Coleorhiza in Cycad Seedlings and its Structural Homology with That of the Poaceae

  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the literature there is disagreement about the existence of a coleorhiza in cycad embryos. In this paper the terminology of the cycad ovule, seed and embryo is revised. It was confirmed that the cycad ovule and seed are pachychalazal and that the seed coat is exclusively formed by the pachychalaza. The term ‘pleurotesta’ as a substitute for the so-called ‘endotesta’ is suggested to describe the inner, membranous part of the seed coat. The anatomy of the cycad embryo was studied in comparison with the grass embryo and it was found that a coleorhiza does exist in cycad embryos and derives from the distal part of the suspensor. It is postulated that the coleorhiza in grasses also derives from the distal part of the suspensor and that the two structures are therefore structurally homologous.

Zusammenfassung

In der Literatur gibt es Unstimmigkeit über die Existenz einer Coleorhiza in Palmfarn-Embryonen. In diesem Dokument werden die Termen der Palmfarne Samenanlage, Saatgut und Embryo überarbeitet. Es wurde bestätigt, dass die Palmfarnen-Samenanlage und Saatgut Pachychalazal sind, und dass das Saatgut-Fell ausschließlich durch das Pachychalaza gebildet wird. Der Begriff * Pleurotesta * wird also als Ersatz für die so-genannten * Endotesta * vorgeschlagen, den inneren, Membranöse Teil des Saatgut-Fells zu beschreiben. Die Anatomie der Palmfarn-Embryos wurde untersucht, im Vergleich zu Gras Embryonen und es wurde gefunden, dass eine Coleorhiza in Palmfarn-Embryonen vorhanden ist und stammt von dem distalen Teil des Suspensors. Es wird postuliert, dass die Coleorhiza in Gräser auch abgeleitet ist aus dem distalen Teil des Suspensors und das beide Strukturen daher struktur-gemäss homolog sein.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  • Bierhorst, D. 1971. Morphology of vascular plants. Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, M., J. D. Bewley & P. Halmer. 2006. The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses. Cromwell, Towridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain, C. 1919. The living cycads. University of Chicago, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— 1935. Gymnosperms: Structure and evolution. University of Chicago, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corner, E. J. H. 1976. Seeds of the Dicotyledons. Cambridge University Press.

  • ——— 1992. The pachychalaza in Dicotyledons:primitive or advanced? Journal of the Linnaean Sociey 108: 15–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorety, H. 1908. The seedling of Ceratozamia. Botanical Gazette 46: 203–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants, ed. 2nd. Wily, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahn, A. 1982. Plant anatomy, 3rd edn. Pergamon.

  • Foster, A. S. & E. M. Gifford. 1974. Comparative morphology of vascular plants, ed. 2nd. Freeman, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grobbelaar, N. 2005. Does a cycad seedling have a coleorhiza? Encephalartos 83: 28–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harder, R., F. Firbas, W. Schumacher & D. Von Denver. 1962. Lehrbuch der Botanik Für Hochschulen. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooft, J. 1970. Zamia from seed. Carolina Tips 33: 21–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieselbach, T. A. 1949. The structure and reproduction of corn. Research Bulletin 161, University of Nebraska College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station.

  • Mauseth, J. D. 1988. Plant anatomy. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc, Menlo Park California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norstog, K. J. & T. J. Nicholls. 1997. The biology of the Cycads. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pant, D. D. & R. Sing. 1991. Unusual orthotropous germination in seeds of Cycas rumhii Miq. And the morphological nature of cycad coleorhiza. Plant Science Bulletin 2: 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, L. N. 1971. Life-history of Cycas circinalis L. Part V. Seedling Anatomy. Proceedings of the Indian academy of sciences. Section B, 76:47-57

  • Raven, P. H., R. F. Evert & S. E. Eichhorn. 1992. Biology of plants, ed. 5th. Worth, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbertse, P. J., I. Von Teichman & H. J. van Rensburg. 1986. A re-evaluation of the structure of the mango ovule in comparison with those of a few other Anacardiaceae species. South African Journal of Botany 52: 17–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sànches-Tinoco, M. Y. & M. Engleman. 2004. Seed coat anatomy of Ceratozamia mexicana (Cycadales). The Botanical Review 70: 24–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, D. W. 1990. Morphology and Systematics of the Cycadales. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 57: 8–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Lammeren, A. A. M. 1987. Embryogenesis in Zea mays L.: a structural approach to maize caryopsis development in vivo and in vitro. Proefschrift, Wageningen.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hannes P. J. Robbertse.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Robbertse, H.P.J., Grobbelaar, N. & du Toit, E. Origin of the Coleorhiza in Cycad Seedlings and its Structural Homology with That of the Poaceae. Bot. Rev. 77, 1–10 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-010-9058-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-010-9058-4

Keywords

Navigation