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Nipponaclerda Biwakoensis Infestation of Phragmites australis in the Mississippi River Delta, USA: Do Fungal Microbiomes Play a Role?

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Abstract

Recently, significant die-back of nonnative common reed, Phragmites australis, has been reported in the Mississippi River Delta (MRD), Louisiana, USA. This dieback has been attributed to an invasive scale insect, Nipponaclerda biwakoensis. We test whether fungi are involved in the recent infestation by this insect and subsequent die-offs of P. australis. Several haplotypes of P. australis occur in the MRD, and the European (M) and Delta (M1) haplotypes appear to experience differing levels of N. biwakoensis infestation. We tested whether these haplotypes differed in their fungal microbiomes in both their leaf and stem tissues, and whether differences in fungal community composition were linked to the level of infestation using a metabarcoding Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) amplicon sequencing approach. Our analyses showed differences in fungal community composition and diversity between haplotypes and tissue types, but none of these differences were directly correlated with N. biwakoensis infestation severity. However, we did find that the European haplotype hosted higher putative pathogen loads in stem tissues compared to the Delta haplotype, which may confer resistance to herbivory, though it is possible that differences in infestation between haplotypes are due to morphology.

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Acknowledgements

Funding was provided by the Louisiana State Board of Regents grant LEQSF(2017–20)-RD-A-14, the Louisiana Native Plant Society, and the Tulane Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Student Research Grant. Thank you to the two anonymous reviewers for their incredibly thorough feedback to help us better this manuscript. We would also like to thank members of the Farrer Lab at Tulane University for help with field work, sample preparation, and sequencing, as well as the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, particularly Trebor Victoriano, for providing us with transport to and from the research sites.

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All data and materials are available for download at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.hmgqnk9hz.

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All code available upon request from the corresponding author.

Funding

Funding provided by the Louisiana State Board of Regents grant LEQSF(2017–20)-RD-A-14, the Louisiana Native Plant Society, and the Tulane Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Student Research Grant.

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    Caitlin Bumby & Emily C. Farrer

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CB and EF conceived of the presented idea and developed the theory. CB carried out the experiment, performed statistical analyses, and wrote the manuscript with the support of EF.

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Correspondence to Caitlin Bumby.

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Bumby, C., Farrer, E.C. Nipponaclerda Biwakoensis Infestation of Phragmites australis in the Mississippi River Delta, USA: Do Fungal Microbiomes Play a Role?. Wetlands 42, 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01514-6

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