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The genus Thelonectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and closely related species with cylindrocarpon-like asexual states

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Abstract

The genus Thelonectria and closely related species with cylindrocarpon-like asexual states are a group of perithecial ascomycetes in the family Nectriaceae that occur as saprobes and in few cases as pathogens of hardwood trees, shrubs or other plants. Although a key component of forest ecosystems around the world, species relationships and distributions of these fungi are largely unknown. The objectives of this study were to: 1) infer species rank phylogenetic relationships of the genus Thelonectria and closely related species with cylindrocarpon-like asexual states and test the monophyly of each of the groups studied; 2) delimit taxa establishing taxon circumscriptions; 3) resolve nomenclatural issues by identifying redundantly used names and synonyms; and 4) provide an updated outline to the genus, geographical distributions data and identification tools, specifically diagnostic keys and molecular data that can be used as molecular barcodes. The recovered consensus phylogeny resulted in a narrow circumscription of the genus Thelonectria, based on the type T. discophora, excluding one of the common species T. jungneri. According to the phylogenetic analyses, T. jungneri belongs in a segregate clade that should be recognized as a different genus. In the genus Thelonectria, a total of four new species and three new combinations are recognized. Additionally, three new genera, closely related to Thelonectria, are described to accommodate species displaying a morphological resemblance to those of Thelonectria: Cinnamomeonectria gen. nov. with C. cinnamomea as type species, Macronectria gen. nov. with M. jungneri as type species and including four additional newly described species, and Tumenectria gen. nov. with T. laetidisca as type species.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by a grant from United States National Science Foundation (PEET program) DEB-0925696: “Monographic Studies in the Nectriaceae, Hypocreales: Nectria, Cosmospora, and Neonectria” to University of Maryland (P. Chaverri, G.J. Samuels & A.Y. Rossman). We are indebted to the Genetic Resources Collection at CABI UK for providing cultures. Dr. Christian Lechat (AscoFrance) shared several specimens and cultures from French Guiana, Dr. Carlos Mendez (University of Costa Rica) helped with transportation during collecting trips in Costa Rica, Dr. Andrea I. Romero offered invaluable assistance during fieldwork in Argentina, Dr. Teresa Iturriaga organized the collecting trip in Venezuela, Dr. Olinto Liparini Pereira collaborated during the collecting trip in Brazil and Dr. Guu provided specimens and cultures from Taiwan. Much gratitude is also extended to Tunesha Phipps at the Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory for assistance with sequencing procedures. CS-S wants to express her gratitude towards Dr. Gary J. Samuels for sharing his inmense knowledge about nectriaceous fungi, helping us to love, cheer and always be amazed by these “little red fungi”.

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  1. Catalina Salgado-Salazar

    Present address: Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Catalina Salgado-Salazar & Priscila Chaverri

  2. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA

    Amy Y. Rossman

  3. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Apartado 11501-2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica

    Priscila Chaverri

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  1. Catalina Salgado-Salazar
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Correspondence to Catalina Salgado-Salazar.

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Salgado-Salazar, C., Rossman, A.Y. & Chaverri, P. The genus Thelonectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and closely related species with cylindrocarpon-like asexual states. Fungal Diversity 80, 411–455 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0365-x

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