Microfungi on Tamarix

Thambugala, Kasun M.; Daranagama, Dinushani A.; Phillips, Alan J. L.; Bulgakov, Timur S.; Bhat, Darbhe J.; Camporesi, Erio; Bahkali, Ali H.; Eungwanichayapant, Prapassorn D.; Liu, Zuo-Yi; Hyde, Kevin D.

doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0371-z

Microfungi on Tamarix

Published: 18 August 2016

Volume 82, pages 239–306, (2017)
Cite this article

Download PDF

Fungal Diversity Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Microfungi on Tamarix

Download PDF

Kasun M. Thambugala^1,2,3,
Dinushani A. Daranagama^2,3,4,
Alan J. L. Phillips⁵,
Timur S. Bulgakov⁶,
Darbhe J. Bhat^7,8,
Erio Camporesi^9,10,
Ali H. Bahkali¹¹,
Prapassorn D. Eungwanichayapant³,
Zuo-Yi Liu¹ &
…
Kevin D. Hyde^2,3

1749 Accesses
57 Citations
Explore all metrics

Abstract

Tamarix species are small trees that grow in various natural habitats and have a wide geographic distribution. Microfungal species previously found on Tamarix and recently collected in Italy and Russia were identified based on morphological characters and analyses of gene sequence data. The sexual morph of the coelomycetous genus Homortomyces was collected for the first time and is described and illustrated. A new family, Homortomycetaceae (Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis) is introduced to accommodate Homortomyces. Two new genera Neomicrosphaeropsis (Didymellaceae) and Tamaricicola (Pleosporaceae) are introduced in this paper. Phoma tamaricicola was recollected and is placed in Neomicrosphaeropsis based on morphology and molecular data. Ten new species, Cytospora italica, C. unilocularis, Diaporthe ravennica, Eutypella tamaricis, Neomicrosphaeropsis italica, N. novorossica, N. rossica, Keissleriella tamaricicola, Paracamarosporium tamaricis and Tamaricicola muriformis are introduced, while Alternaria tenuissima, Dothiorella sarmentorum, Neofusicoccum luteum, Paraepicoccum amazonense, Pleospora herbarum and Pseudocamarosporium propinquum are reported for the first time on Tamarix spp. with descriptions and illustrations. Multi-gene analyses show that Paraepicoccum amazonense should be placed in Pleosporineae, Pleosporales, where it is closely related to Camarosporium sensu stricto. Several herbarium specimens were studied to illustrate other fungal species recorded on Tamarix species. A comprehensive account of microfungi on Tamarix is provided, which includes a list with data from the literature, as well as those identified in the present study. The taxonomic placement of most taxa discussed in this study is based on a modern taxonomic framework based on analysis of multi-gene sequence data.

Microfungi associated with Clematis (Ranunculaceae) with an integrated approach to delimiting species boundaries

Article Open access 01 May 2020

Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungi associated with the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed)

Article 01 March 2020

Loosening the belt: unknown diversity of the strangled stinkhorn genus Staheliomyces (Phallales, Basidiomycota)

Article 11 April 2022

Use our pre-submission checklist

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Introduction

Tamarix is a plant genus of small trees or shrubs belonging to the family Tamaricaceae and commonly known as saltcedar or tamarisk. There are about 60 species in the genus. Species of this genus grow in various natural habitats, such as riparian regions, deserts, dunes, wetlands and river banks. They are widely distributed on saline soils in arid and semi-arid regions of Central, Southern and Eastern Asia, Southern Europe, the eastern Mediterranean and Africa, and are introduced invasive species in the southwestern part of North America (Brock 1994; Brotherson and Field 1987; Ge et al. 2006; Di Tomaso 1998; Venturella et al. 2007). Tamarix species are deciduous or evergreen plants and bear small pink or white bisexual flowers in catkin-like racemes (Brock 1994; Saidana et al. 2008). They have multiple stems and slender branches, which are brown to reddish brown or blackish brown. The leaves are scale-like, overlapping and sessile, with narrow bases (Brock 1994; Venturella et al. 2007) (Fig. 1).

Tamarix species are also cultivated as ornamental plants, windbreaks and shade trees, especially in artificial forests in Central Asian countries and China. Some Tamarix species have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities (Saidana et al. 2008; Zain et al. 2012). Although tamarisk is planted as an ornamental, it can become a weed and causes management problems in western North American riparian areas (De Loach 1989; Brotherson and Field 1987). Their extensive root system is stable and resistant to erosion (Brotherson and Field 1987). Tamarix species are tolerant to desiccation in water courses and have assumed greater dominance in desert flood plains, due to their superior drought tolerance and ability to produce high density stands with high leaf areas (Blackburn et al. 1982; Cleverly et al. 1997). Therefore, Tamarix species, such as T. aphylla (L.) Karst., T. nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge, T. ramosissima Ledeb., are widely distributed in desert areas and dunes (Brock 1994; Rekah et al. 2001; Venturella et al. 2007). They have been used for medicinal purposes and as tonics (Brock 1994; Sultanova et al. 2001; Venturella et al. 2007).

Although a number of sexual and asexual fungal species have been reported on Tamarix species (Farr and Rossman 2016; Table 4), only some have good illustrations and gene sequence data. In this study, we collected microfungi on Tamarix species in Italy and Russia to establish the microfungi associated with this host. We also studied herbarium specimens to illustrate other fungal taxa recorded on Tamarix species. These materials are used to provide a comprehensive account of microfungi on Tamarix and fresh collections were used to establish a natural placement of the microfungi in the Ascomycota, based on sequence data and morphological traits. The data provided will help establish the numbers of fungi.

Materials and methods

Sample collection, morphological study and isolation

Fungal species associated with Tamarix hosts were collected from Italy (Province of Forlì-Cesena and Ravenna) and Russia (Rostov Region). Herbarium specimens were obtained from BPI, MFLU and S. Fungi from fresh material were isolated by a modified single spore/conidial isolation method (Manamgoda et al. 2012; Chomnunti et al. 2014). Growth rate, colony characteristics and asexual morph morphology were determined from cultures grown on 2 % potato-dextrose agar (PDA) at room temperature (25 °C) in the dark. Morphological observations and photomicrographs were made following the method of Thambugala et al. (2015). Ex-type or representative cultures are deposited in Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection (MFLUCC) with duplicates in International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants (ICMP), or Guizhou Culture Collection (GZCC). Freshly collected specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of Mae Fah Luang University (MFLU), Thailand; Hirosaki University (HHUF), Japan and Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GZAAS), China. Taxonomic descriptions are deposited in the FoF database as described in Jayasiri et al. (2015) and Index Fungorum numbers were obtained as detailed in Index Fungorum (2016).

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing

DNA extraction followed the method of Thambugala et al. (2015). The PCR amplifications were performed in a total volume of 25 μL of PCR mixtures containing 8.5–9.5 μL ddH₂O, 12.5 μL 2 × PCR Master Mix (TIANGEN Co., China), 1–2 μL of DNA template, 1 μL of each primer. The EF1-α, ITS, LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TUB gene regions were amplified for relevant strains following the conditions stipulated in Table 1. The PCR products were visualized under UV light on 1 % agarose electrophoresis gels stained with ethidium bromide. Purification and sequencing of PCR products were carried out at Invitrogen Biotechnology Co., Shanghai, China.

Table 1 Primers used during this study with respective PCR amplification conditions

Full size table

Phylogenetic analyses

Phylogenetic analyses based on selected ITS, LSU, SSU, EF1-α, β-tubulin and RPB2 sequence data were carried out to establish the phylogenetic placement of each isolated taxon. Sequences were aligned with Bioedit 7.1.3.0 (Hall 1999) and the consensus sequences were further improved with MUSCLE implemented in MEGA 5v (Tamura et al. 2011). Alignments were checked and optimized manually when necessary.

Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on maximum likelihood (ML) criterion using RAxML-HPC BlackBox (8.2.4) (Stamatakis 2006; Stamatakis et al. 2008) in the CIPRES portal (Miller et al. 2010). The general time reversible model of evolution including estimation of invariable sites (GTRGAMMA + I) and assuming a discrete gamma distribution with four rate categories was used for the ML analysis. Trees were rooted with given outgroups in each analysis. The best scoring trees were selected and visualized with MEGA v. 5 (Tamura et al. 2011). ML Bootstrap supports (BS) (greater than or equal to 50 %) are shown below or above each branch. All the sequences newly generated in this study are deposited in GenBank (Table 2). The resulting phylogenetic trees are presented under each relevant description.

Table 2 GenBank and culture collection accession numbers of species generated in the present study

Full size table

Results

Dothideomycetes

Recent treatments of Dothideomycetes are those Hyde et al. (2013) and Wijayawardene et al. (2014d) and their treatments of orders and families are followed here.

Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch, Crous & Shoemaker, in Schoch, Shoemaker, Seifert, Hambleton, Spatafora & Crous, Mycologia 98(6): 1050 (2007) [2006]

Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & Syd. [as‘Botryosphaeriacae’], Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 16 (1918).

The family Botryosphaeriaceae is considered to be one of the largest families in the class Dothideomycetes. Members of this family are pathogens, endophytes or saprobes with a cosmopolitan distribution (Liu et al. 2012; Hyde et al. 2013; Phillips et al. 2013). Botryosphaeriaceae is characterized by uni- to multi-loculate ascostromata, sparse hypha-like pseudoparaphyses, 8-spored, bitunicate, asci and hyaline to pigmented, aseptate to septate ascospores. The asexual morph is coelomycetous and produces uni- to multi-locular pycnidial conidiomata, with hyaline, phialidic conidiogenous cells and hyaline or pigmented, aseptate or septate conidia, sometimes with mucoid appendages or sheaths (Liu et al. 2012; Hyde et al. 2013; Phillips et al. 2013; Thambugala et al. 2014a).

Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 211 (1863)

The genus Botryosphaeria was introduced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863), while Theissen and Sydow (1918) placed it in Botryosphaeriaceae. This genus is based on the type species B. dothidea, which typically has pseudothecial ascostromata forming a botryose aggregate, hyaline, aseptate ascospores and stromatic conidiomata with fusiform, hyaline, aseptate conidia, that can become dark-walled and septate with age (Phillips et al. 2005, 2013; Liu et al. 2012). Although there are 275 epithets listed in Index Fungorum (2016), only seven species are currently recognized in Botryosphaeria (Phillips et al. 2013) according to modern taxonomic concepts based on morphology plus molecular data.

Botryosphaeria tamaricis (Cooke) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(5/6): 663 (1915), Fig. 2

Basionym: Dothidea tamaricis Cooke, Grevillea 11(no. 59): 108 (1883)

Facesoffungi number: FoF02146

Saprobic on branches of Tamarix species. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 300–400 μm high × 550–650 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \) = 330 × 613 μm, n = 5), immersed to partially erumpent through the bark, gregarious or solitary, forming a botryose aggregate, black, multi-loculate, with 3–5 locules; individual locules, 175–280 μm high × 145–265 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \) = 212 × 189 μm, n = 10), sometimes with a central ostiole. Peridium of locules 15–40 μm wide, two-layered, outer layer composed of dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of lightly pigmented, thin-walled cells of textura angularis lining the locule. Hamathecium composed of 1–2 μm wide, hypha-like, septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 60–80 × 11.5–17 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 67.8 × 13.5 μm, n = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with a small ocular chamber. Ascospores 17.5–23 × 5–8.5 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 20.9 × 6.8 μm, n = 20), overlapping, uniseriate at the base, biseriate at the apex, hyaline, aseptate, fusoid to ovoid, smooth-walled, with granular contents. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Material examined: USA, South Carolina, Aiken, on Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae), H.W. Ravenel (S-F49472, holotype of Dothidea tamaricis).

Notes: This species is morphologically similar to the type species of Botryosphaeria, B. dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not., except in the slight variation in the asci and ascospore dimensions (Liu et al. 2012; Phillips et al. 2013). However, fresh collections and molecular analyses are essential to establish whether B. tamaricis is a synonym of B. dothidea.

Diplodia Fr., in Montagne, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2 1: 302 (1834)

Diplodia is a well-known genus and is typified by Diplodia mutila (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. Diplodia species are pathogens or saprobes, mainly on woody hosts with a worldwide distribution (Phillips et al. 2013; Hyde et al. 2014; Ariyawansa et al. 2015b). There are 1251 species epithets for Diplodia in Index Fungorum (2016) and recollection, epitypification and molecular analysis are required to confirm the placement of those species, as currently only 17 Diplodia species are known from a molecular basis (Phillips et al. 2013).

Diplodia tamaricina Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 3: 343 (1884), Fig. 3

Facesoffungi number: FoF02147

Saprobic on stems of Tamarix gallica L. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 120–320 μm high × 280–500 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \) = 268 × 418 μm, n = 6), stromatic, solitary to gregarious, immersed to partially erumpent, black, globose to subglobose with a flattened base, uniloculate, sometimes with 2 locules, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall 35–70 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 47 μm, n = 20) wide, composed of several layers of dark brown to lightly pigmented cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards the conidiogenous region. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 6–15 × 1–3 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 10.4 × 1.9 μm, n = 15), hyaline, smooth, holoblastic forming conidia at their tips. Conidia 13.5–21 × 8–12 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 16.8 × 10 μm, n = 40), pale brown to brown, oblong to sub-cylindrical, with broadly rounded ends, aseptate when immature, becoming 1-septate when mature, slightly constricted at septum, smooth-walled.

Material examined: FRANCE, Gallia, Rochefort., on stems of Tamarix gallica L. (syn. T. anglica Webb) (Tamaricaceae), P. Brunaud (S-F 45168, holotype).

Notes: Although Diplodia tamaricina primarily has typical morphological characters of Diplodia, molecular analysis of sequence data is essential to confirm the placement in Botryosphaeriaceae based on modern taxonomic concepts.

Dothiorella Sacc., Michelia 2(6): 5 (1880)

The genus Dothiorella was introduced by Saccardo (1880a) with D. pyrenophora Berk. ex Sacc. as the type species. The sexual morph of Dothiorella species are rarely reported in nature, but asexual species are widely distributed on many host plants (Phillips et al. 2005, 2013; Jami et al. 2012; Dissanayake et al. 2016). More than 375 species names have been recorded in Dothiorella (Index Fungorum 2016), but currently only few species have gene sequence data.

DNA phylogeny

Reference sequences used in the phylogenetic analyses were selected based on the data from Phillips et al. (2013), and the present phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and EF1-α sequence data showed 17 subclades, representing 17 distinct species in Dothiorella. Spencermartinsia viticola (CBS 117009) was selected as outgroup taxon. Our strain MFLUCC 14–0579 clustered together with the two strains of D. sarmentorum including the ex-type strain (IMI 63581b) and is phylogenetically not distinct (Fig. 4). Therefore, our collection (MFLUCC 14–0579 /MFLU 14–0604) is treated as a voucher specimen for the asexual morph of D. sarmentorum.

Dothiorella sarmentorum (Fr.) A.J.L. Phillips, J. Luque & A. Alves, Mycologia 97: 522 (2005), Fig. 5

Basionym: Sphaeria sarmentorum Fr., K. svenska Vetensk-Acad. Handl. 39: 107. 1818.

≡ Diplodia sarmentorum (Fr.) Fr., Summ. veg. Scand. (Stockholm) 2: 417. 1849.

= Diplodia pruni Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturk., 23–24: 169. 1870 [1869].

= Botryosphaeria sarmentorum A.J.L. Phillips, J. Luque & A. Alves, Mycologia 97: 522. 2005.

Facesoffungi number: FoF02148

Saprobic on a wide range of hosts. Sexual morph: Undetermined on Tamarix host (see Phillips et al. 2013 for a description). Asexual morph: Conidiomata 300–440 μm high × 215–300 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \) = 376 × 250 μm, n = 5), stromatic, solitary or scattered in small groups, immersed, uniloculate, individual or aggregated, black, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall 19–32(−45) μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 37 μm, n = 15), comprising several layers; outer layers composed of thick-walled, dark brown, somewhat flattened cells of textura angularis and inner layers of larger, thin-walled, lightly pigmented or hyaline cells. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 6.8–15.2 × 2.4–4.2 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 10.1 × 3.3 μm, n = 15), lining the conidiomatal cavity, holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings. Conidia 18.2–23.1 × 7.8–10.3 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 21 × 9.4 μm, n = 30), ovoid, with a broadly rounded apex and truncate base, initially hyaline to lightly pigmented and aseptate, becoming dark brown and 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, smooth-walled.

Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 18 h and germ tubes produced from one or both cells. Colonies fast growing on PDA at 25 °C, covering the medium surface (9 cm Petri-dish) in 4 days, circular, flat, moderately dense, surface initially white, becoming greenish olivaceous to greyish within 7 days, smooth surface with entire to slightly undulate edge.

Material examined: RUSSIA, Rostov Region, Shakhty City, Central Park, on Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. (Tamaricaceae), 16 March 2014, Timur Bulgakov 74–2 (MFLU 14–0604), living culture MFLUCC 14–0579, ICMP 20752.

Notes: Phillips et al. (2005) introduced Dothiorella sarmentorum based on the asexual morph of Botryosphaeria sarmentorum. This species has a worldwide distribution and has been recorded from 34 host species (Phillips et al. 2005; Phillips et al. 2013). The sexual morph of D. sarmentorum is characterized by partially erumpent ascomata with papillate ostioles, 4–6(−8)-spored asci and oblong to ovate, (0–)1-septate, finely verruculose ascospores, widest in the middle part (Phillips et al. 2013).

Neofusicoccum Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 247 (2006)

Neofusicoccum is morphologically similar to Botryosphaeria and it is difficult to separate the two genera. Most of the species of the genus had previously been treated as Fusicoccum and dichomera-like synasexual morphs in Neofusicoccum have been used to differentiate Neofusicoccum from Botryosphaeria. However, this is not a good character to separate these two genera as dichomera-like synasexual morphs have been reported for some Botryosphaeria species and all Neofusicoccum species do not form dichomera-like synasexual morphs (Crous et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2012; Phillips et al. 2013). However, recent studies based on multi-gene phylogenetic analyses showed that Botryosphaeria and Neofusicoccum are distinct genera in Botryosphaeriaceae (Liu et al. 2012; Phillips et al. 2013; Thambugala et al. 2014a).

DNA phylogeny

Reference sequences used in the phylogenetic analyses were selected based on the data from Phillips et al. (2013) and Dothiorella sarmentorum (IMI 63581b) was selected as outgroup taxon. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS and EF1-α sequence data of Neofusicoccum species revealed 19 subclades representing 19 distinct species. Our strain MFLUCC 16–0504 grouped together with ex-type strains of N. luteum (sexual and asexual morphs ex-type strains: CBS 110299 and CBS 562.92). The subclade representing Neofusicoccum luteum received high bootstrap support (96 %) in the present phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 6).

Neofusicoccum luteum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 248 (2006). Fig. 7

Basionym: Fusicoccum luteum Pennycook & Samuels, Mycotaxon 24: 456. 1985.

= Botryosphaeria lutea A.J.L. Phillips, Sydowia 54: 70 (2002).

Facesoffungi number: FoF02149

Saprobic or pathogenic on fruits, stems and twigs of woody plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined on Tamarix host (see Phillips et al. 2013 for a description). Asexual morph: Conidiomata 250–310 μm high × 350–525 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \) = 280 × 431 μm, n = 5), stromatic, solitary to gregarious, immersed, partially erumpent at maturity, dark brown to black, uni- to multi-loculate. Locules 55–225 μm high × 60–170 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \) = 113 × 102 μm, n = 10), ostiolate. Peridium up to 120 μm wide, composed of several layers of small, heavily pigmented, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline and smaller towards the conidiogenous region. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 6.8–24.5 × 1.7–3.6 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 14.9 × 2.5 μm, n = 25), holoblastic, phialidic, integrated, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical with periclinal thickening. Conidia 16.5–23(−27) × 3.8–6.2(−7.1) μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 20.4 × 5.5 μm, n = 35), hyaline, thin-walled, aseptate, ellipsoidal, widest in the middle or upper third of the conidium, apex subobtuse, base truncate, smooth-walled.

Culture characteristics:Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h and germ tubes produced from one or both ends. Colonies fast growing on PDA at 25 °C, covering the medium surface (9 cm Petri-dish) in 5 days, circular, flat, dense, surface white, becoming light iron-grey after 14 days, smooth surface, with entire to slightly undulate edge.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Ravenna [RA], Lido di Dante, on dead branches of Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae), 19 March 2015, Erio Camporesi IT 2421–2 (MFLU 16–0664 and GZAAS), living culture MFLUCC 16–0504, GZCC 15–0050.

Notes: Neofusicoccum luteum has been reported on various woody hosts and is an important plant pathogen (Pennycook and Samuels 1985; Phillips et al. 2002, 2013; Sergeeva et al. 2009). This is the first record of N. luteum on Tamarix species (Phillips et al. 2013). The sexual morph of N. luteum is characterized by uni- or multi-loculate ascostromata, cylindrical, to clavate asci and oval to broadly fusiform, hyaline, aseptate ascospores (Phillips et al. 2013).

Pleosporales Luttr. ex M.E. Barr, Prodr. Cl. Loculoasc. (Amherst): 67 (1987)

Pleosporaceae Nitschke, Verh. naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. 26: 74 (1869)

Pleosporaceae is the largest family in the order Pleosporales and the members of this family are pathogenic or saprobic on wood and dead herbaceous stems or leaves. The family Pleosporaceae is characterized by immersed to erumpent or nearly superficial ascomata, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses, 8-spored, bitunicate asci and phragmosporous or muriform, brown or pale brown ascospores with coelomycetous or hyphomycetous asexual morph (Zhang et al. 2012; Ariyawansa et al. 2015a). Ariyawansa et al. (2015a) revised the family and accepted 18 genera. In this study Alternaria tenuissima and Pleospora herbarum are reported for the first time on Tamarix spp. and a new genus is introduced in Pleosporaceae based on morphological traits and phylogeny.

DNA phylogeny

Blast searches at GenBank were carried out for newly generated sequences in order to reveal the closest taxa. Sequence data for Pleosporineae, Pleosporales were selected from Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) and Ariyawansa et al. (2015a). Halojulella avicenniae (BBC 20173) was selected as the outgroup taxon. In the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 8), 14 genera can be distinguished in the Pleosporaceae clade and all are supported by moderate to high bootstrap values. Strain MFLUCC 14–0441 clustered with the putatively named strain of A. tenuissima (CBS 918.96) in the section Alternata, while MFLUCC 14–0442 grouped together with strains of Pleospora herbarum in the genus Pleospora. A new genus Tamaricicola grouped in Pleosporaceae as a sister clade to Comoclathris with good BS support value (92 %).

Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 18(2): 157 (1933), Fig. 9

Basionym: Helminthosporium tenuissimum Kunze [as ‘Helmisporium’], in Nees & Nees, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 9: 242 (1818)

Facesoffungi number: FoF02152

Pathogenic or saprobic on wide range of hosts. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Sporodochia dark, moderately dense. Conidiophores 60–135 × 4.4–6.7 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 105 × 5.4 μm, n = 20), simple or branched, straight or flexuous, pale, olivaceous or golden brown, smooth, septate, with one or several sympodially arranged conidiogenous loci. Conidiogenous cells mono- to polytretic, integrated, terminal, later becoming sympodial. Conidia in vivo: 22–58 × 8–14(−16) μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 37.5 × 11.7 μm, n = 35), simple or branched chains, obclavate, obpyriform, ovoid or ellipsoidal, often with a short conical or cylindrical beak, pale to mid dark brown, with cicatrized black scars at the beaked end, up to 7 transverse and usually several longitudinal or oblique septa, slightly constricted near some septa, finely verruculose; in vitro: 13–29.2 × 6.1–11.8 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 21.2 × 8.2 μm, n = 30), obclavate, obpyriform, ovoid or ellipsoidal, sometimes subsphaerical, pale to dark brown, up to 5 transverse and usually several longitudinal or oblique septa, slightly constricted near some septa, finely verruculose.

Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 18 h and germ tubes produced from one or several septa. Colonies on PDA reaching 36 mm diam. After 4 days at 25 °C, flat, circular, dense, initially white, becoming light olivaceous brown, surface smooth, with entire to slightly undulate edge.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Ravaldino in Monte - Forlì, dead branches of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae), 28 March 2014, Erio Camporesi IT1785A (MFLU 14–0600, reference specimen designated here), living culture MFLUCC 14–0441, ICMP 20706.

Notes: Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire is a common pathogen on a wide range of hosts with a worldwide distribution (Gannibal et al. 2007; Rahman et al. 2002; Luan et al. 2007). This species belongs to the section Alternata, which comprises almost 60 species and the molecular variation within this section is low (Woudenberg et al. 2013). The type specimen cannot be located hence we designate the current specimen as a reference specimen with molecular data (Ariyawansa et al. 2014b).

Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh., Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol.: no. 547 (1854), Fig. 10

Basionym: Sphaeria herbarum Pers., Syn. meth. Fung. (Göttingen) 1: 78 (1801)

Saprobic or parasitic on stems and leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata 145–230 μm high × 105–245 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \) = 182 × 198 μm, n = 6), scattered to gregarious, immersed to partially erumpent, black, subglobose, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, ostiolar canal filled with hyaline cells. Peridium 30–55 μm wide, broad at sides and thinner at the apex, usually with two layers, outer layer of heavily pigmented, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium of 2–3 μm wide, cellular, septate, broad, dense pseudoparaphyses. Asci 100–210 × 23.5–28.2 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 145 × 25.7 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, pedicel furcate, apically rounded, with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores 26.5–31 × 11–15 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 29 × 13 μm, n = 40), uniseriate to biseriate, ellipsoidal, muriform, brown or pale brown, with a thick mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, scattered or caespitose, unbranched or rarely loosely branched, straight or flexuous, usually nodose, with a number of vesicular swellings, pale to mid brown or olivaceous brown, smooth or in part verruculose. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, terminal, percurrent, at first clavate or subsphaerical with thin wall at the apex. Conidia 15–22 × 10.5–15 μm (\( \overline{x} \)= 18 × 13.7 μm, n = 20), solitary, dry, acrogenous, oblong, rounded at the ends, ellipsoidal, obclavate or subsphaerical, dark brown to olivaceous brown, verrucose or echinulate, muriform, often constricted at one or more of the septa.

Culture characteristics: Ascospores germinating on PDA within 18 h and germ tubes produced from one or several cells. Colonies on PDA reaching 30 mm diam. After 4 days at 25 °C, flat, circular, white, surface smooth, with entire to slightly undulate edge.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Ravaldino in Monte - Forlì, dead branches of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae), 28 March 2014, Erio Camporesi IT1785B (MFLU 14–0601), living culture MFLUCC 14–0442, ICMP 20707.

Notes: Pleospora herbarum (Stemphylium herbarum) is the type species of the genus Pleospora and has been reported on various plant hosts (Ariyawansa et al. 2015a). This species seems to be a species complex (Ariyawansa et al. 2015a) and further studies are needed to establish this.

Tamaricicola Thambugala, E. Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov .

Index Fungorum number: IF552087; Facesoffungi number: FoF 02153

Etymology: From the Latin cola meaning dwelling on and Tamarici in reference to holotype occurring on Tamarix species

Saprobic on dead herbaceous stems and branches. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed to partially erumpent, solitary or scattered to gregarious, black, coriaceous, ostiolate. Peridium comprising several layers, outer layers heavily pigmented, thick-walled, comprising blackish to dark brown cells of textura angularis, inner layers composed of lightly pigmented to hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of septate, branched or not, cellular pseudoparaphyses. Asci (4–)–8 spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindric-clavate, pedicellate, apically rounded, with a distinct ocular chamber. Ascospores uni- to biseriate, ellipsoidal, muriform, transversely 3-septate, with 1–3 vertical septa, yellowish brown at maturity, smooth-walled, without a mucilaginous sheath. Sexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, dark brown to black, subglobose, ostiolate. Conidiomata comprising few layers of dark brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform. Conidia ellipsoidal or short-cylindrical, hyaline, rounded at both ends, 1-celled, smooth-walled.

Type species: Tamaricicola muriformis Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde

Notes: Tamaricicola is introduced here to accommodate a novel species from Tamarix. Molecular phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 8) shows that Tamaricicola clustered into a distinct clade in Pleosporaceae. Tamaricicola morphologically resembles species of Pleosporaceae in having immersed to partially erumpent ascomata, cylindrical asci, brown or pale brown, muriform ascospores and a coelomycetous asexual morph (Ariyawansa et al. 2015a). However, this genus differs from Pleospora Rabenh. ex Ces. & De Not., the generic type of Pleosporaceae in having immersed ascomata, transversely 3-septate ascospores, lacking a mucilaginous sheath and a “phoma-like” coelomycetous asexual morph.

Tamaricicola muriformis Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.

Index Fungorum number: IF552088; Facesoffungi number: FoF 02,154; Figs.11 and 12

Etymology: Named after its muriform ascospores

Holotype: MFLU 16–0676

Saprobic on dead herbaceous stems and branches. Sexual morph: Ascomata 140–200 μm high × 175–300 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \)=175 × 230 μm, n = 6), immersed to partially erumpent, solitary or scattered to gregarious, black, coriaceous, ostiolate. Peridium 20–40 μm wide, comprising several layers, outer layers heavily pigmented, thick-walled, comprising blackish to dark brown cells of textura angularis, inner layers composed of lightly pigmented to hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of 1–2.5 μm wide, numerous, septate, branched or not, cellular pseudoparaphyses. Asci 70–105 × 12–15(−16.7) μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 86 × 13.6 μm, n = 24), (4–)8 spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindric-clavate, pedicellate, apically rounded, with a distinct ocular chamber. Ascospores 13–19 × 5.5–9 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 15.8 × 7.3 μm, n = 40), partially overlapping, uni- to biseriate, ellipsoidal, muriform, transversely 3-septate, with 1–3 vertical septa, upper part wider, constricted at the central septum, initially hyaline, becoming yellowish brown at maturity, smooth-walled, without a mucilaginous sheath. Sexual morph: coelomycetous. Conidiomata 90–160 μm high × 90–165 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \) = 106 × 124 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, immersed, dark brown to black, subglobose, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall 10–21 μm wide, comprising few layers of dark brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3–4.5 × 1.8–3.8 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 3.7 × 2.9 μm, n = 10), phialidic, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform. Conidia 2–4.5 × 1.2–2.3 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 3.1 × 1.7 μm, n = 60), ellipsoidal or short-cylindrical, hyaline, rounded at both ends, 1-celled, smooth-walled.

Culture characteristics: Ascospores germinating on PDA within 24 h and germ tubes produced from one end or both ends. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 25 mm diam. After 12 days at 25 °C, circular, umbonate, dense, surface iron-gray, white at the margin, reverse black, olivaceous brown at the margin, smooth surface with edge entire to curled.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Ravaldino in Monte- Forlì, on dead branches of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae), 10 January 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 917–3 (MFLU 16–0676, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 15–0488, ICMP 21254; ibid. (HHUF 30463, isotype); ibid., 21 January 2015, Erio Camporesi IT 917–4 (MFLU 16–0677), living culture MFLUCC 15–0489, ICMP, ibid., 22 November 2012, Erio Camporesi IT 917 (MFLU 14–0582, paratype), living culture MFLUCC 13–0071, ICMP 20690; TALY, ibid., 23 November 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 917–5 (MFLU 16–0678), living culture MFLUCC 15–0490, ICMP, ibid., 22 November 2012, Erio Camporesi IT 917–2 (MFLU 14–0583), living culture MFLUCC 16–0488.

Pleosporales , genera incertae sedis

Paraepicoccum Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 7: 59 (1993)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02,155

The genus Paraepicoccum was introduced by Matsushima (1993) to accommodate P. amazonense and is presently placed in Pezizomycotina, genera incertae sedis (Index Fungorum 2016). Paraepicoccum amazonense grows on leaf litter and aquatic plants (Orłowska et al. 2004; Seifert et al. 2011). We found P. amazonense associated with dead branches of Tamarix species and phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 16) of sequence data revealed the placement of this species in Pleosporineae, Pleosporales and it formed a separate clade in Camarosporium sensu stricto, however only coelomycetous asexual morphs have been reported in Camarosporium sensu stricto (Wijayawardene et al. 2014c). Therefore, tentatively we retain Paraepicoccum in Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis. We designate our collection as epitype (sensu Ariyawansa et al. 2014b) because the holotype of Paraepicoccum amazonense is not available for study.

Type species: Paraepicoccum amazonense Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 7: 59 (1993)

Paraepicoccum amazonense Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 7: 59 (1993)

Index Fungorum number: IF360894; Facesoffungi number: FoF 02,156; Fig.13

Saprobic on dead leaves or branches. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Sporodochia dark, dense. Conidiophores up to 12 μm long, 4–5 μm diam., simple or branched, pale, olivaceous or golden brown, smooth, septate, with one or several apical conidiogenous loci. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, pale brown. Conidia in vivo: 9.5–17.4 × 9.6–17.2 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 13 × 12.4 μm, n = 35), ellipsoidal, obclavate or subsphaerical, yellowish brown and 0–1 septate when young, becoming brown, muriform with several longitudinal or oblique septa when mature, finely guttulate; in vitro: 12.5–25 × 12–22.5 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 18.5 × 11.7 μm, n = 35), yellowish to golden brown.

Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h and germ tubes produced from one or two cells. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 25 mm diam. After 21 days at 25 °C, circular to irregular, umbonate, dense, surface initially white, becoming dark olivaceous brown, after 2 weeks, reverse light golden brown, smooth surface with edge entire to curled.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Ravenna [RA], Lido di Dante, on dead branches of Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae), 7 December 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 2287–3 (MFLU 16–0672, epitype designated here), living culture MFLUCC 15–0493, ICMP 21255; ibid. IT 2287–5 (MFLU 16–0673), living culture MFLUCC 15–0491

Didymellaceae Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Mycol. Res. 113(4): 516 (2009)

The family Didymellaceae was introduced to accommodate Didymella and Phoma and phoma-like genera (de Gruyter et al. 2009). The family encompasses plant pathogenic, saprobic and endophytic species associated with a wide range of hosts and substrates (de Gruyter et al. 2009; Hyde et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2015). Chen et al. (2015) revised the family based on multi-gene (ITS, LSU, RPB2 and tub2) phylogenetic analysis and morphological observations, while introducing nine new genera and a new family Microsphaeropsidaceae to accommodate Microsphaeropsis, which is morphologically distinct from the members of Didymellaceae.

DNA phylogeny

Reference sequences used in the phylogenetic analysis were selected from strains of Didymellaceae and Microsphaeropsidaceae (Chen et al. 2015). The present phylogeny based on LSU, ITS, RPB2 and β-tubulin sequence data revealed two major clades representing the families Didymellaceae and Microsphaeropsidaceae, while 18 subclades represent 18 distinct genera in Didymellaceae. Most of these sub-clades received moderate to high bootstrap support (BS) in the analyses. The tree is rooted to Leptosphaeria doliolum (strain CBS 505.75). Newly collected microsphaeropsis-like species in this study appear distinguishable from Microsphaeropsidaceae (Fig. 14) and these strains clustered in Didymellaceae as a distinct group between the Phoma and Calophoma clades, together with the ex-type strain of Phoma tamaricicola Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde (MFLUCC 14–0602). Another three species can be distinguished in this clade and have moderate to high bootstrap support.

Neomicrosphaeropsis Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.

Index Fungorum number: IF552089; Facesoffungi number: FoF02157

Etymology: The generic epithet, neo (Lat., new), refers to the similarity to Microsphaeropsis

Saprobic or weak pathogens on branches of Tamarix species. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, scattered, immersed, slightly erumpent, dark brown to black, ostiolate. Peridium comprising 6–8 layers, outer layers heavily pigmented, thick-walled, comprising blackish to dark brown cells of textura angularis, inner layers composed of lightly pigmented to hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous, filamentous, branched, septate, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindric-clavate, pedicellate, apically rounded, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 1–2-seriate, partially overlapping, muriform, ellipsoidal, 4–6 transversely septate, with 3–4 vertical septa, constricted at the central septum, yellowish brown, conical and narrowly rounded at the ends, smooth-walled, without a mucilaginous sheath (description modified from Crous et al. 2014). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered or solitary, immersed, slightly erumpent, black, globose to subglobose, uni- to multi-loculate, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall consisting of light to dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards the conidiogenous region. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline, cylindrical, discrete or integrated, smooth. Conidia hyaline to light brown, aseptate, obovoid to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled.

Notes: Microsphaeropsis was established by Von Höhnel (1917), and placed in the family Montagnulaceae. Microsphaeropsis is morphologically similar to some species in the genus Coniothyrium and is characterized by phialidic conidiogenous cells with a periclinal thickening, and pale greenish brown, 0–1 septate conidia (De Gruyter et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2015). Barr (1987) classified Microsphaeropsis as an asexual morph of Phaeosphaeriaceae, while some Microsphaeropsis species have been reported in Montagnulaceae (= Didymosphaeriaceae) (Someya et al. 1997; Zhang et al. 2012; Verkley et al. 2014). Recent studies (De Gruyter et al. 2009, 2013; Aveskamp et al. 2010; Hyde et al. 2013) however, treated this genus in Didymellaceae based on the sequences of the type species M. olivacea (Bonord.) Höhn. Chen et al. (2015) showed in their phylogenetic analysis based on LSU, ITS, β-tubulin and RPB2 sequence data, that Microsphaeropsis grouped basal to the Didymellaceae and introduced a new family Microsphaeropsidaceae considering both morphological traits and phylogeny. Neomicrosphaeropsis represents a species complex which includes morphologically similar but phylogenetically different species. Recollecting and sequencing of more coniothyrium-like species would be helpful to classify their placement in the genera Microsphaeropsis and Neomicrosphaeropsis.

Type species: Neomicrosphaeropsis italica Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde

Neomicrosphaeropsis italica Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.

Index Fungorum number: IF552090; Facesoffungi number: FoF02158; Fig. 15

Etymology: Named after the country (Italy), where the holotype was collected.

Holotype: MFLU 16–0674

Saprobic or weak pathogen on twigs of Tamarix species. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 95–200 μm high × 200–270 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \) = 142 × 228 μm, n = 8), pycnidial, scattered or solitary, immersed, slightly erumpent, black, globose to subglobose, uni- to multi-loculate, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall 18–40 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 28 μm, n = 15), consisting of light to dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards the conidiogenous region. Conidiogenous cells 2.5–5(−6.4) × 1.8–3.1(−4) μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 4.3 × 2.5 μm, n = 15), enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline, cylindrical, discrete or integrated, smooth. Conidia 3.6–6.2 × 2.9–4.6 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 5.1 × 3.8 μm, n = 60), hyaline to light brown, aseptate, obovoid to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled.

Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 18 h. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 14 mm diam. After 7 days at 25 °C, circular, flat, surface pinkish white, surface smooth with entire to curled edge.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Ravenna [RA], Lido di Dante, on dead branches of Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae), 7 December 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 2286–2 (MFLU 16–0674, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 15–0485, ICMP 21253; ibid. (GZAAS, isotype); ibid. 24 December 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 2286 MFLUCC 15–0484; ibid. IT 2287–2 (MFLU 16–0663, paratype), living culture MFLUCC 15–0487; Province of Ravenna [RA], Lido di Dante, on dead branches of Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae), 19 March 2015, Erio Camporesi IT 2421–1 (MFLU 16–0675, GZAAS), living culture MFLUCC 16–0284, GZCC 15–0049.

Neomicrosphaeropsis novorossica Thambugala, Bulgakov & K.D. Hyde, sp . nov . Fig. 16

Index Fungorum Number: IF552091; Facesoffungi number: FoF02159

Etymology: Named after the historical name of region «Novorossiya» (in Russia), from which the host plant species had been introduced.

Holotype: MFLU 14–0603

Saprobic or weak pathogen on twigs and branches of Tamarix species. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 60–160 μm diam. × 55–130 μm high (\( \overline{x} \) = 123 × 107 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, gregarious, scattered or solitary, immersed slightly erumpent, black, globose to subglobose, uniloculate, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall 13–34 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 21 μm, n = 15), consisting of 3–4 layers of light brown cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards the conidiogenous region. Conidiogenous cells 2.6–4.2(−5.8) × 2–3.4(−4.8) μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 3.7 × 3 μm, n = 15), enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline, cylindrical, discrete or integrated, smooth. Conidia 4.3–7.5 × 3.6–5.1 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 5.8 × 4.4 μm, n = 40), hyaline when immature, becoming light brown, aseptate, ellipsoidal, obovoid or globose, smooth-walled.

Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 18 h. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 22 mm diam. after 10 days at 25 °C, circular, flat, moderately dense, surface olivaceous brown, smooth surface with entire edge.

Material examined: RUSSIA, Rostov Region, Shakhty City, Central Park, on dead branches of Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. (Tamaricaceae), 21 May 2014, Timur Bulgakov 74 (MFLU 14–0603, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 14–0578, ICMP 20751; ibid. (GZAAS, isotype).

Neomicrosphaeropsis rossica Thambugala, Bulgakov & K.D. Hyde, sp . nov . Fig. 17

Index Fungorum number: IF552092; Facesoffungi number: FoF0 2160

Etymology: Named after the country (Russia), where the holotype was collected.

Holotype: MFLU 14–0605

Saprobic or weak pathogen on twigs of Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 85–150 μm high × 90–150 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \) = 122 × 121 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, gregarious, scattered or solitary, immersed slightly erumpent, black, globose to subglobose, uniloculate, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall 15–30 μm wide, consisting of 3–5 layers of brown cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards the conidiogenous region. Conidiogenous cells (2–)3–4.6 × 2–4 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 3.8 × 3 μm, n = 15), enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline, cylindrical, discrete or integrated, smooth. Conidia 4.4–5.7(−6.3) × 2.9–3.9 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 5.3 × 3.4 μm, n = 35), hyaline when immature, becoming light brown, aseptate, ellipsoidal, obovoid or globose, smooth-walled.

Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 18 h. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 30 mm diam. After 10 days at 25 °C, circular, flat, moderately dense, surface dark olivaceous brown, smooth surface with entire to slightly undulate edge.

Material examined: RUSSIA, Rostov Region, Oktyabrsky District, Persianovsky Township, arboretum of Don State Agrarian University, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. (Tamaricaceae), 4 June 2014, Timur Bulgakov 79 (MFLU 14–0605, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 14–0586, ICMP 20753.

Notes: Neomicrosphaeropsis rossica is introduced as a new species and this species mainly differs from N. italica, the type species of the genus, in having uniloculate conidiomata which are smaller and recorded from a different host species in a different country (Russia). In the present phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, ITS, RPB2 and β-tubulin sequence data, N. rossica formed a separate subclade in the Neomicrosphaeropsis clade in Didymellaceae with high BS support (96 %). Neomicrosphaeropsis rossica shares similar morphology with Coniothyrium tamaricis, but the conidial dimensions are slightly different and the taxa are recorded from different hosts (Tamarix gallica L.) and continents (Saccardo 1902). Therefore, C. tamaricis can be another species that may represent Neomicrosphaeropsis and needs to be recollected from the same location and analyzed with gene sequence data to confirm its placement. We observed the type material of Coniothyrium tamaricis Henn., which is an illegitimate name, and this taxon has larger conidia (5–8 × 3.5–4.5 μm) and was reported on Tamarix gallica in Germany (Kabát and Bubák 1907). Therefore, re-collection and molecular data analyses are essential to identify whether this species is distinct.

Neomicrosphaeropsis tamaricicola (Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde) Thambugala, Wanasinghe & K.D. Hyde, comb . nov . Fig. 18

Basionym: Phoma tamaricicola Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 33: 281 (2014)

Index Fungorum Number: IF552093; Facesoffungi number: FoF02161

Saprobic or weak pathogen on twigs and branches of Tamarix species. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, scattered, immersed, slightly erumpent, dark brown to black, ostiolate. Peridium comprising 6–8 layers, outer layers heavily pigmented, thick-walled, comprising blackish to dark brown cells of textura angularis, inner layers composed of lightly pigmented to hyaline thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous, filamentous, branched, septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindric-clavate, pedicellate, apically rounded, with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores 1–2-seriate, partially overlapping, muriform, ellipsoidal, 4–6 transversely septate, with 3–4 vertical septa, constricted at the central septum, initially hyaline, becoming yellowish brown at maturity, conical and narrowly rounded at the ends, smooth-walled, without a mucilaginous sheath (description modified from Crous et al. 2014). Asexual morph: Conidiomata 65–155 μm diam. × 75–120 μm high (x̅ = 115 × 97 μm, n = 6), scattered to gregarious, immersed to erumpent, black, subglobose, uniloculate, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall 12–22 μm composed of 3–5 layers of dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, fusing at the outside with the host tissues. Conidiogenous cells 2–4 × 1.6–3.2 μm (x̅ = 3.1 × 2.2 μm, n = 15), enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline, cylindrical, discrete or integrated, smooth. Conidia 3.5–6.6 × 2.5–3.4 μm (x̅ = 5.3 × 2.9 μm, n = 40), ellipsoidal or obovoid, hyaline to light brown, straight, rounded at both ends, 1-celled, smooth-walled.

Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 18 h. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 30 mm diam. After 10 days at 25 °C, circular, flat, moderately dense, surface grey, olivaceous brown to dull green from below, surface smooth with entire to slightly undulate edge.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Ravaldino in Monte - Forlì, on dead branches of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae), 15 January 2014, Erio Camporesi (MFLU 14–0333, holotype); ibid. 28 March 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 1785C (MFLU 14–0602), living culture MFLUCC 14–0443, ICMP 20708; ibid. 22 November 2012 Erio Camporesi IT 918–1 (MFLU 14–0591), living culture MFLUCC 14–0439, ICMP 20743.

Didymosphaeriaceae Munk, Dansk bot. Ark. 15(no. 2): 128 (1953)

The family Didymosphaeriaceae is characterized by immersed ascomata surrounded by hyphae forming an apical clypeus, 2–8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate asci and hyaline to pigmented, phragmosporous or muriform ascospores, with coelomycetous or hyphomycetous asexual morphs (Hyde et al. 2013; Ariyawansa et al. 2014a; Liu et al. 2015; Li et al. 2016). Ariyawansa et al. (2014a) accepted 16 genera in Didymosphaeriaceae and subsequently Austropleospora, Paracamarosporium, Pseudocamarosporium, Pseudotrichia and Spegazzinia were included (Thambugala et al. 2014b; Ariyawansa et al. 2015b; Wijayawardene et al. 2014b).

DNA phylogeny

The present phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU sequence data and reference sequences used in the phylogenetic analyses were selected based on the data from Wijayawardene et al. (2014b) and Crous et al. (2015). The tree is rooted to Stagonospora paludosa (CBS 135088). The strain MFLUCC 14–0166 grouped together with the ex-type strain of Pseudocamarosporium propinquum, while strains MFLUCC 15–0494 and MFLUCC 15–0495 clustered as a sister clade to Paracamarosporium hawaiiense (CBS 120025) (Fig. 19).

Pseudocamarosporium Wijayaw. & K.D. Hyde, in Wijayawardene et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 185 (2014)

Pseudocamarosporium was established by Wijayawardene et al. (2014b) for some camarosporium-like species grouping in Didymosphaeriaceae (= Montagnulaceae) and typified by Pseudocamarosporium propinquum. Later, Camarosporium brabeji Marincowitz, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Paraconiothyrium africanum Damm, Verkley & Crous and Pseudocamarosporium pini (Westend.) Phukhamsakda, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde were included in the genus as new combinations based on their phylogenetic affinities (Crous et al. 2015; Li et al. 2016). We collected P. propinquum associated with dead branches of Tamarix gallica in Italy and it perfectly matches with the epitype description (Wijayawardene et al. 2014b) and clustered together with the ex-type strain (Fig. 19). This is the first record of P. propinquum on Tamarix species.

Type species: Pseudocamarosporium propinquum (Sacc.) Wijayaw., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Wijayawardene, et al. Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 191 (2014).

Pseudocamarosporium propinquum (Sacc.) Wijayaw., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Wijayawardene, et al. Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 191 (2014)

Facesoffungi number: FoF02162; Fig. 20

Saprobic on Tamarix gallica L. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, 200–400 μm diam. × 120–200 μm high (\( \overline{x} \)= 323 × 168 μm, n = 6), solitary, scattered, black, immersed, unilocular, subglobose or irregular in shape, frequently associated with other fungi, ostiolate. Pycnidial wall 14–25 μm (\( \overline{x} \)= 18.9 μm, n = 12), comprising 3–4 layers of hyaline to light brown cells of textura angularis and indistinguishable from the host tissues. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 4–6 × 5–8 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 12.6 × 7 μm, n = 30), with percurrent phialidic development, smooth, short, hyaline, formed from the inner layer of the pycnidial wall. Conidia 10–15 × 5.5–8 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 12.6 × 6.5 μm, n = 30), oblong, straight, initially hyaline, aseptate, becoming muriform, with 3 transverse septa and 1–2 longitudinal septa, pale brown to dark brown, smooth-walled.

Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h and germ tubes produced from one or several septa. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 47 mm diam. After 14 days at 25 °C, circular, flat, moderately dense, surface greenish olivaceous, white at the margin, becoming dark olive to greyish after 2 weeks, reverse black, smooth surface with entire to slightly undulate edge.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Ravaldino in Monte - Forlì, Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae), 10 January 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 917-CD100 (MFLU 16–0669), living culture MFLUCC 14–0166, ICMP 20709.

Paracamarosporium Wijayaw. & K.D. Hyde, in Wijayawardene et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 183 (2014)

Paracamarosporium was introduced by Wijayawardene et al. (2014b) to accommodate Camarosporium psoraleae Crous & M.J. Wingf. and subsequently, Crous et al. (2015) added Microdiplodia hawaiiensis Crous (Paracamarosporium hawaiiense (Crous) Crous), Camarosporium leucadendri Marinc. et al. (Paracamarosporium leucadendri (Marinc. et al.) Crous) and Paracamarosporium fagi Crous & R.K. Schumach. to the genus. However, it is difficult to morphologically distinguish the taxa in this genus as both camarosporium and coniothyrium-like species grouped in this genus (Crous et al. 2015).

Paracamarosporium tamaricis Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.

Index Fungorum number: IF552094, Facesoffungi number: FoF02163, Fig. 21

Etymology: The species epithet “tamaricis” refers to the host genus Tamarix on which the holotype was collected.

Holotype: MFLU 16–0661

Saprobic on Tamarix gallica L. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 280–350 μm diam. × 160–320 μm high (\( \overline{x} \)= 311 × 237 μm, n = 6), pycnidial, single to solitary, or scattered, immersed, brown to dark brown, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall 15–35 μm wide, comprising several layers of light brown cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards the conidiogenous region. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3–9.2 × 2.2–4.4 μm (\( \overline{x} \)= 6.5 × 3.2 μm, n = 15), hyaline, smooth, holoblastic forming conidia at their tips. Conidia 8.9–12.1 × 4.5–6.4 μm (\( \overline{x} \)= 10.2 × 5.2 μm, n = 40), initially hyaline, becoming pale brown to brown, oblong to sub-cylindrical, with rounded ends, 1-septate, smooth-walled.

Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h and germ tubes produced from one or both ends. Colonies growing on PDA 15 mm diam. After 14 days at 25 °C, circular, flat, moderately dense, surface white, becoming pale brown when aged, smooth surface, with entire to slightly undulate edge.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Converselle - Castrocaro Terme e Terra del Sole, dead branches of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae), 24 December 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 933 (MFLU 16–0661, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 15–0494, ICMP; ibid. (MFLU 16–0662, isotype); ibid., 22 January 2015, Erio Camporesi IT 933–2 (MFLU 16–0662, paratype), living culture MFLUCC 15–0495.

Notes: Paracamarosporium tamaricis is introduced to accommodate a new paraconiothyrium-like species, based on phylogeny and new taxonomic concepts of Paracamarosporium (Crous et al. 2015). In our phylogenetic analysis, P. tamaricis (strains MFLU 16–0661 and 16–0662) clustered in a separate clade in Paracamarosporium and is phylogenetically distinct from Paracamarosporium hawaiiense and P. fagi (Fig. 19), the other paraconiothyrium-like species in Paracamarosporium. This is the first report of Paracamarosporium species on Tamarix species.

Lentitheciaceae Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde, Studies in Mycology 64: 93

The family Lentitheciaceae was established by Zhang et al. (2009) and members of this family occur on stems and twigs of herbaceous and woody plants in terrestrial or aquatic habitats as endophytes and saprobes (Hyde et al. 2013; Wanasinghe et al. 2014; Knapp et al. 2015; Ariyawansa et al. 2015b; Singtripop et al. 2015; Tanaka et al. 2015). Hyde et al. (2013) accepted four genera, while Tanaka et al. (2015) included ten genera Darksidea, Katumotoa, Keissleriella, Lentithecium, Murilentithecium, Neoophiosphaerella, Phragmocamarosporium, Poaceascoma, Setoseptoria and Tingoldiago in Lentitheciaceae.

DNA phylogeny

Phylogenetic analysis is based on combined ITS and LSU sequence data and reference strains of the family Lentitheciaceae were selected from Ariyawansa et al. (2015b); Singtripop et al. (2015) and Li et al. (2016). The tree is rooted with Macrodiplodiopsis desmazieri (CBS 140062). The analysis separates the 10 genera currently recognized in this genus (Fig. 22) and our strain (MFLUCC 14–0168) clustered together with other Keissleriella species in Lentitheciaceae, close to K. linearis E. Müll. ex Dennis (IFRD 2008).

Keissleriella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1128: 582 (1919)

Keissleriella was introduced by Von Höhnel (1919) and is characterized by ascomata with an ostiolar neck covered by short dark setae (Liu et al. 2015; Ariyawansa et al. 2015b; Singtripop et al. 2015). Although sequence data for the type species K. aesculi (Höhn.) Höhn. are unavailable, many authors accept Keissleriella in Lentitheciaceae (Zhang et al. 2009; Hyde et al. 2013; Ariyawansa et al. 2015b; Singtripop et al. 2015), based on available sequence data and morphology. Our specimen (MFLU14–0597) shows typical characteristics of Keissleriella, such as short brown setae around the apex of ascomatal ostiole and cylindro-clavate asci with hyaline, 1-septate ascospores (Barr 1990; Zhang et al. 2012), but differs from other Keissleriella species in having immersed ascomata under a blackened clypeus. Hence, we introduce a new species K. tamaricicola considering both morphology and phylogeny.

Keissleriella tamaricicola Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp . nov .

Index Fungorum number: IF552095, Facesoffungi number: FoF02164, Figs. 23 and 24

Etymology: The species epithet “tamaricicola” refers to the host genus Tamarix on which the holotype occurs.

Holotype: MFLU 14–0597

Saprobic on branches of Tamarix species. Sexual morph: Ascomata 160–300 μm diam. × 130–240 μm high (\( \overline{x} \)= 210 × 167 μm, n = 7), solitary or in small groups, scattered, immersed under a blackened clypeus, globose or subglobose, dark brown to black, coriaceous, fused to the host tissue, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, slightly protruding, with apical dark brown, short setae. Peridium 8–24 μm wide, composed with dark brown to black, cells of textura angularis, cells towards the inside lighter and somewhat flattened, at the outside, darker, fusing with host tissues. Hamathecium comprising 1–2.5 μm wide, branched, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses. Asci 78–100 × 8–11.6 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 88.5 × 9.8 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindric-clavate, slightly curved, with short bulbose pedicel, apically rounded, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 12.5–15.2 × 3.8–5.6 μm (\( \overline{x} \)= 13.7 × 4.7 μm, n = 20), hyaline, broadly fusiform, 1-septate, cells of unequal size, deeply constricted at the septum, widest at the middle and tapering towards the narrow ends, straight or slightly curved, with small guttules smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 200–430 μm diam. × 190–410 μm high (\( \overline{x} \) = 326 × 306 μm, n = 5), pycnidial, scattered or clustered, gregarious, semi-immersed to superficial on PDA, globose to subglobose, surrounded by vegetative hyphae. Conidiomatal wall 15–32 μm wide, composed of several layers of black to hyaline pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores aseptate, hyaline, mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3.5–7.6 × 1.2–3.4 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 5.7 × 1.9 μm, n = 20), enteroblastic, phialidic, single, discrete, determinate, doliiform to cylindrical or ampulliform, hyaline, arising from basal stratum. Conidia 2.5–4.8 × 1.7–2.9 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 2.5 × 2.1 μm, n = 60), one-celled, ellipsoidal, with rounded to obtuse ends, hyaline, smooth-walled.

Culture characteristics: Ascospores germinating on PDA within 24 h and germ tubes produced from one or both ends. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 17 mm diam. After 16 days at 25 °C, circular, flat, moderately dense, surface white, smooth surface with entire to slightly undulate edge, asexual morph produced after 2 weeks.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Ravaldino in Monte - Forlì, on dead branches of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae), 15 January 2014, E. Camporesi IT 1458 (MFLU 14–0597, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 14–0168, ICMP 20704; ibid. (GZAAS, isotype).

Stigmatodiscales Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, in Voglmayr, Gardiennet & Jaklitsch, Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225–016-0356-y, [5] (2016)

Voglmayr et al. (2016) established the order Stigmatodiscales to accommodate the family Stigmatodiscaceae.

Stigmatodiscaceae Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, in Voglmayr, Gardiennet & Jaklitsch, Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225–016-0356-y, [5] (2016)

The family Stigmatodiscaceae was introduced by Voglmayr et al. (2016) to accommodate Asterodiscus and Stigmatodiscus. Species of this family are characterized by apothecioid ascomata, broadly fusoid to saccate, with thin ecto- and thick endotunica asci, hyaline to brown ascospores and coelomycetous asexual morphs with hyaline, irregularly sinuously curved to falcate conidia (Voglmayr et al. 2016).

DNA phylogeny

Based on the closest matches of GenBank Nucleotide BLAST search of strain MFLUCC 13–0072, 64 isolates belonging to six orders (Botryosphaeriales, Dothideales, Hysteriales, Pleosporales, Stigmatodiscales and Tubeufiales) were selected. Megalotremis verrucosa (strain number: 104) was selected as the outgroup taxon (Fig. 25). Stigmatodiscaceae (Stigmatodiscales) deviated from all the orders included in the phylogenetic analysis. In the second phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 26) 11 isolates belonging to Stigmatodiscaceae were selected with Botryosphaeria dothidea (CMW 8000) as the outgroup taxon.

Asterodiscus tamaricis Voglmayr, Gardiennet & Jaklitsch, Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225–016-0356-y, [6] (2016), Fig. 27

Saprobic on Tamarix species. Sexual morph: Ascomata 140–220 μm high × 170–310 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \)= 170 × 262 μm, n = 10), apothecioid, solitary or scattered, immersed, slightly erumpent through the bark, forming under black, irregularly shaped, shallow depressions on the host surface, pyriform to subglobose, with a wide irregular opening, ostiolate, ostiolar area black. Peridium 10–25 μm wide, broad at the apex, comprising several layers of lightly pigmented to brown cells of textura angularis, somewhat flattened at the base, broad and black at the apex. Hamathecium comprising 2–3 μm wide, numerous, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses, with swollen free apical ends. Asci 75–105 × 30–48 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 90 × 40 μm, n = 15), 8-spored, bitunicate, broadly clavate, broadly fusoid to saccate, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 35–46 × 10.8–17 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 39 × 13.8 μm, n = 30), bi- to tri-seriate, hyaline, becoming brown to dark brown when mature, ellipsoidal, 3-septate, third cell from the base larger, constricted at the septa, deeply constricted at the central septum, smooth-walled, with a large mucilaginous sheath, which is constricted near the central septum. Sexual morph: see Voglmayr et al. (2016).

Culture characteristics: Ascospores germinating on PDA within 36 h and germ tubes produced from one or both ends. Colonies growing on PDA slowly, 25 mm diam. After 14 days at 25 °C, circular to slightly irregular, flat, surface white, becoming pale brown, when aged, smooth surface, with entire to slightly undulate edge.

Notes: Asterodiscus was introduced by Voglmayr et al. (2016) as a monotypic genus to accommodate A. tamaricis. Asterodiscus tamaricis is another Tamarix inhabitant species reported in Austria and Croatia. We collected A. tamaricis from Italy associated with Tamarix gallica. Massarina mauritiana Poonyth, K.D. Hyde, Aptroot & Peerally could be another species in Asterodiscus and is saprobic on Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. (Rhizophoraceae). Asterodiscus closely resembles Massarina mauritiana in morphology, but can be distinguished by its smaller ascospores (26–34 × 8–9.5 μm), with a gelatinous sheath, which swells strongly in water and appears granular at the poles and refractive adjacent to the septa in M. mauritiana (Poonyth et al. 1999). However, M. mauritiana requires molecular phylogenetic studies to confirm its placement in Asterodiscus.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena [FC], Ravaldino in Monte - Forlì, on dead branches of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae), 22 November 2012, Erio Camporesi IT 920 (MFLU 14–0593), living culture MFLUCC 13–0072, ICMP 20692; ibid. (HHUF 30464); ibid. (Tamaricaceae), 8 October 2013, Erio Camporesi IT 920–2 (MFLU 14–059 = HHUF 30465), living culture MFLUCC 14–0994, ICMP 20744; ITALY, ibid. 15 January 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 920–3 (MFLU 16–0667); ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Fiumana, Predappio, 30 January 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 920–4 (MFLU 16–0668)

Valsariales Jaklitsch, K.D. Hyde & Voglmayr, in Jaklitsch, Fournier, Dai, Hyde & Voglmayr, Fungal Diversity 73(1):167 (2015)

Jaklitsch et al. (2015) established the order Valsariales to accommodate the family Valsariaceae.

Valsariaceae Jaklitsch, K.D. Hyde & Voglmayr, in Jaklitsch, Fournier, Dai, Hyde & Voglmayr, Fungal Diversity 73(1):167 (2015)

The family Valsariaceae was introduced by Jaklitsch et al. (2015) to accommodate Valsaria, Bambusaria and Myrmaecium. Species of this family are saprobic in bark or on culms of bamboo and characterized by perithecioid ascomata, usually monostichous in valsoid or diatrypoid configuration, (4–)6–8-spored asci, ellipsoid to subfusiform, dark brown, 2-celled ascospores and hyphomycetous or coelomycetous asexual morphs with 1-celled, hyaline conidia (Jaklitsch et al. 2015).

Valsaria tamaricis Mundk. & S. Ahmad, Mycol. Pap. 18: 7 (1946), Fig. 28

Facesoffungi number: FoF02165

Saprobic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 900–1100 μm diam. × 540–660 μm high (\( \overline{x} \)= 994 × 587 μm, n = 5), erumpent from bark, solitary, scattered or gregarious, black, broadly conical or subglobose with flattened base, coriaceous, multiloculate, peridium of ascostromata 75–180 μm wide composed of brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Locules 110–240 μm diam. × 165–210 μm high, (\( \overline{x} \) = 180 × 234 μm, n = 10), subglobose to conical or irregular. Ostiole inconspicuous at the surface, papillate. Peridium of locules 13–20 μm, comprising few layers of lightly pigmented to dark brown, flattened cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards the inner region. Hamathecium 1.5–3.5 μm wide, composed of hyaline, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses. Asci 70–88 × 7.5–11 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 82.4 × 9.5 μm, n = 15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a short pedicel, apically rounded with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 10.6–14.2(−15.7) × 5.3–6.9 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 12.8 × 6.2 μm, n = 25), uniseriate, partially overlapping, yellowish brown when immature, becoming dark brown when mature, (0–)1-septate, not distinctly constricted at the septum, ellipsoid with broadly obtuse ends, finely striate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Material examined: PAKISTAN, Rahim Yar Khan, on a log of Tamarix articulata Vahl., 25 August 1964 (BPI 619574).

Notes: The genus Valsaria was established by Cesati and De Notaris (1863) and typified by V. insitiva (Tode) Ces. & De Not. Kirk et al. (2008) categorized the genus in Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, while Jaklitsch et al. (2015) placed the genus Valsaria in a newly introduced family Valsariaceae, Valsariales within the class Dothideomycetes based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. Valsaria tamaricis was introduced by Mundkur and Ahmad (1946) but no sequence data are available for this species. However, the morphology fits with the genus Valsaria (Jaklitsch et al. 2015) and recollection and molecular analyses are needed to establish if this is a distinct species.

Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis

Homortomycetaceae Thambugala, A.J.L. Phillips & K.D. Hyde, fam . nov .

DNA phylogeny

The phylogeny of the Homortomyces strains is shown with two analyses based on selected LSU sequence data used in Crous et al. (2012), Slippers et al. (2013) and Wijayawardene et al. (2014a). The first phylogenetic analysis was carried out using sequence data of 40 isolates belonging to four different orders: Botryosphaeriales, Hysteriales, Tubeufiales and Umbilicariales (Fig. 29) with Schismatomma decolorans (DUKE 0047570 Ertz 5003) as the outgroup taxon. The second phylogenetic analysis was done using 62 isolates of six orders: Botryosphaeriales, Dothideales, Hysteriales, Pleosporales, Stigmatodiscales and Tubeufiales. Megalotremis verrucosa (strain number: 104) was selected as the outgroup taxon (Fig. 25). In the first phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 29), Homortomyces strains grouped in Botryosphaeriales as a basal clade with a good BS support value (78 %), while in the second analysis (Fig. 25), Homortomyces clustered in Botryosphaeriales as a distinct clade separated from neighboring families.

Homortomycetaceae Thambugala, A.J.L. Phillips & K.D. Hyde, fam . nov .

Index Fungorum Number: IF552086; Facesoffungi number: FoF02150

Foliicolous, associated with leaf spots or saprobic on dead twigs or branches. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered, immersed to partially erumpent, black, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Peridium comprising few layers of brown to dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses. Asci 2–6-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, apically rounded. Ascospores uni to bi-seriate, fusiform with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, yellowish brown to brown, 3-septate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or gregarious, immersed or slightly erumpent, uniloculate or multi-loculate, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall comprising a few layers, of lightly pigmented to hyaline cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses intermingled among conidiogenous cells, extending above conidia, hyaline, cylindrical, smooth, flexuous, apex obtuse, sparingly septate. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or one supporting cell. Conidiogenous cell with supporting cell, hyaline, percurrently proliferating at the tip of the supporting cells. Conidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, golden brown to dark brown, 3(−4)-euseptate, apex obtuse, base truncate with a visible scar.

Notes: The genus Homortomyces was introduced by Crous et al. (2012) to accommodate H. combreti Crous & M.J. Wingf., which was associated with leaf spots on Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond. and placed in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis. Wijayawardene et al. (2014a) described another Homortomyces species, H. tamaricis Wijayaw., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde from dead branches of Tamarix gallica. In the present study, we found the sexual morph of H. tamaricis associated with the same host and this is confirmed by the phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 29). Crous et al. (2012) showed Homortomyces to have phylogenetic affinities in Botryosphaeriales. In our preliminary analysis using LSU sequence data, H. combreti and H. tamaricis formed a separate clade in Botryosphaeriales that was distinct from all other families in this order (Fig. 25). Homortomyces is morphologically similar to Stilbospora, which is currently classified in Stilbosporaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes (Crous et al. 2012; Wijayawardene et al. 2014a; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016), while Crous et al. (2012) pointed out four genera (Endocoryneum, Hendersoniopsis, Angiopomopsis and Ceratopycnis) that have conidia similar to Homortomyces. However, all these genera have been classified in incertae sedis and lack sequence data. Morphologically, Homortomyces shares some characteristics of Botryosphaeriales such as stromatic conidiomata, that develop within a preformed stroma, with septate, pigmented, thick-walled, diplodia-like conidia, and clavate, bitunicate, fissitunicate asci with a thick endotunica and a well-developed apical chamber (Phillips et al. 2013). Homortomyces can be distinguished from other members of Botryosphaeriales in having uniloculate, thin-walled ascomata and 3-septate, pigmented ascospores. Based on our phylogenetic analyses (Figs. 25 and 29) and its unique morphology, we recognize Homortomyces as a distinct family (Homortomycetaceae), but its phylogenetic placement is uncertain. Therefore, tentatively we place Homortomycetaceae in Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, rather than assigning to Botryosphaeriales, until more fresh collections are made and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses carried out.

Type genus: Homortomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf., in Crous, Groenewald, Lombard & Wingfield, IMA Fungus 3(2): 110 (2012)

Foliicolous, associated with leaf spots or saprobic on dead twigs or branches. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered, immersed to partially erumpent, black, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Peridium comprising 4–6 layers of brown to dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses. Asci 2–6-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, apically rounded, with a distinct ocular chamber. Ascospores uni- to bi-seriate, fusiform with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, yellowish brown to brown, 3-septate, slightly curved, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or gregarious, immersed to slightly erumpent, uniloculate to multi-loculate, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall comprising a few layers, of lightly pigmented to hyaline cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses intermingled among conidiogenous cells, extending above conidia, cylindrical, smooth, flexuous, apex obtuse, sparingly septate. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or one supporting cell, hyaline, cylindrical, with 1–4 inconspicuous, percurrent proliferations at the apex. Conidiogenous cell with supporting cell, hyaline, percurrent proliferation at the tip of the supporting cells. Conidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, golden brown to dark brown, 3(−4)-euseptate, apex obtuse, base truncate with a visible scar, verruculose or smooth-walled (Crous et al. 2012; Wijayawardene et al. 2014a).

Type species: Homortomyces combreti Crous & M.J. Wingf., in Crous, Groenewald, Lombard & Wingfield, IMA Fungus 3(2): 113 (2012)

Homortomyces tamaricis Wijayaw., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Wijayawardene et al., Phytotaxa 176(1): 160 (2014). Figs. 30 and 31

Facesoffungi number: FoF02151

Saprobic on Tamarix gallica L. Sexual morph: Ascomata 180–275 μm high × 270–340 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \) = 234 × 310 μm, n = 6), scattered, immersed to partially erumpent, black, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Peridium 20–45 μm wide, comprising 4–6 layers of brown to dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of 2–4 μm wide, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses. Asci 75–98 × 18–22 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 85 × 20.6 μm, n = 8), mostly (1–)2–6-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with a distinct ocular chamber. Ascospores 23–29 × 8.5–12 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 26 × 10.1 μm, n = 25), uni- to bi-seriate, fusiform with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, yellowish brown to brown, 3-septate, slightly curved, smooth-walled, without a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 150–240 μm high × 300–360 μm diam. (\( \overline{x} \) = 203 × 332 μm, n = 6), solitary or gregarious, immersed to slightly erumpent, pycnidial to irregular, uniloculate to multi-loculate, subglobose, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall 9–23 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 14.3 μm, n = 15), comprising a few layers of lightly pigmented to hyaline cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses numerous, aseptate, cylindrical. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cell 6–27 × 2.5–5.5 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 14 × 3.5 μm, n = 20), with supporting cell, hyaline, percurrently proliferating at the tip of the supporting cells. Conidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, in vivo; 22–27.5 × 9–12.2 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 24.6 × 11 μm, n = 30), golden brown to dark brown, becoming coloured before release from conidiogenous cells, smooth-walled, 3-septate, apex obtuse, base truncate, smooth-walled; in vitro; 20–31 × 8.5–12.5 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 24.5 × 10.5 μm, n = 30), light brown, aseptate or 1-septate, guttulate.

Culture characteristics: Ascospores germinating on PDA within 18 h and germ tubes produced from one or both ends. Colonies growing on PDA at 25 °C reaching 30 mm diam. After 14 days at 25 °C, irregular, flat, moderately dense, surface white, with slightly undulate edge, producing conidia after 14 days frequently at the margin.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena [FC]), Ravaldino in Monte Forlì, on dead branches of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae), 22 November 2012, Erio Camporesi IT 922 (MFLU 14–0595, sexual morph), ex-type living culture of sexual morph MFLUCC 13–0280, ICMP 20745; Fiumana – Predappio, on dead branches of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae), 25 September 2013, Erio Camporesi IT 922–2 (MFLU 14–0596, asexual morph), living culture MFLUCC 14–0167, ICMP 21071.

Sordariomycetes

The class Sordariomycetes has been treated by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016) and the taxonomic arrangements used by these authors are followed here.

Valsaceae Tul. & C. Tul. [as ‘Valsarum’], Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 1: 180 (1861)

The family Valsaceae was introduced by Tulasne and Tulasne (1861) and is characterized by immersed to erumpent ascomata bearing inoperculate, unitunicate, 8-spored asci with shallow, refractive, J– apical ring and hyaline or yellowish brown ascospores. Members of Valsaceae possess a pseudostromata usually with a clypeus surrounding the ostiolar neck. The asexual morph of the Valsaceae are acervular or pycnidial, with phialidic conidiogenous cells (Adams et al. 2005). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016) accepted 13 genera in the family.

Cytospora Ehrenb., Sylv. mycol. berol. (Berlin): 2 (1818)

Cytospora species are important phytopathogens causing severe canker disease on a broad range of hosts (Adams et al. 2006; Ariyawansa et al. 2015b; Fan et al. 2015a, b; Li et al. 2016) and Cytospora canker is a common disease in Eucalyptus in both commercial plantations and natural forests (Fraser and Davison 1985). Valsa species are known as the sexual morph of Cytospora species and Valsa species are treated as synonyms of Cytospora (Fan et al. 2015a, b). Although 577 Cytospora epithets are recorded in Index Fungorum (2016), ex-type sequence data is available for only a few species. In this study we collected both sexual and asexual morphs of two different Cytospora species associated with Tamarix in Italy. Three different Cytospora species (asexual morph) have been reported from Tamarix species (Table 3), but no sequence data are available for them in GenBank. Our asexual morph collection (MFLU 14–0592) differs from these three Cytospora species mainly in conidial dimensions. Our collections of the sexual morph have uniloculate ascomata and show fungicolous characters that are unique and no Valsa species (which are considered as sexual morph of Cytospora) have been reported on Tamarix hosts.

Table 3 Synopsis of Cytospora species on Tamarix

Full size table

DNA phylogeny

Reference sequences used in the phylogenetic analyses were selected based on the data from Ariyawansa et al. (2015b) and Fan et al. (2015a, b). The present phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and β-tubulin sequence data showed 53 subclades representing 53 distinct species in Cytospora. The two strains clustered in separate lineages from other Cytospora species. Therefore, two new species, Cytospora italica and C. unilocularis are introduced in this study. Phomopsis vaccinii (ATCC 18451) was selected as the outgroup taxon (Fig. 32).

Cytospora tamaricis Brunaud, Act. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, Trois. sér. 53: 13 [repr.] (1898), Fig. 33

Saprobic on dead branches of Tamarix parviflora DC. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Stromata immersed in host. Conidiomata 440–800 μm diam. × 240–450 μm high (\( \overline{x} \) = 537 × 340 μm, n = 8), scattered, or sometimes in small groups, immersed to partially erumpent, black, multi-loculate, ostiolate. Locules 65–330 μm diam. × 150–332 μm high (\( \overline{x} \) = 200 × 230 μm, n = 10), single, monostichous, subglobose to ovoid or obpyriform. Conidiomatal wall 7–26 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 15.8 μm), comprising a few layers of dark brown to lightly pigmented, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores indistinct. Conidiogenous cells 9–18 × 0.6–1 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 13.4 × 0.7 μm, n = 30), enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 4.2–6.5 × 1–1.6 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 5.4 × 1.3 μm, n = 50), hyaline, allantoid, aseptate, thin-walled.

Material examined: USA, Oregon, Portland, on Tamarix parviflora DC., 1931 April 15, J.R. Hansbrough (BPI 365752)

Notes: Due to the lack of molecular data, the phylogenetic distinctiveness of Cytospora tamaricis has not been confirmed. The taxonomic classification of this species has not been treated in detail.

Cytospora italica Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.

Index Fungorum number: IF 552098, Facesoffungi number: FoF02168, Fig. 34

Etymology: Named after the country (Italy), where the holotype was collected.

Holotype: MFLU 14–0592

Saprobic or necrotrophic on twigs and branches of Tamarix gallica L. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Stromata immersed in bark. Conidiomata 580–730 μm diam. × 350–730 μm high (\( \overline{x} \) = 690 × 582 μm, n = 6), erumpent through the surface of bark, flat to discoid, with multi-locules. Locules 150–645 μm diam. × 180–400 μm high (\( \overline{x} \) = 357 × 260 μm, n = 8). Conidiophores indistinct. Conidiogenous cells 10–32 μm × (0.7–)1–2.4 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 16 × 1.6 μm, n = 35), enteroblastic, phialidic, formed from the inner most layer of pycnidial wall, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 3.7–5.2 μm × 1–1.3 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 4.3 × 1.1 μm, n = 50), hyaline, elongate-allantoid, aseptate, eguttulate.

Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 18 h. Colonies on PDA fast growing, reaching 32 mm diam. After 3 days at 25 °C, flat, circular to irregular, dense, white, reverse light olivaceous green, surface smooth, with entire to slightly undulate edge.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Ravaldino in Monte - Forlì, on dead branches of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae), 28 March 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 918D (MFLU 14–0592, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 14–0440, ICMP 20691.

Notes: Unfortunately, there is no sequence data for those Cytospora species previously reported on Tamarix. However, conidial dimensions of C. italic are different (Table 3) and the new species is described based on morphological features and molecular data are provided for future studies.

Cytospora unilocularis Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.

Index Fungorum number: IF552099, Facesoffungi number: FoF02169, Fig. 35

Etymology: In reference to uniloculate ascostromata

Holotype: MFLU 16–670

Saprobic on twigs and branches of Tamarix spp. or sometimes forming fruiting bodies in old ascostromata. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 175–300 μm diam. × 140–240 μm high (\( \overline{x} \) = 238 × 185 μm, n = 8), immersed in old ascomata, slightly erumpent through the surface of bark, subglobose to irregular, uniloculate. Peridium up to 50 μm wide, composed of several layers of dark brown to black, flattened, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards the inner layers. Asci 61–73 × 7.6–9.7 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 65.9 × 8.8 μm, n = 15), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to elongate-obovoid, with a non-amyloid apical ring. Ascospores 9.6–13.9 × 2.3–3.7 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 11.8 × 2.9 μm, n = 50), overlapping biseriate, elongate allantoid, hyaline, lacking guttules, aseptate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Culture characteristics: Ascospores germinated on PDA within 18 h. Colonies on PDA fast growing, reaching 35 mm diam. After 6 days at 25 °C, flat or effused, circular to irregular, dense, white, surface smooth, with entire to slightly undulate edge.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Ravenna, Lido di Dante, on dead branches of Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae), 4 December 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 2280 (MFLU 16–670, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 15–0481, ICMP 21252; ibid., IT 2280–2 (MFLU 16–0671, paratype), living culture MFLUCC 15–0482; ibid., 10 March 2015, Erio Camporesi IT 2280–3 (MFLU 15–1028, paratype), living culture MFLUCC 15–0483.

Notes: Cytospora unilocularis is introduced here as a new species based on molecular evidence and morphological features. No sexual morphs of Cytospora species have been reported on Tamarix species and the fungicolous character and uniloculate ascostromata of this species are unique. Cytospora unilocularis formed a well-supported sister clade (98 % BS) to C. acacia Oudem.

Diatrypaceae Nitschke [as ‘Diatrypeae’], Verh. naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. 26: 73 (1869)

The family Diatrypaceae was introduced by Nitschke (1869) and currently comprises 14 genera (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016). Recent papers (Carmarán et al. 2006, Liu et al. 2015; Ariyawansa et al. 2015b; Li et al. 2016) have contributed to new sequence data and provided backbone trees for the family. Senanayake et al. (2015) provided a description and reference specimen for the generic type, Diatrype disciformis (Hoffm.) Fr. Several genera in the Diatrypaceae (Cryptovalsa, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Eutypa, and Eutypella) are known to occur on grapevines worldwide (Luque et al. 2006).

Eutypella (Nitschke) Sacc., Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat., Padova, Sér. 4 4: 80 (1875)

Eutypella species are found on a wide range of hosts, especially associated with canker diseases in Vitis vinifera (Vasilyeva and Stephenson 2006; Trouillas et al. 2011; Luque et al. 2012). Both Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016) and Senanayake et al. (2015) included Eutypella in Diatrypaceae. Currently 247 species epithets are listed in Index Fungorum (2016), but only a few Eutypella species have sequence data. Until more species are collected, epitypified and sequenced, understanding of the genus Eutypella will remain incomplete.

DNA phylogeny

Phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 36) using combined ITS and β-tubulin sequence data was carried out using strains selected from Trouillas et al. (2011) and GenBank BLAST searches. Cryptovalsa ampelina (B10-16 A) was selected as the outgroup taxon. Strains MFLUCC 14–0444 and MFLUCC 14–0445 clustered together with putatively named strains of C. rabenhorstii (CBS 128338 and CBS 128339) in the genus Eutypella.

Eutypella tamaricis Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.

Etymology: The species epithet “tamaricis” refers to the host genus Tamarix on which the holotype was collected.

Index Fungorum Number: IF552235; Facesoffungi number: FoF02170, Fig. 37

Holotype: MFLU 14–0598

Saprobic on Tamarix gallica L. Sexual morph: Stromata up to 2.6 mm wide, scattered on host, immersed to partially erumpent, somewhat convex, arising through cracks in bark epidermis, with numerous perithecia immersed in a single stroma, ostioles opening in the central region and appearing as black circular spots. Ascomata 425–620 μm diam., 825–925 μm high (\( \overline{x} \) = 508 × 868 μm, n = 8), perithecial, immersed in stromatic tissues, aggregated, globose to subglobose, narrowing towards the apex, dark brown, thin-walled, ostiolate. Ostiole short, compressed, apex wider than base, periphysate, ostiolar opening composed of dark brown to black cells. Peridium 30–40 μm wide at the base, comprising several layers of dark brown to lightly pigmented, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, becoming flattened and hyaline towards the inner region, up to 80 μm wide at the apex, comprising several layers of dark brown to lightly pigmented, thick-walled cells of textura epidermoidea, becoming textura angularis to textura prismatica and hyaline towards the inner region. Hamathecium comprising 2–3 μm wide, septate, cellular paraphyses. Asci 74–115(−132) × 16.2–22.6 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 94 × 18.4 μm, n = 15), polysporous, unitunicate, very long pedicellate, with cylindrical, thick-walled, swollen upper portion, apex flat, with J-, cylindrical, conspicuous, apical ring. Ascospores 9–14.7 × 2.8–4 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 11.9 × 3.4 μm, n = 50), overlapping, crowded, yellowish to light-brown, allantoid to oblong, unicellular, thin-walled, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Ravaldino in Monte, on branches of Tamarix gallica L., 25 March 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 1763 (MFLU 14–0598, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 14–0444, ICMP 20705; ibid., IT 1763–1 (MFLU 14–0599), MFLUCC 14–0445.

Notes: Cryptovalsa rabenhorstii has characters typical of Cryptovalsa (Saccardo 1882; Trouillas et al. 2011), but recent studies showed that putatively named strains (CBS 128338 and CBS 128339) of C. rabenhorstii clustered with Eutypella species (Trouillas et al. 2011). However, the holotype specimen or ex-type culture of C. rabenhorstii cannot be located for study. We compared our new collections (MFLU 14–0598 and MFLU 14–0599) with the descriptions of Saccardo (1882) and Trouillas et al. (2011). The dimensions of asci and ascospores in those studies differed slightly. In our phylogenetic analysis our strains (MFLUCC 14–0444 and MFLUCC 14–0445) clustered together with the putatively named strains of C. rabenhorstii which grouped with other Eutypella species. However, neither Cryptovalsa nor Eutypella species have been recorded on Tamarix species. The putatively named strains of C. rabenhorstii have been obtained from Vitis vinifera in Australia. It is difficult to distinguished Cryptovalsa and Eutypella species by considering the number of ascospores in the asci, as both 8-spored and polysporous asci are typical of Eutypella species (Trouillas et al. 2011). We therefore introduce a new species, E. tamaricis.

Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm., Am. J. Bot. 13: 638 (1926)

The genera within Diaporthaceae are pathogens, endophytes or saprobes and have a cosmopolitan distribution (Gomes et al. 2013; Udayanga et al. 2014). Phylogenetic analyses by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016) showed that the family Diaporthaceae clustered as a monophyletic clade sister to Valsaceae in Diaporthales and currently comprises eleven genera (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016).

Diaporthe Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 240 (1870)

Nitschke (1870) established the genus Diaporthe typified by Diaporthe eres Nitschke and this species has been studied in detail by Udayanga et al. (2015). Species of this genus are plant pathogens, endophytes or saprobes, commonly isolated from a wide range of hosts (Gomes et al. 2013; Udayanga et al. 2014; Hyde et al. 2014). Phomopsis species are the asexual morphs of Diaporthe and are now considered a synonym. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus has been addressed in several recent studies (Udayanga et al. 2014, 2015; Liu et al. 2015; Gomes et al. 2013; Lombard et al. 2014; Dissanayake et al. 2015).

DNA phylogeny

Reference sequences used in the phylogenetic analyses were obtained from recent studies (Udayanga et al. 2014; Lombard et al. 2014) and downloaded from GenBank. Diaporthe helianthi (CBS 592.81) was selected as the outgroup taxon. The phylogenetic analysis based on a combined ITS, EF1-α and β-tubulin sequences, revealed strains MFLUCC 15–0479 and MFLUCC 15–0480 grouped in the genus Diaporthe and are phylogenetically allied to D. foeniculina and D. baccae, but in a different subclade (Fig. 38).

Diaporthe ravennica Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.

Index Fungorum number: IF552100, Facesoffungi number: FoF02171, Fig. 39

Etymology: Refers to the name of the province in Italy (Province of Ravenna), where the holotype was collected.

Holotype: MFLU 16–0665

Saprobic on dead branches of Tamarix species. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Stromata up to 500 μm diam. Scattered, immersed to slightly erumpent, multi-loculate, black. Locules 140–275 μm diam. × 65–175 μm high, (\( \overline{x} \) = 190 × 108 μm, n = 5), subglobose or irregular, with or without an ostiole. Conidiomatal wall comprising several layers of lightly pigmented to dark brown cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards the inner region. Paraphyses not observed. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, usually unbranched, cylindrical, straight to sinuous, 12–23 × 1.2–1.8 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 16.4 × 1.5 μm, n = 40). Conidiogenous cells phialidic, cylindrical, terminal, slightly tapering towards the apex. Alpha conidia (6.4–)7.2–10.5 × 1.7–2.8 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 8.6 × 2.3 μm, n = 40), aseptate, hyaline, ellipsoidal or fusiform, with no, two or many guttules, smooth-walled. Beta conidia 21–32(−38) × (1–)1.2–1.7 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 26.4 × 1.3 μm, n = 30), aseptate, filiform, hyaline, eguttulate, slightly curved, abundant, base subtruncate, acute apex.

Material examined: ITALY, Province of Ravenna, Lido di Dante, on dead branches of Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae), 4 December 2014, Erio Camporesi IT 2273 (MFLU 16–0665, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 15–0479, ICMP 21251; ibid., (GZAAS, isotype); ibid., IT 2273–2 (MFLU 16–0666, paratype), living culture MFLUCC 15–0480.

Notes: Diaporthe ravennica is reported in its asexual form on Tamarix and is introduced here as a new species. Diaporthe tamaricina Sacc. & Flageolet has also been recorded on Tamarix, but is a sexual morph (Saccardo 1905). Phomopsis tamaricaria (Sacc.) Grove, is an asexual morph reported on Tamarix africana from France and has a very brief description (Saccardo 1884) and, unfortunately the type material in PAD cannot be borrowed to assess its characters.

Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis

Coryneopsis tamaricis (Cooke) Grove, J. Bot., Lond. 70: 34 (1933) [1932]

Basionym: Hendersonia tamaricis Cooke, Grevillea 14(no. 69): 5 (1885)

Facesoffungi number: FoF02172; Fig. 40

Saprobic on Tamarix africana Poir. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 330–455 μm diam. × 210–270 μm high (\( \overline{x} \) = 384 × 246 μm, n = 5), solitary or gregarious, immersed, pycnidial to irregular, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Pycnidium wall 10–14.5 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 12.3 μm, n = 15), comprising a few layers, of lightly pigmented to hyaline cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 1–2 μm wide, numerous, aseptate, cylindrical. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, 10–48 × 1.7–3 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 25 × 2.4 μm, n = 30), with supporting cells, hyaline, percurrently proliferating at the apex of supporting cell. Conidia 19–25.4 × 8.2–10.6 μm (\( \overline{x} \) = 22.7 × 9.7 μm, n = 40), ellipsoid to subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, initially hyaline, after maturity golden brown to dark brown, smooth-walled, 3-euseptate, apex obtuse.

Material examined: YUGOSLAVIA, Dalmatia, Rab (Arbe) Island, on Tamarix africana Poir. (Tamaricaceae), Jaap Otto, 3 May1912 (BPI 374366).

Notes: Coryneopsis tamaricis was introduced by Grove (1932) to accommodate Hendersonia tamaricis. However, currently Coryneopsis is considered as a synonym of Seimatosporium Corda and the generic name Hendersonia Sacc. is illegitimate (Index Fungorum 2016), and sequence data are not available for any species in either Coryneopsis or Hendersonia. Index Fungorum (2016) lists 1057 Hendersonia names and many have been transferred to Stagonospora (including the type species Hendersonia elegans Berk. ≡ Stagonospora elegans (Berk.) Sacc. & Traverso), and several have been transferred to other genera, but a large number of species have not been adequately characterized and have never been allocated to any other genus. Coryneopsis tamaricis shows similar morphological traits to Homortomyces and may represent another species of the genus Homortomyces. However, C. tamaricis differs from H. tamaricis in having immersed, unilocular conidiomata and longer conidiogenous cells. The species needs to be recollected and sequenced to confirm possible placement in the genus Homortomyces.

Discussion

In this study, we describe a new family, two new genera and ten new species. The family Homortomycetaceae is introduced to accommodate Homortomyces with morphological and molecular evidence. Sequence data of ribosomal RNA genes (ITS, SSU and LSU) are available for Homortomyces species. Protein coding gene sequences of Homortomyces species and multigene phylogenetic analyses are required to establish a better phylogeny. Tamaricicola (Pleosporaceae) is introduced as new monotypic genus, while Neomicrosphaeropsis is established with four species and this genus may represent a complex of cryptic species, which includes morphologically similar, but phylogenetically different species. Paraepicoccum amazonense, the type species of Paraepicoccum is reported for the first time on Tamarix spp. There are no sequence data available for this genus in GenBank. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of newly generated sequence data in this study show Paraepicoccum amazonense should be placed in Pleosporineae, Pleosporales where it is closely related to Camarosporium sensu stricto.

Tamarix species are distributed in various habitats in many countries and are colonized by many fungal species (Table 4). In this study we collected micro-fungal species associated with different Tamarix species in Italy (Province of Forlì-Cesena and Ravenna) and Russia (Rostov Region). More than one hundred micro- and macro-fungal taxa reported on Tamarix species are listed, although the actual number of fungal taxa associated with Tamarix hosts may be higher. The number of taxa that may be unique to Tamarix species is more than 50, among them there are possibly, approximately 5–10 unique fungal species for each Tamarix species. If this study was expanded to other countries and Tamarix hosts then many additional fungi would probably be found. Presently many fungal species reported from Tamarix species do not have sequence data. Therefore, recollecting and sequencing these taxa are essential to establish if the fungal records are correct.

Table 4 List of fungi occuring on Tamarix species

Full size table

References

Adams GC, Wingfield MJ, Common R, Roux J (2005) Phylogenetic relationships and morphology of Cytospora species and related teleomorphs (Ascomycota, Diaporthales, Valsaceae) from Eucalyptus. Stud Mycol 52:1–144
Google Scholar
Adams GC, Roux J, Wingfield MJ (2006) Cytospora species (Ascomycota, Diaporthales, Valsaceae): introduced and native pathogens of trees in South Africa. Australas Plant Pathol 35(5):521–548
Article Google Scholar
Ahmad S (1967) Contributions to the fungi of West Pakistan. VI Biologia Lahore 13(1):15–42
Google Scholar
Ahmad S (1969) Fungi of West Pakistan. Biological Society of Pakistan Monograph 5(Sup.1):1–110
Google Scholar
Ahmad S (1978) Ascomycetes of Pakistan Part I. Monogr Biol Soc Pakistan 7:1–236
Google Scholar
Ahmad S, Iqbal SH, Khalid AN (1997) Fungi of Pakistan. Sultan Ahmad Mycological Society of Pakistan, 248 pages
Anastasiou CJ (1961) Fungi from salt lakes. I. A new species of Clavariopsis. Mycologia 53:11–16
Article Google Scholar
Anonymous (1960) Index of plant diseases in the United States. US Dep Agric Agric Handb 165:1–531
Google Scholar
Aptroot A (1995) Redisposition of some species excluded from Didymosphaeria (Ascomycotina). Nova Hedwigia 60:325–379
Google Scholar
Ariyawansa HA, Tanaka K, Thambugala KM, Phookamsak R, Tian Q, Camporesi E, Hongsanan S, Monkai J, Wanasinghe DN, Chukeatirote E, Kang JC, Xu JC, McKenzie EHC, Jones EBG, Hyde KD (2014a) A molecular phylogenetic reappraisal of the Didymosphaeriaceae (= Montagnulaceae). Fungal Divers 68:69–104
Article Google Scholar
Ariyawansa HA, Hawksworth DL, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Manamgoda DS, Thambugala KM, Udayanga D, Camporesi E, Daranagama A, Jayawardena R, Liu JK, McKenzie EHC, Phookamsak R, Senanayake IC, Shivas RG, Tian Q, Xu JC (2014b) Epitypification and neotypification: guidelines with appropriate and inappropriate examples. Fungal Divers 69:57–91
Article Google Scholar
Ariyawansa HA, Thambugala KM, Manamgoda DS, Jayawardena R, Camporesi E, Boonmee S, Wanasinghe DN, Phookamsak R, Hongsanan S, Singtripop C, Chukeatirote E, Kang JC, Jones EBG, Hyde KD (2015a) Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Pleosporaceae. Fungal Divers 71:85–13
Article Google Scholar
Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Jayasiri SC, Buyck B, Chethana KWT, Dai DQ, Dai YC, Daranagama DA, Jayawardena RS, Lücking R, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Niskanen T, Thambugala KM, Voigt K, Zhao RL, Li GJ, Doilom M, Boonmee S, Yang ZL, Cai Q, Cui YY, Bahkali AH, Chen J, Cui BK, Chen JJ, Dayarathne MC, Dissanayake AJ, Ekanayaka AH, Hashimoto A, Hongsanan S, Jones EBG, Larsson E, Li WJ, Li QR, Liu JK, Luo ZL, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Mapook A, McKenzie EHC, Norphanphoun C, Konta S, Pang KL, Perera RH, Phookamsak R, Phukhamsakda C, Pinruan U, Randrianjohany E, Singtripop C, Tanaka K, Tian CM, Tibpromma S, Abdel-Wahab MA, Wanasinghe DN, Wijayawardene NN, Zhang JF, Zhang H, Abdel-Aziz FA, Wedin M, Westberg M, Ammirati JF, Bulgakov Timur S, Lima DX, Callaghan TM, Callac P, Chang CH, Coca LF, Dal-Forno M, Dollhofer V, Fliegerová K, Greiner K, Griffith GW, Ho HM, Hofstetter V, Jeewon R, Kang JC, Wen TC, Kirk PM, Kytövuori I, Lawrey JD, Xing J, Li H, Liu ZY, Liu XZ, Liimatainen K, Lumbsch HT, Matsumura M, Moncada B, Nuankaew S, Parnmen S, Santiago ALCMDA, Sommai S, Song Y, de Souza CAF, de Souza-Motta CM, Su HY, Suetrong S, Wang Y, Wei SF, Yuan HS, Zhou LW, Réblová M, Fournier J, Camporesi E, Luangsa-ard JJ, Tasanathai K, Khonsanit A, Thanakitpipattana D, Somrithipol S, Diederich P, Millanes AM, Common RS, Stadler M, Yan JY, Li XH, Lee HW, Nguyen TTT, Lee HB, Battistin E, Marsico O, Vizzini A, Vila J, Ercole E, Eberhardt U, Simonini G, Wen HA, Chen XH, Miettinen O, Spirin V, Hernawati (2015b) Fungal diversity notes 111–252—taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Divers 75:27–274
Article Google Scholar
Aveskamp MM, de Gruyter H, Woudenberg J, Verkley G, Crous PW (2010) Highlights of the Didymellaceae: a polyphasic approach to characterize Phoma and related pleosporalean genera. Stud Mycol 65:1–60
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Barr ME (1987) Prodromus to Class Loculoascomycetes. University of Massachusetts, Massachusetts
Google Scholar
Barr ME (1990) Melanommatales (Loculoascomycetes). North American Flora, Series II 13:1–129
Google Scholar
Beltran Tejera E, Rodríguez-Armas JL (1999) Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycotina) of arid habitats of the Canary Islands. Preliminary Data Mycotaxon 70:111–125
Google Scholar
Blackburn WH, Knight RW, Schuster JL (1982) Saltcedar influence on sedimentation in the Brazos River. J Soil Water Conserv 37:298–301
Google Scholar
Brock JA (1994) Tamarix spp. (Salt cedar), an invasive exotic woody plant in arid and semi-arid riparian habitats of western USA. In: De Waal LC, Child LE, Wade PM, Brock JH (eds) Ecology management of invasive riverside plants. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 27–44
Google Scholar
Brotherson J, Field D (1987) Tamarix: impacts of a successful weed. Rangelands 9(3):110–112
Google Scholar
Cannon PF, Hawksworth DL, Sherwood-Pike MA (1985) The British Ascomycotina. An Annotated Checklist. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England
Carbone I, Kohn L (1999) A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. Mycologia 91:553–556
Article CAS Google Scholar
Carmarán CC, Romero AI, Giussani LM (2006) An approach towards a new phylogenetic classification in Diatrypaceae. Fungal Divers 23:67–87
Carter MV (1991) The status of Eutypa lata as a pathogen. Phytopath Pap 32, CAB International, Wallingford
Cesati V, De Notaris G (1863) Schema di classificazione degle sferiacei italici aschigeri piu’ o meno appartenenti al genere Sphaeria nell’antico significato attribuitoglide Persono. Commentario della Società Crittogamologica Italiana 1(4):177–420
Google Scholar
Chen MM (2002) Forest fungi phytogeography: Forest fungi phytogeography of China, North America, and Siberia and international quarantine of tree pathogens. Pacific Mushroom Research and Education Center, Sacramento, California, 469 pages
Chen Q, Jiang JR, Zhang GZ, Cai L, Crous PW (2015) Resolving the Phoma Enigma. Stud Mycol 82:137–217
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chomnunti P, Hongsanan S, Aguirre-Hudson B, Tian Q, Peršoh D, Dhami MK, Alias AS, Xu J, Liu X, Stadler M, Hyde KD (2014) The sooty moulds. Fungal Divers 66:1–36
Cleverly JR, Smith SD, Sala A, Devitt DA (1997) Invasive capacity of Tamarix ramosissima in a Mojave Desert floodplain: the role of drought. Oecologia 111(1):12–18
Article Google Scholar
Cook RP, Dubé AJ (1989) Host-pathogen index of plant diseases in South Australia. South Australian Department of Agriculture, pp 1–142
Crane JL, Shearer CA (1991) A nomenclator of Leptosphaeria V. Cesati & G. DeNotaris. Illinois Nat Hist Survey Biol Notes 34:1–55
Google Scholar
Crous PW, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ, Rheeder J, Marasas WFO, Philips AJL, Alves A, Burgess TI, Barber PA, Groenewald JZ (2006) Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Stud Mycol 55:235–253
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Lombard L, Wingfield MJ (2012) Homortomyces gen. Nov., a new dothidealean pycnidial fungus from the cradle of humankind. IMA Fungus 3(2):109–115
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Schumacher RK, Summerell BA, Giraldo A, Gené J, Guarro J, Wanasinghe DN, Hyde KD, Camporesi E (2014) Fungal planet description sheets: 281–319. Persoonia 33(1):212–289
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Crous PW, Schumacher RK, Wingfield MJ, et al. (2015) Fungal systematics and evolution: FUSE 1. Sydowia 67:81–118
Google Scholar
Cunningham GH (1965) Polyporaceae of New Zealand. Bull NZ Dept Sci Industrial Res 164:1–304
Google Scholar
Daranagama DA, Camporesi E, Tian Q, Liu X, Chamyuang S, Stadler M, Hyde KD (2015) Anthostomella is polyphyletic comprising several genera in Xylariaceae. Fungal Divers 73:203–238
Article Google Scholar
de Gruyter JD, Aveskamp MM, Woudenberg JHC, Verkley GJM, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2009) Molecular phylogeny of Phoma and allied anamorph genera: towards a reclassification of the Phoma Complex. Mycol Res 113:508–519
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
de Gruyter J, Woudenberg JHC, Aveskamp AA, Verkley GJM, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2013) Redisposition of Phoma-like anamorphs in Pleosporales. Stud Mycol 75:1–36
Article PubMed Google Scholar
de Loach, CJ (1989) Saltcedar, a weed of western North American riparian areas: a review of its taxonomy, biology, harmful and beneficial values, and its potential for biological control. US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service
de Simone D, D’Amico L, Bressanin D, Motta E, Annesi T (2011) Molecular characterization of Inonotus rickii/Ptychogaster cubensis isolates from different geographic provenances. Mycol Prog 10:301–306
Article Google Scholar
de Sousa Dias MR, Lucas MT (1975) Fungi Lusitaniae. Agron Lusit 37:95–103
Google Scholar
de Urries, MJ (1956–1957, publ. 1957) Hongos microscópicos de Canarias. Museo Canario 57–64:140
Dekanoidze NG (1984) Necrotrophic micromycetes of drying branches and twigs of trees and shrubs in botanical gardens and green plantings of Eastern Georgia. Ph.D. thesis. Tbilisi. 1–434
Dennis RWG, Reid DA, Spooner BM (1977) The fungi of the Azores. Kew Bull 32:85–136
Article Google Scholar
Desjardin DE, Dai YC, Niemelä T (1997) Synopsis of the genus Inonotus (basidiomycetes) sensu lato in China. Mycotaxon 65:273–283
Google Scholar
Di Tomaso JM (1998) Impact, biology, and ecology of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technol 12:326–336
Google Scholar
Dissanayake AJ, Liu M, Zhang W, Chen Z, Udayanga D, Chukeatirote E, Li X, Yan J, Hyde KD (2015) Morphological and molecular characterisation of Diaporthe species associated with grapevine trunk disease in China. Fungal Biology 119(5):283–294
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dissanayake AJ, Camporesi E, Hyde KD, Phillips AJL, CY F, Yan JY, Li XH (2016) Dothiorella species associated with woody hosts in Italy. Mycosphere 7(1):51–63
Google Scholar
Doidge EM (1950) The south African fungi and lichens to the end of 1945. Bothalia 5:1–1094
Google Scholar
Dudka IO, Heluta VP, Tykhonenko YY, Andrianova TV, Hayova VP, Prydiuk MP, Dzhagan VV, Isikov VP (2004) Fungi of the Crimean peninsula. M.G. Kholodny institute of. Botany:1–452
Ellis JB, Everhart BM (1892) The North American Pyrenomycetes. Published by authors, Newfield
Google Scholar
Fan X, Hyde KD, Yang Q, Liang Y, Ma R, Tian C (2015a) Cytospora species associated with canker disease of three anti-desertification plants in northwestern China. Phytotaxa 197(4):227–244
Article Google Scholar
Fan X, Hyde KD, Liu M, Liang Y, Tian C (2015b) Cytospora species associated with walnut canker disease in China, with description of a new species C. gigalocus. Fungal Biology 119(5):310–319
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Farr ML (1973) An annotated list of Spegazzini’s fungus taxa, Vol. 1. Biblioth. Mycol 35:1–823
Google Scholar
Farr DF, Rossman AY (2016) Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved March 28, 2016, from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Fotouhifar KB, Hedjaroude GA, Leuchtmann A (2010) ITS rDNA phylogeny of Iranian strains of Cytospora and associated teleomorphs. Mycologia 102:1369–1382
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Fraser M, Davison EM (1985) Stem canker of Eucalyptus saligna in Western Australia. Aust For 48(4):220–226
Article Google Scholar
French AM (1989) California Plant Disease Host Index. California plant disease host index. California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry
Gannibal PB, Klemsdal SS, Levitin MM (2007) AFLP analysis of Russian Alternaria tenuissima populations from wheat kernels and other hosts. Eur J Plant Pathol 119(2):175–182
Article CAS Google Scholar
Gaponenko NI (1965) Survey of the fungi of Bukhara. Acad Sci UzSSR: 1–113
Ge S, Carruthers R, Gong P, Herrera A (2006) Texture analysis for mapping Tamarix parviflora using aerial photographs along the Cache Creek, California. Environ Monit Assess 114(1–3):65–83
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Gilman JC (1932) First supplementary list of parasitic fungi from Iowa. Iowa State Coll J Sci 6:357–365
Google Scholar
Glass NL, Donaldson GC (1995) Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1323–1330
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gomes RR, Glienke C, Videira SIR, Lombard L, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2013) Diaporthe: a genus of endophytic, saprobic and plant pathogenic fungi. Persoonia 31(1):1–41
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gonzalez Fragoso R (1916) Bosquejo de una Florula Hispalense de Micromicetos. Trab Mus Nac Ci Nat Ser Bot 10:1–221
Google Scholar
Gonzalez Fragoso R (1917) Fungi novi vel minus cognitarum horti botanici matritense. Trab Mus Nac Ci Nat Ser Bot 12:1–99
Google Scholar
Greville RK (1823) Scottish Cryptogamic flora. Vol. I
Grove WB (1932) New or noteworthy fungi. XII. Journal of Botany British and Foreign 70:33–38
Google Scholar
Guba EF (1961) Monograph of Monochaetia and Pestalotia. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge
Google Scholar
Gucevičh SA (1960) Notulae systemat- icae e sectione cryptogamica instituti Bot. Acad Sci USSR 13:257
Google Scholar
Hall, TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. In: Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, pp 95–98
Heluta VP, Merezhko TO, Smik LV (1992) Microfungi of Askania-Nova Arboretum. Ukr Bot Jour 49(6):50–54
Google Scholar
Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Liu JK, Ariyawansa HA, Boehm E, Boonmee S, Braun U, Chomnunti P, Crous PW, Dai DQ, Diederich P, Dissanayake AJ, Doilom M, Doveri F, Hongsanan S, Jayawardena R, Lawrey JD, Li YM, Liu YX, Lücking R, Monkai J, Muggia L, Nelsen MP, Pang KL, Phookamsak R, Senanayake I, Shearer CA, Seutrong S, Tanaka K, Thambugala KM, Wijayawardene NN, Wikee S, HX W, Zhang Y, Aguirre-Hudson B, Alias SA, Aptroot A, Bahkali AH, Bezerra JL, Bhat JD, Camporesi E, Chukeatirote E, Gueidan C, Hawksworth DL, Hirayama K, De Hoog S, Kang JC, Knudsen K, Li WJ, Li X, Liu ZY, Mapook A, McKenzie EHC, Miller AN, Mortimer PE, Phillips AJL, Raja HA, Scheuer C, Schumm F, Taylor JE, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe DN, Wang Y, JC X, Yan J, Yacharoen S, Zhang M (2013) Families of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Divers 63:1–313
Article Google Scholar
Hyde KD, Nilsson RH, Alias SA, Ariyawansa HA, Blair JE, Cai L, de Cock AWAM, Dissanayake AJ, Glockling SL, Goonasekara ID, Gorczak M, Hahn M, Jayawardena RS, van Kan JAL, Laurence MH, Lévesque CA, Li XH, Liu JK, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Manamgoda DS, Martin FN, McKenzie EHC, McTaggart AR, Mortimer PE, Nair PVR, Pawłowska J, Rintoul TL, Shivas RG, Spies CFJ, Summerell BA, Taylor PWJ, Terhem RB, Udayanga D, Vaghefi N, Walther G, Wilk M, Wrzosek M, JC X, Yan JY, Zhou N (2014) One stop shop: backbones trees for important phytopathogenic genera: I. Fungal Divers 67:21–125
Article Google Scholar
Index Fungorum (2016) http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp. Retrieved on 21 February 2016
Isikov VP (1989) Notes on the fungi of trees and shrubs in the Lower Volga region. Mykol i Fitopat 23(4):327–331
Google Scholar
Isikov VP, Kuznetsov VN (1990) Ecological characteristics of Phellinus torulosus (Pers.) Bourd. et Galtz. and Ganoderma applanatum (Pers. ex Wallr.) Pat. in Crimea. Mykol i Fitopat 24(6):513–519
Google Scholar
Jaklitsch WM, Fournier J, Dai DQ, Hyde KD, Voglmayr H (2015) Valsaria and the Valsariales. Fungal Divers 73:159–202
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jami F, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ, Gryzenhout M (2012) Five new species of the Botryosphaeriaceae from Acacia karoo in South Africa. Cryptogam Mycol 33:245–266
Article Google Scholar
Jayasiri SC, Hyde KD, Ariyawansa HA, Bhat DJ, Buyck B, Cai L, Dai YC, Abd-Elsalam KA, Ertz D, Hidayat I, Jeewon R, Jones EBG, Bahkali AH, Karunarathna SC, Liu JK, Luangsa-ard JJ, Lumbsch HT, Maharachchikumbura SSN, McKenzie EHC, Moncalvo JM, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Nilsson H, Pang KL, Pereira OL, Phillips AJL, Raspé O, Rollins AW, Romero AI, Etayo J, Selçuk F, Stephenson SL, Suetrong S, Taylor JE, Tsui CKM, Vizzini A, Abdel-Wahab MA, Wen TC, Boonmee S, Dai DQ, Daranagama DA, Dissanayake AJ, Ekanayaka AH, Fryar SC, Hongsanan S, Jayawardena RS, Li WJ, Perera RH, Phookamsak R, Silva NI, Thambugala KM, Tian Q, Wijayawardene NN, Zhao RL, Zhao Q, Kang JC, Promputtha I (2015) The faces of fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts. Fungal Divers 74:3–18
Article Google Scholar
Kabát J, Bubák F (1907) Fungi Imperfecti Exsiccati. Fasc 10:451–500
Google Scholar
Kanaujia RS (1978) Annotated list of fungi from Faizabad III. Additions to the list of Indian fungi. Indian Phytopath 30(3):435–437
Google Scholar
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth & Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi, 10th edn. CABI, Wallingford
Google Scholar
Knapp DG, Kovács GM, Zajta E, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2015) Dark septate endophytic pleosporalean genera from semiarid areas. Persoonia 35(1):87–100
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Koshkelova EN and Frolov IP (1973) Microflora of Kopet-Dag lowland and Central Karakum (micromycetes). Ylym 1–194
Li GJ, Hyde KD, Zhao RL, Sinang H, Abdel-Aziz FA, Abdel-Wahab MA, Alvarado P, Alves-Silva G, Ammirati JF, Ariyawansa HA, Baghela A, Bahkali AH, Beug M, Bhat DJ, Bojantchev D, Boonpratuang T, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E, Boro MC, Ceska O, Chakraborty D, Chen JJ, et al. (2016) Fungal diversity notes 253–366: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Divers 78:1–237
Article Google Scholar
Liu Y, Whelen S, Hall B (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerse II subunit. Mol Biol Evol 16:1799–1808
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Liu JK, Phookamsak R, Doilom M, Wiki S, Mei LY, Ariyawansa HA, Boonmee S, Chomnunti P, Dai DQ, Bhat DJ, Romero AI, Zhuang WY, Monkai J, Jones EBG, Chukeatirote E, KoKo TW, Zhao YC, Wang Y, Hyde KD (2012) Towards a natural classification of Botryosphaeriales. Fungal Divers 57:149–210
Article Google Scholar
Liu JK, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Ariyawansa HA, Bhat DJ, Boonmee S, Maharachchikumbura S, McKenzie EHC, Phookamsak R, Phukhamsakda C, Shenoy BD, Abdel-Wahab MA, Buyck B, Chen J, Chethana KWT, Singtripop C, Dai DQ, Dai YC, Daranagama DA, Dissanayake AJ, Doliom M, D’souza MJ, Fan XL, Goonasekara ID, Hirayama K, Hongsanan S, Jayasiri SC, Jayawardena RS, Karunarathna SC, Li WJ, Mapook A, Norphanphoun C, Pang KL, Perera RH, Peršoh D, Pinruan U, Senanayake IC, Somrithipol S, Suetrong S, Tanaka K, Thambugala KM, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Udayanga D, Wijayawardena NN, Wanasinghe D, Wisitrassameewong K, Abdel-Aziz FA, Adamčík S, Bahkali AH, Boonyuen N, Bulgakov T, Callac P, Chomnunti P, Greiner K, Hashimoto A, Hofstetter V, Kang JC, Lewis D, Li XH, Liu XX, Liu ZY, Matumura M, Mortimer PE, Rambold G, Randrianjohany E, Sato G, Sri-Indrasutdhi V, Tian CM, Verbeken A, von Brackel W, Wang Y, Wen TC, Xu JC, Yan JY, Zhao RL, Camporesi E (2015) Fungal diversity notes 1–110: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species. Fungal Divers 72:1–197
Article CAS Google Scholar
Lombard L, Van Leeuwen GC, Guarnaccia V, Polizzi G, Van Rijswick PC, Rosendahl KC, Gabler J, Crous PW (2014) Diaporthe species associated with Vaccinium, with specific reference to Europe. Phytopathol Mediterr 53(2):287–299
Google Scholar
Luan YS, Feng L, Xia XY, An LJ (2007) First report of Alternaria tenuissima causing disease on blueberry in China. Plant Dis 91(4):464–464
Article Google Scholar
Lucas MT, Sousa da Câmara M (1955) Fungi Lusitaniae. XII Agronomia Lusitana 17(2–4):115–134
Google Scholar
Luque J, Sierra D, Torres E, Garcia F (2006) Cryptovalsa ampelina on grapevines in NE Spain: identification and pathogenicity. Phytopathol Mediterr 45(4):101–109
Google Scholar
Luque J, Garcia-Figueres F, Legorburu FJ, Muruamendiaraz A, Armengol J, Trouillas FP (2012) Species of Diatrypaceae associated with grapevine trunk diseases in Eastern Spain. Phytopathol Mediterr 51(3):528–540
CAS Google Scholar
Maharachchikumbura SSN, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, McKenzie EHC, Bhat JD, Dayarathne M, Huang SK, Norphanphoun C, Senanayake IC, Perera RH, Shang QJ, Xiao Y, D’souza MJ, Hongsanan S, Jayawardena RS, Daranagama DA, Konta S, Goonasekara ID, Zhuang WY, Jeewon R, Phillips AJL, Abdel-Wahab MA, Al-Sadi AM, Bahkali AH, Boonmee S, Boonyuen N, Cheewangkoon R, Dissanayake AJ, Kang J, Li QR, Liu JK, LIU XZ, Liu ZY, Luangsa-ard JJ, Pang KL, Phookamsak R, Promputtha I, Suetrong S, Stadler M, Wen T, Wijayawardene NN (2016) Families of Sordariomycetes. Fungal Divers 79(1):1–317
Article Google Scholar
Manamgoda DS, Cai L, McKenzie EHC, Crous PW, Madrid H, Chukeatirote E, Shivas RG, Tan YP, Hyde KD (2012) A phylogenetic and taxonomic re–evaluation of the Bipolaris, Cochliobolus, Curvularia complex. Fungal Divers 56:131–144
Article Google Scholar
Matsushima T (1993) Matsushima Mycological Memoirs 7. Mats Mycol Mem 7:1–141
Google Scholar
Maublanc A (1906) Sur quelques espèces nouvelles ou peu connues de champignons inférieurs Bull trimest Soc Mycol Fr 22:63–70.
Mekhtijeva (1962) Notulae systemat- icae e sectione cryptogamica institute. Bot Acad Sci USSR 15:158
Google Scholar
Melo I (1989) As Aphyllophorales do parque florestal de Monsanto (Lisboa-Portugal). Portugaliae Acta Biol Ser B Sist 15:295–323
Google Scholar
Merezhko TA (1980) Fungal Flora of Ukraine. Sphaeropsidales. Naukova Dumka, Acad Sci USSR: 1–208.
Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 Nov. 2010, New Orleans, pp 1–8
Morochkovsky SF, Radzievsky GG, Zerova MYA, Dudka IO, Smitska MF, Rozhenova GL (1971) Identification manual for fungi of Ukraine. 3. Fungi inperfecti. Naukova Dumka, Acad Sci USSR: 1–696
Moskovets SM (1933) Fungi of southern Ukraine. Bull Kiev Bot Gard 16(14):71–87
Google Scholar
Mouchacca J (2009) Novel fungal taxa from the arid Middle East introduced prior to the year 1940. II- Anamorphic fungi: hypomycetes. Cryptogam Mycol 30:199–222
Google Scholar
Mulenko W, Majewski T, Ruszkiewicz-Michalska M (2008) A Preliminary Checklist of Micromycetes in Poland. W Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences 9:752
Google Scholar
Mundkur BB, Ahmad S (1946) Revisions of and additions to Indian fungi II. Mycol Pap 18:1–11
Google Scholar
Mycobank (2016) http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000070&Rec=199620&Fields=All
Nakhutsrishvili IG (1986) Flora of Spore-producing Plants of Georgia (Summary). Mentsiereba Publ. House 1–888
Nitschke TRJ (1869) Grundlage eines Systems der Pyrenomyceten. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande, Westfalens und des Regierungsbezirks Osnabrück 26:70–77
Nitschke TRJ (1870) Pyrenomycetes Germanici. Eduard Trewendt 2:161–320
Orłowska M, Lengiewicz I, Suszycka M (2004) Hyphomycetes developing on water plants and bulrushes in fish ponds. Pol J Environ Stud 13(6):703–707
Google Scholar
Pantidou ME (1973) Fungus-host Index for Greece. Benaki Phytopathol Inst, Kiphissia
Google Scholar
Pennycook SR, Samuels GJ (1985) Botryosphaeria and Fusicoccum species associated with ripe fruit rot of Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit) in New Zealand. Mycotaxon 24:445–458
Google Scholar
Phillips AJ, Fonseca F, Povoa V, Castilho R, Nolasco G (2002) A reassessment of the anamorphic fungus Fusicoccum luteum and description of its teleomorph Botryosphaeria lutea sp. nov. Sydowia 54:59–77
Google Scholar
Phillips A, Alves A, Correia A, Luque J (2005) Two new species of Botryosphaeria with brown, 1-septate ascospores and Dothiorella anamorphs. Mycologia 97(2):513–529
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Phillips AJL, Alves A, Abdollahzadeh J, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2013) The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture. Stud Mycol 76:51–167
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Poonyth AD, Hyde KD, Aptroot A, Peerally A (1999) Three new species of Massarina associated with terrestrial, non-marine parts of mangroves. Fungal Divers 3:139–146
Google Scholar
Potebnia AA (1907) Micromycetes of Kursk and Kharkov regions. Proceedings of the Soc Nat Imperial Kharkov Univer 41:45–96
Google Scholar
Preston DA (1947) Host index of Oklahoma plant diseases, supplement, 1947. Oklahoma Agric Coll Agric Exp Sta Techn Bull T-21:1–39
Google Scholar
Rahman MZ, Honda Y, Islam SZ, Muroguchi N, Arase S (2002) Leaf spot disease of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) caused by Alternaria tenuissima—a new disease in Japan. J Gen Plant Pathol 68(1):31–37
Article Google Scholar
Rebriev YuA, Rusanov VA, Bulgakov TS, Svetasheva TYU, Zmitrovich IV, Popov ES (2012) Mycobiota of the arid territories of the South-West of Russia. South Fed Univ 1–88
Rehner S (2001) Primers for elongation factor 1-α(EF1-α). http://ocid.NACSE.ORG/research/deephyphae/EF1primer.pdf
Rekah Y, Shtienberg D, Katan J (2001) Role of the shrub Tamarix nilotica in dissemination of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Plant Dis 85(7):735–739
Article Google Scholar
Rieuf P (1969) Parasites et saprophytes des plantes au Maroc. Cah Réche Agrono 27(I–IV):1–178
Google Scholar
Rieuf P (1970) Parasites et saprophytes des plantes au Maroc. Cah Réche Agrono 28(I–VI):179–357
Google Scholar
Saccardo PA (1880a) Conspectus generum fungorum Italiae inferiorum nempe ad Sphaeropsideas, Melanconieas et Hyphomyceteas pertinentium systemate sporologico dispositorum. Michelia 2(6):1–38
Google Scholar
Saccardo PA (1880b) Fungi Gallici lecti a cl. viris P. Brunaud, Abb. Letendre, A. Malbranche, J. Therry, vel editi in Mycotheca Gallica C. Roumeguèri. Series II. Michelia 2(6):39–135
Google Scholar
Saccardo PA (1882) Sylloge Fungorum 1: i-xviii, 1–768. Italy, Padua; P.A. Saccardo
Saccardo PA (1884) Sylloge Fungorum 3: i-ii, 1–860. Italy, Padua; P.A. Saccardo
Saccardo (1885–1886) Saccardo’s Sylloge Fungorum additional volume. I-IV: 335; X: 318; XII: 304. Grevillea 14 (nos 69–72): 5
Saccardo PA (1902) Sylloge Fungorum 16: 1–1291. Italy, Patavii; P.A. Saccardo
Saccardo PA (1905) Sylloge Fungorum 17: 1–991. Italy, Patavii; P.A. Saccardo
Saccardo PA (1906) Sylloge Fungorum 18: 1–839. Italy, Patavii; P.A. Saccardo
Saccardo PA (1913) Sylloge Fungorum 22: 1–1612. Italy, Patavii; P.A. Saccardo
Saccardo PA, Sydow P (1899) Sylloge Fungorum 14 (1): i-vi, 1–724. Italy, Patavii; P.A. Saccardo
Saidana D, Mahjoub MA, Boussaada O, Chriaa J, Chéraif I, Daami M, Mighri Z, Helal AN (2008) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of volatile compounds of Tamarix boveana (Tamaricaceae). Mycol Res 163(4):445–455
CAS Google Scholar
Seifert K, Morgan-Jones G, Gams W, Kendrick B (2011) The Genera of Hyphomycetes. CBS–KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrech
Google Scholar
Senanayake IC, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Hyde KD, Bhat JD, Jones EBG, McKenzie EHC, Dai DQ, Daranagama DA, Dayarathne MC, Goonasekara ID, Konta S, Li WJ, Shang QJ, Stadler M, Wijayawardene NN, Xiao YP, Norphanphoun C, Li Q, Liu XZ, Bahkali AH, Kang JC, Wang Y, Wen TC, Wendt L, Xu JC, Camporesi E (2015) Towards unraveling relationships in Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). Fungal Divers 73:73–144
Article Google Scholar
Sergeeva V, Alves A, Phillips AJ (2009) Neofusicoccum luteum associated with leaf necrosis and fruit rot of olives in New South Wales, Australia. Phytopathol Mediterr 48(2):294–298
Google Scholar
Shearer CA, Crane JL (1971) Fungi of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. I. Patuxent River. Mycologia 63:237–260
Article Google Scholar
Singh KP, Sinha GP (2010) Indian Lichens: an Annotated Checklist. 506 pp. Kolkata (Salt Lake City) & Dehra Dun; Botanical Survey of India; Ministry of Environment and Forests.
Singtripop C, Camporesi E, Ariyawansa HA, Wanasinghe DN, Bahkali AH, Chomnunti P, Boonmee S, Hyde KD (2015) Keissleriella dactylidis, sp. nov., from Dactylis glomerata and its phylogenetic placement. Sci Asia 41:295–304
Article Google Scholar
Smyk LV (1970) New and rare fungal species of genus Cucurbitaria Gray in Ukraininan SSR. News Non-vasc Plant Syst 7:206–208
Google Scholar
Slippers B, Boissin E, Phillips AJL, Groenewald JZ, Lombard L, Wingfield MJ, Postma A, Burgess T, Crous PW (2013) Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriales: a systematic and evolutionary framework. Stud Mycol 76:31–49
Someya A, Yaguchi T, Udagawa SI (1997) Microsphaeropsis rugospora, a new species from Japanese soil. Mycoscience 38:429–431
Article Google Scholar
Spaulding P (1961) Foreign Diseases of Forest Trees of the World. USDA Agric Handb 197:1–361
Google Scholar
Stamatakis A (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: Maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22:2688–2690
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Stamatakis A, Hoover P, Rougemont J (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers. Syst Biol 57:758–771
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Sultanova N, Makhmoor T, Abilov ZA, Parween Z, Omurkamzinova VB, Choudhary MI (2001) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Tamarix ramosissima. J Ethnopharmacol 78(2):201–205
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sydow H, Sydow P (1904) Mycotheca Germanica Fasc. III (No. 101–150). Ann Mycol 2(2):190–192
Google Scholar
Sydow H, Sydow P, Butler EJ (1911) Fungi Indiae orientalis. Pars III [Fungi of eastern India]. Ann Mycol 9(4):372–421
Google Scholar
Tai FL (1979) Sylloge Fungorum Sinicorum. Sci. Press, Acad. Sin., Peking
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S (2011) MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28(10):2731–2739
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tanaka K, Hirayama K, Yonezawa H, Sato G, Toriyabe A, Kudo H, Hashimoto A, Matsumura M, Harada Y, Kurihara Y, Shirouzu T (2015) Revision of the Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). Stud Mycol 82:75–136
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Telleria MT (1991) Additions and corrections to the annotated list of the Iberian Corticiaceae (Aphyllophorales, Basidiomycotina). I. Nova Hedwigia 53:229–253
Google Scholar
Telleria MT, Melo I, Duenas M (1997) An annotated list of the Aphyllophorales of the Balearic Islands. Mycotaxon 65:353–377
Google Scholar
Teng SC (1996) Fungi of China. Mycotaxon, Ithaca 586 pages
Google Scholar
Thambugala KM, Daranagama DA, Camporesi E, Singtripop C, Liu ZY, Hyde KD (2014a) Multi-locus phylogeny reveals the sexual state of Tiarosporella in Botryosphaeriaceae. Cryptogam Mycol 35:359–367
Article Google Scholar
Thambugala KM, Ariyawansa HA, Liu ZY, Chukeatirote E, Hyde KD (2014b) Towards a natural classification of Dothideomycetes 6: The genera Dolabra, Placostromella, Pleosphaerellula, Polysporidiella and Pseudotrichia (Dothideomycetes incertae sedis). Phytotaxa 176:55–67
Article Google Scholar
Thambugala KM, Hyde KD, Tanaka K, Tian Q, Wanasinghe DN, Ariyawansa H, Jayasiri SC, Boonmee S, Camporesi E, Hashimoto A, Hirayama K, Schumacher RK, Promputtha I, Liu ZY (2015) Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Lophiostomataceae, Floricolaceae, and Amorosiaceae fam. nov. Fungal Divers 74:199–266
Article Google Scholar
Theissen F, Sydow H (1918) Vorentwürfe zu den Pseudosphaeriales. Annales Mycologici 16:1–34
Google Scholar
Trouillas FP, Pitt WM, Sosnowski MR, Huang R, Peduto F, Loschiavo A, Savocchia S, Scott ES, Gubler WD (2011) Taxonomy and DNA phylogeny of Diatrypaceae associated with Vitis vinifera and other woody plants in Australia. Fungal Divers 49:203–223
Article Google Scholar
Tulasne LR, Tulasne C (1861) Selecta Fungorum Carpologia. Erysiphei 1
Udayanga D, Castlebury LA, Rossman AY, Hyde KD (2014) Species limits in Diaporthe: molecular re-assessment of D. citri, D. cytosporella, D. foeniculina and D. rudis. Persoonia 32:83–101
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Udayanga D, Castlebury LA, Rossman AY, Chukeatirote E, Hyde K.D (2015). The Diaporthe sojae species complex: phylogenetic re-assessment of pathogens associated with soybean, cucurbits and other field crops. Fungal Biol 119(5):383–407.
Unamuno PLM (1941) Enumeracion y distribucion geografica de los ascomicetos de la Peninsula Iberica y de las Islas Baleares. Mem Real Acad Ci Exact Madrid 8:1–403
Google Scholar
Vasilyeva LN, Stephenson SL (2006) Pyrenomycetes of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. III. Cryptosphaeria, Eutypa and Eutypella (Diatrypaceae). Fungal Divers 22:243–254
Google Scholar
Venturella GIUSEPPE, Baum B, Mandracchia G (2007) The genus Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) in Sicily: first contribution. Flora Mediterranea 17:25–46
Google Scholar
Verkley GJM, Dukik K, Renfurm R, Göker M, Stielow JB (2014) Novel genera and species of coniothyrium-like fungi in Montagnulaceae (Ascomycota). Persoonia 32:25–51
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vilgalys R, Hester M (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. J Bacteriol 172:4238–4246
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Voglmayr H, Gardiennet A, Jaklitsch WM (2016) Asterodiscus and Stigmatodiscus, two new apothecial dothideomycete genera and the new order Stigmatodiscales. Fungal Divers. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0356-y
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Von Höhnel F (1917) Fungi imperfecti. Beiträge zur Kenntnis derselben Hedwigia 59:236–284
Google Scholar
Von Höhnel F (1919) Fragmente zur Mykologie. XXIII Mitteilung, Nr. 1154 bis 1188 Sitzungsb Kaiserlichen Akad Wissens Math-naturw Kl Abt I 128:535–625
Wanasinghe DN, Jones EBG, Camporesi E, Boonmee S, Ariyawansa HA, Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD (2014) An exciting novel member of Lentitheciaceae in Italy from Clematis vitalba. Cryptogam Mycol 35(4):323–337
Article Google Scholar
Wang Y, Geng Y, Ma J, Wang Q, Zhang XG (2011) Sinomyces: a new genus of anamorphic Pleosporaceae. Fungal Biol 115:188–195
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
White T, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications 18:315–322
Google Scholar
Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Camporesi E, Bhat DJ, Song Y, Chukeatirote E, Wang Y, Zhang JH (2014a) Homortomyces tamaricis sp. nov. and convergent evolution of Homortomyces and Stilbospora. Phytotaxa 176(1):156–163
Article Google Scholar
Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Bhat DJ, Camporesi E, Schumacher RK, Chethana KT, Wikee S, Bahkali AH, Wang Y (2014b) Camarosporium-like species are polyphyletic in Pleosporales; introducing Paracamarosporium and Pseudocamarosporium gen. nov. in Montagnulaceae. Cryptogam Mycol 35(2):177–198
Article Google Scholar
Wijayawardene NN, Bhat DJ, Hyde KD, Camporesi E, Chethana KWT, Tangthirasunun N, Wang Y (2014c) Camarosporium sensu stricto in Pleosporinae, Pleosporales with two new species. Phytotaxa 183(1):16–26
Article Google Scholar
Wijayawardene NN, Crous PW, Kirk PM, Hawksworth DL, Boonmee S, Braun U, Chomnunti P, Dai DQ, D’Souza MJ, Diederich P, Dissanayake A, Doilom M, Hongsanan S, Jones EBG, Groenewald JZ, Jayawardena R, Lawrey JD, Liu JK, Lucking R, Madrid H, Manamgoda DS, Muggia L, Nelsen MP, Phookamsak R, Suetrong S, Tanaka K, Thambugala KM, Wikee S, Zhang Y, Aptroot A, Ariyawansa HA, Bahkali AH, Bhat JD, Gueidan C, De Hoog GS, Knudsen K, McKenzie EHC, Miller AN, Mortimer PE, Wanasinghe DN, Phillips AJL, Raja HA, Slippers B, Shivas RS, Taylor JE, Wang Y, Woudenberg JHC, Piatek M, Cai L, Jaklitsch WM, Hyde KD (2014d) Naming and outline of Dothideomycetes–2014 including proposals for the protection or suppression of generic names. Fungal Divers 69:1–55
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Woudenberg JHC, Aveskamp MM, de Gruyter J, Spiers AG, Crous PW (2009) Multiple Didymella teleomorphs are linked to the Phoma clematidina morphotype. Persoonia 22:56–62
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Woudenberg JHC, Groenewald JZ, Binder M, Crous PW (2013) Alternaria redefined. Stud Mycol 75:171–212
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zain ME, Awaad AS, Al-Outhman MR, El-Meligy RM (2012) Antimicrobial activities of Saudi Arabian desert plants. Phytopharmacology 2(1):106–113
Google Scholar
Zervakis G, Dimou D, Balis C (1998) A check-list of the Greek macrofungi including hosts and biogeographic distribution: I. Basidiomycotina Mycotaxon 66:273–336
Google Scholar
Zhang TY (2003) Flora Fungorum Sinicorum, vol 16. Alternaria. Science Press, Beijing 284 pages
Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Schoch CL, Fournier J, Crous PW, de Gruyter J, Woudenberg JHC, Hirayama K, Tanaka K, Pointing SB, Spatafora JW, Hyde KD (2009) Multi-locus phylogeny of Pleosporales: a taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary re-evaluation. Stud Mycol 64:85–102
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Crous PW, Schoch CL, Hyde KD (2012) Pleosporales. Fungal Divers 53:1–221
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhuang WY (ed) (2005) Fungi of northwestern China. Mycotaxon, Ithaca 430 pages
Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the Directors and Curators of BPI and S for making specimens available for examination. The Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand and Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China are acknowledged for financial support and providing postgraduate scholarship support to Kasun M. Thambugala. Kevin D. Hyde thanks the Chinese Academy of Sciences (project number 2013T2S0030) for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany. The authors extend their sincere appreciations to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding this Prolific Research Group (PRG-1436-09). The authors would like to thank the featured microbial resources and diversity investigation in Southwest Karst area (2014FY120100). Kasun M. Thambugala thanks Shaun Pennycook, Dhanushka Udayanga, Hiran A. Ariyawansa and Kazuaki Tanaka for helpful comments and advice on the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
Kasun M. Thambugala & Zuo-Yi Liu
Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
Kasun M. Thambugala, Dinushani A. Daranagama & Kevin D. Hyde
School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
Kasun M. Thambugala, Dinushani A. Daranagama, Prapassorn D. Eungwanichayapant & Kevin D. Hyde
State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 1st West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People’s Republic of China
Dinushani A. Daranagama
Faculty of Sciences, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
Alan J. L. Phillips
Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Rostov Region, Russia
Timur S. Bulgakov
Formerly Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa, India
Darbhe J. Bhat
Curca, No. 128/1–J, Azad Housing Society, Goa Velha, India
Darbhe J. Bhat
A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese“Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy
Erio Camporesi
A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314, Brescia, Italy
Erio Camporesi
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 1145, Saudi Arabia
Ali H. Bahkali

Authors

Kasun M. Thambugala
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Dinushani A. Daranagama
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Alan J. L. Phillips
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Timur S. Bulgakov
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Darbhe J. Bhat
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Erio Camporesi
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Ali H. Bahkali
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Prapassorn D. Eungwanichayapant
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Zuo-Yi Liu
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Kevin D. Hyde
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zuo-Yi Liu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Thambugala, K.M., Daranagama, D.A., Phillips, A.J.L. et al. Microfungi on Tamarix . Fungal Diversity 82, 239–306 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0371-z

Download citation

Received: 23 June 2016
Accepted: 16 July 2016
Published: 18 August 2016
Issue Date: January 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0371-z

Keywords

Use our pre-submission checklist

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Microfungi on Tamarix

Abstract

Similar content being viewed by others

Microfungi associated with Clematis (Ranunculaceae) with an integrated approach to delimiting species boundaries

Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungi associated with the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed)

Loosening the belt: unknown diversity of the strangled stinkhorn genus Staheliomyces (Phallales, Basidiomycota)

Table of Contents

Introduction

Materials and methods

Sample collection, morphological study and isolation

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing

Phylogenetic analyses

Results

Dothideomycetes

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

Sordariomycetes

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

Discussion

References

Acknowledgments

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Corresponding author

Rights and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Keywords

Navigation

Microfungi on Tamarix

Abstract

Similar content being viewed by others

Microfungi associated with Clematis (Ranunculaceae) with an integrated approach to delimiting species boundaries

Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungi associated with the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed)

Loosening the belt: unknown diversity of the strangled stinkhorn genus Staheliomyces (Phallales, Basidiomycota)

Table of Contents

Introduction

Materials and methods

Sample collection, morphological study and isolation

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing

Phylogenetic analyses

Results

Dothideomycetes

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

Sordariomycetes

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

DNA phylogeny

Discussion

References

Acknowledgments

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Corresponding author

Rights and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Share this article

Keywords

Search

Navigation