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Using haplotype networks, estimation of gene flow and phenotypic characters to understand species delimitation in fungi of a predominantly Antarctic Usnea group (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae)

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Abstract

Species delimitations in the predominantly Antarctic and South American group of neuropogonoid species of the lichen-forming fungal genus Usnea are poorly understood. Morphological variability has been interpreted as a result of harsh ecological conditions, but preliminary molecular data have led to doubts about the current species delimitations in these lichenized fungi. We examined species boundaries using a phylogenetic approach and a cohesion species recognition method generating haplotype networks and looking at associations of phenotypic characters with clades found in the networks. In addition, we estimated gene flow among detected clades and currently circumscribed species. We identified several clades that were significantly associated with phenotypic characters, but did not necessarily agree with current species circumscriptions. In one case (U. aurantiaco-atra/U. antarctica), network analysis and the estimation of gene flow provided no evidence of distinct species. The distinctness of another species pair (U. subantarctica/U. trachycarpa) remains dubious, showing evidence for gene flow among currently accepted species.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all colleagues who provided fresh lichen material for this study. N,W, is indebted to María Inés Messuti, Andrés Diehl and Gernot Vobis (all S.C. de Bariloche, Argentina) for organizing and performing a field trip to Tierra del Fuego. N.W. and H.T.L. are grateful to Asuncion Cano and Angel Ramirez (Lima) for organizing and conducting a field trip to Huascaran NP in Peru and to the Women’s Board of the Field Museum in Chicago for financially supporting the trip. Most of the laboratory work was done at the Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics at the Field Museum. Financial support for this project was allocated by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grant to H.T.L. and C.P.), the National Science Foundation (DEB-0949147, PI: HTL), a scholarship of the DAAD (German Exchange Service) to N.W., and a grant of the Women’s Board of the Field Museum.

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  1. Nora Wirtz

    Present address: 11 Grosvenor Mount, Leeds, LS6 2DX, UK

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  1. Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA

    Nora Wirtz & H. Thorsten Lumbsch

  2. Abteilung Botanik und Molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

    Christian Printzen

  3. Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

    Christian Printzen

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Wirtz, N., Printzen, C. & Lumbsch, H.T. Using haplotype networks, estimation of gene flow and phenotypic characters to understand species delimitation in fungi of a predominantly Antarctic Usnea group (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae). Org Divers Evol 12, 17–37 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0066-y

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