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Divergence time calibrations for ancient lineages of Ascomycota classification based on a modern review of estimations

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Abstract

Inaccurate taxonomic placement of fossils can lead to the accumulation of errors in molecular clock studies and their generated evolutionary lineages. There are limited fossil data that can be used in divergence time estimations. Therefore, reliable morphological characterization and taxonomical identification of fossil fungi are extremely important. Most fossils of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes are from the early Cenozoic (66–23 Mya), with fewer from the late Mesozoic (174–145 Mya). However, it is hard to distinguish some fossil descriptions as photographs and illustrations are unclear; thus, the validity of using these fossils in calibrations of molecular clocks is problematic. This study brings scattered paleobiological data on selected fossil Ascomycota, using descriptions, fossil images and illustrations, coupled with recent age estimations, and taxonomic and phylogenetic affinity of extant species. As an integrated approach, this study summarizes a historical fossil outline with a reliable minimum age for 16 calibrating points viz. crown of Aigialus, Anzia, Aspergillus, Asterina, Calicium chlorosporum–C. nobile, Capnodiales, Chaenotheca, Colletotrichum, Diaporthales, Meliola, Ophiocordyceps, Microthyriales, Microthyrium, Muyocopron, Pezizomycotina and Stigmatomyces. A scheme of Ascomycota ancient lineages is also provided in order to improve divergence time estimations.

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Acknowledgements

The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 31600032) is acknowledged for funding this research work. Milan C. Samarakoon thanks the Mushroom Research Foundation (MRF), Chiang Mai, Thailand for providing a Postgraduate Scholarship. Kevin D. Hyde would like to thank the Grants entitled “The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate: baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants, Rhododendron species and Dracaena species” (Grant No: DBG6080013) and “Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion” (Grant No: RDG6130001) for supporting this study. This research work was partially supported by Chiang Mai University. Authors thank S. C. Karunarathna, S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura, D. Q. Dai, D. N. Wanasinghe, R. S. Jayawardena, N. G. Liu, A. H. Ekanayaka, D. S. Tennakoon, A. Karunarathna, N. I. de Silva and R. H. Perera for their valuable suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China

    Milan C. Samarakoon & Jian-Kui (Jack) Liu

  2. Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, People’s Republic of China

    Milan C. Samarakoon & Jian-Kui (Jack) Liu

  3. Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand

    Milan C. Samarakoon, Kevin D. Hyde, Xiang-Yu Zeng & Qing Tian

  4. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Milan C. Samarakoon & Itthayakorn Promputtha

  5. Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

    Kevin D. Hyde

  6. Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China

    Sinang Hongsanan

  7. Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand

    Eric H. C. McKenzie

  8. Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC

    Hiran A. Ariyawansa

  9. Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Itthayakorn Promputtha

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  1. Milan C. Samarakoon
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Samarakoon, M.C., Hyde, K.D., Hongsanan, S. et al. Divergence time calibrations for ancient lineages of Ascomycota classification based on a modern review of estimations. Fungal Diversity 96, 285–346 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00423-8

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