Abstract
Studies suggest that Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations have drastically affected shallow marine ecosystems such as coral reefs. In the Southwest Atlantic, a Seamounts chain near the Abrolhos Bank has been hypothesized as a stable climatic refugium during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This refugium would have allowed recolonization of the present-day shoreline. Here, we integrated paleoclimatic simulations based on ecological niche modeling (ENM) and adopted a phylogeographic approach to assess this hypothesis for the endemic reef-building coral Mussismilia braziliensis. The niche modeling indicated that the potential distribution of M. braziliensis was smaller in the LGM than in the present; however, the predicted climatically stable regions were not located in the Victoria–Trindade seamount chain, but in regions to the north of this chain. Genetic data showed low structure for the three markers used: SRP-54, ITS, and MaSC-1. Our results suggest a scenario in which the M. braziliensis distribution probably followed the sea-level fluctuation, maintaining its latitudinal distribution range since the LGM, and that it was not confined to a reduced climatic refugium, as previously imagined. We highlight the pioneering nature of this study by combining phylogeography and paleoclimate modeling in order to clarify historical processes that resulted in the current scleractinian biodiversity of Brazilian reefs.
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Prof. Ruy K. P. Kikuchi (Laboratório de Recifes de Corais e Mudanças Globais—RECOR) for helping with logistical and financial support for Abrolhos fieldwork. We thank colleagues from the Laboratório de Diversidade Genética—UNICAMP, Fernanda Fontes, Cecília Fiorini, Jair Mendes, Luiz Bartoleti, Thadeu Sobral-Souza, Priscila Madi Saloum, Felipe Roberto, Beatriz Pereira, Elen Peres, Lívia Zuffo, Gustavo Pugliese, Wendy Arroyo, and João Claudio Nascimento, for helping with suggestions and discussions. We thank Prof. Cláudio Sampaio (Universidade Federal de Alagoas), Prof. Igor Cruz (Universidade Federal da Bahia), José de Anchieta, Ricardo Miranda, Miguel Loiola, Lua Porto, Fernanda Lordes, Thiago Albuquerque, Adriano Leite and José Amorim, for the outstanding help in the fieldwork. We also thank the anonymous referees for their corrections and suggestions.
Funding
This study was funded by (1) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior for a research grant, (2) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (311763-2014-6), and (3) São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (201202526-7).
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All necessary permits for sampling and observational field studies have been obtained by the authors from the competent authorities and are mentioned in the acknowledgements. “All individuals sampled were under permits granted by the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio, permit no. 39090).”
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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in GenBank (accession numbers: ITS: MK848242-MK848265; maSC-1 MK848266-MK848283).
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NM and VNS conceived and designed research. TS contributed with niche modeling analysis and suggested new ideas to the manuscript. MS conducted the DNA sequencing, contributing with reagents and structure. NM conducted field and laboratory activities, performed statistical analysis, and wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.
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Menezes, N., Sobral-Souza, T., Silva, M. et al. Paleoclimatic distribution and phylogeography of Mussismilia braziliensis (Anthozoa, Scleractinia), an endemic Brazilian reef coral. Mar. Biodivers. 50, 39 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01063-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01063-x