Abstract
Since 2007, the quality of Russula descriptions has improved and the use of molecular support for species delimitation and the number of published new species has increased. However, the description style is not consistent and has regional or author-specific patterns. Most recent publications still favour descriptions of spores compared to hymenium and pileipellis elements, and usually only the spore size is provided with statistical support. This study proposes standards for descriptions of the microscopic structure of Russula species (Russulaceae, Agaricomycetes). We present the description template, the template measurements table, the specific terminology and the essential chemical reagents. The proposed standards were tested by mycologists from 11 countries who met at the Russula Microscopy Workshop in Slovakia. Descriptions of 26 species from 9 countries and four continents were prepared, among them R. amarissima, R. castanopsidis, R. seperina and R. subtilis are re-described and 15 species are introduced as new: R. abietiphila, R. amerorecondita, R. aurantioflava, R. echidna, R. flavobrunnescens, R. fluvialis, R. fortunae, R. garyensis, R. gemmata, R. laevis, R. madrensis, R. olivaceohimalayensis, R. purpureogracilis, R. sancti-pauli and R. wielangtae. Seven descriptions for candidate new species are provided without a formal name assignment. Pairwise comparison of species described in this study with available similar descriptions of related species suggests that microscopic characters from all parts of the basidiomata can be equally important for species recognition and they deserve the same treatment including number of measurements and statistics. The majority of recent studies does not recognise differences between the pileus margin and centre, but more than one-third of the species described in this study show distinct differences between the pileus areas, emphasizing the importance to specify the origin of pileipellis observations. This study proved that there is frequently insufficient difference in the ITS barcode between closely related species and that it is necessary to use more genetic markers combined with ecological and geographical data.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adamčík S (2002) Taxonomy of the Russula xerampelina group. Part 2. Taxonomic and nomenclatural study of Russula xerampelina and R. erythropoda. Mycotaxon 82:241–267
Adamčík S, Buyck B (2011a) Type studies in American Russula (Russulales, Basidiomycota): species of subsection Decolorantinae described by HC Beardslee, GS Burlingham and WA Murrill. Cryptogam, Mycol 32(3):323–329. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym.v32.iss3.2011.323
Adamčík S, Buyck B (2011b) The species of Russula subsection Xerampelinae described by C.H. Peck and Miss G.S. Burlingham. Cryptogam Mycol 32(1):63–81. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym.v32.iss1.2012.063
Adamčík S, Buyck B (2014a) Type studies in Russula subsection Nigricantes from the Eastern United States. Cryptogam, Mycol 35(3):293–309
Adamčík S, Buyck B (2014b) Type-studies in American Russula (Russulales, Basidiomycota): in and out subsection Roseinae. Nova Hedwigia 94(3–4):413–428
Adamčík S, Jančovičová S (2013) Type studies in Russula subsection Maculatinae and affiliated taxa: four species as interpreted by Henri Romagnesi. Sydowia 65:201–222
Adamčík S, Marhold K (2000) Taxonomy of the Russula xerampelina group. I. Morphometric study of the Russula xerampelina group in Slovakia. Mycotaxon 76:463–480
Adamčík S, Carteret X, Buyck B (2013) Type studies on some Russula species described by C.H. Peck. Cryptogam, Mycol 34(4):367–391. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym.v34.iss2.2013.367
Adamčík S, Jančovičová S, Buyck B (2015) Type studies in Russula subsection Decolorantes (Russulales, Basidiomycota) in America, part II. Phytotaxa 231(3):245–259. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.3.3
Adamčík S, Caboň M, Eberhardt U, Saba M, Hampe F, Slovák M, Kleine J, Marxmüller H, Jančovičová S, Pfister DH, Khalid AN, Kolařík M, Marhold K, Verbeken A (2016a) A molecular analysis reveals hidden species diversity within the current concept of Russula maculata (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota). Phytotaxa 270(2):71–88. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.2.1
Adamčík S, Slovák M, Eberhardt U, Ronikier A, Jairus T, Hampe F, Verbeken A (2016b) Molecular inference, multivariate morphometrics and ecological assessment are applied in concert to delimit species in the Russula clavipes complex. Mycologia 108:716–730. https://doi.org/10.3852/15-194
Adamčík S, Jančovičová S, Buyck B (2018) The Russulas described by Charles Horton Peck. Cryptogam, Mycol 39(1):3–108. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym/v39.iss1.2018.3
Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Jayasiri SC, Buyck B, Chethana KWT, Dai DQ, Dai ICh, Daranagama DA, Jayawardena RS, Lücking R, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Niskanen T, Thambugala KM, Voigt K, Zhao RL, Li G-J, Doilom M, Boonmee S, Yang ZL, Cai Q, Cui Y-Y, Bahkali AH, Chen J, Cui BK, Chen JJ, Dayarathne MC, Dissanayake AJ, Ekanayaka AH, Hashimoto A, Hongsanan S, Jones EBG, Larsson E, Li WJ, Li Q-I, Liu JK, Luo ZL, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Mapook A, McKenzie EHC, Norphanphoun Ch, Konta S, Pang KL, Perera RH, Phookamsak R, Phukhamsakda Ch, Pinruan U, Randrianjohany E, Singtripop Ch, Tanaka K, Tian ChM, Tibpromma S, Abdel-Wahab MA, Wanasinghe DN, Wijayawardene NN, Zhang JF, Zhang H, Abdel-Aziz FA, Wedin M, Westberg M, Ammirati JF, Bulgakov TS, Lima DX, Callaghan TM, Callac P, Chang Ch-H, Coca LF, Dal-Forno M, Dollhofer V, Fliegerová K, Greiner K, Griffith GW, Ho H-M, Hofstetter V, Jeewon R, Kang JCh, Wen TCh, Kirk PM, Kytövuori I, Lawrey JD, Xing J, Li H, Liu ZY, Liu XZ, Liimatainen K, Lumbsch HT, Matsumura M, Moncada B, Nuankaew S, Parnmen S, de Azevedo Santiago ALCM, Sommai S, Song Y, de Souza CAF, de Souza-Motta CM, Su YH, Suetrong S, Wang Y, Wei SF, Wen TCh, Yuan HS, Zhou LW, Réblová M, Fournier J, Camporesi E, Luangsa-ard JJ, Tasanathai K, Khonsanit A, Thanakitpipattana D, Somrithipol S, Diederich P, Millanes AM, Common RS, Stadler M, Yan JY, Li XH, Lee HW, Nguyen TTT, Lee HB, Battistin E, Marsico O, Vizzini A, Vila J, Ercole E, Eberhardt U, Simonini G, Wen H-A, Chen X-H (2015) Fungal diversity notes 111–252. Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Divers 75:27–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0346-5
Avis PG (2012) Ectomycorrhizal iconoclasts: the ITS rDNA diversity and nitrophilic tendencies of fetid Russula. Mycologia 104(5):998–1007. https://doi.org/10.3852/11-399
Bakker FT (2017) Herbarium genomics: skimming and plastomics from archival specimens. Webbia 72(1):35–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2017.1313383
Bazzicalupo AL, Buyck B, Saar I, Vauras J, Carmean D, Berbee ML (2017) Troubles with mycorrhizal mushroom identification where morphological differentiation lags behind barcode sequence divergence. Taxon 66(4):791–810. https://doi.org/10.12705/664.1
Burlingham GS (1924) Notes on species of Russula. Mycologia 16:16–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1924.12020425
Buyck B (1989) Valeur taxonomique du bleu de crésyl pour le genre Russula. Bull Soc Mycol Fr 105:1–6
Buyck B (1991) The study of microscopic features in Russula 2. Sterile cells of the hymenium. Russulales News 1:62–85
Buyck B (1993) Flore illustrée des champignons d’Afrique Centrale. Fascicule 15. Russula I (Russulaceae). Ministère de l’Agriculture, Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Meise
Buyck B (1994a) Flore illustrée des champignons d’Afrique Centrale. Fascicule 16. Russula II (Russulaceae). Ministère de l’Agriculture, Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Meise
Buyck B (1994b) Ubwoba: les champignons comestibles de l’Ouest du Burundi. Admin Gén Coop Dévelopm Bruxelles
Buyck B (1997) Flore illustrée des champignons d’Afrique Centrale. Fascicule 17. Russula III (Russulaceae). Ministère de l’Agriculture, Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Meise
Buyck B (2005) First record of the rare, northern Russula xantho from near Wildacres, North Carolina. Cryptogam, Mycol 26(4):283–291
Buyck B (2007) An introduction to the study of Russula in the eastern United States. Pagine di Micologia 27:81–86
Buyck B, Adamčík S (2011) Type studies in Russula subgenus Heterophyllidia from the eastern United States. Cryptogam, Mycol 32(2):151–169. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym.v32.iss2.2011.151
Buyck B, Adamčík S (2013a) Type studies in Russula subsection Lactarioideae from North America and a tentative key to North American species. Cryptogam, Mycol 34(3):259–279. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym.v34.iss2.2013.259
Buyck B, Adamčík S (2013b) The Russula xerampelina complex (Russulales, Agaricomycotina) in North America. Scr Bot Belg 51:121–135
Buyck B, Zoller S, Hofstetter V (2018) Walking the thin line… ten years later: the dilemma of above- versus below-ground features to support phylogenies in the Russulaceae (Basidiomycota). Fungal Divers. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0397-5
Caboň M, Eberhardt U, Looney B, Hampe F, Kolařík M, Jančovičová S, Verbeken A, Adamčík S (2017) New insights in Russula subsect. Rubrinae: phylogeny and the quest for synapomorphic characters. Mycol Prog 16:877–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-017-1322-0
Caboň M, Li G-J, Saba M, Kolařík M, Jančovičová S, Khalid AN, Moreau P-A, Wen H-A, Pfister DH, Adamčík S (2019) Phylogenetic study documents different speciation mechanisms within the Russula globispora lineage in boreal and arctic environments of the Northern Hemisphere. IMA Fungus. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-019-0003-9
Corrales A, Arnold AE, Ferrer A, Turner BL, Dalling JW (2016) Variation in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Oreomunnea mexicana (Juglandaceae) in a Neotropical montane forest. Mycorrhiza 26:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-015-0641-8
Corrales A, Henkel TW, Smith ME (2018) Ectomycorrhizal associations in the tropics—biogeography, diversity patterns and ecosystem roles. New Phytol 220(4):1076–1091. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15151
De Crop E, Nuytinck J, Van de Putte K, Wisitrassameewong K, Hackel J, Stubbe D, Hyde KD, Roy M, Halling RE, Moreau PA, Eberhardt U, Verbeken A (2017) A multi-gene phylogeny of Lactifluus (Basidiomycota, Russulales) translated into a new infrageneric classification of the genus. Persoonia 38:58–80. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158517X693255
Fatto RM (1998) Notes on four little red Russulas. Mycotaxon 68:193–204
Fraiture A (ed) (2013) Russulales 2010, Proceedings of the congress held in Massembre (Belgium) 7–12 September 2010. National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Meise
Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes—application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol 2:113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x
Geml J, Timling I, Robinson CH, Lennon N, Nusbaum HC et al (2012) An arctic community of symbiotic fungi assembled by long-distance dispersers: phylogenetic diversity of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes in Svalbard based on soil and sporocarp DNA. J Biogeogr 39:74–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02588.x
Ghosh A, Das K (2017) Russula (Russulaceae) in western Himalaya 1: two new species from subg. Russula. Phytotaxa 323(3):237–252. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.323.3.3
Ghosh A, Das K, Adhikari S, Bhatt RP (2016) A novel species of Russula (Russulaceae) from Indian Himalaya. Mycosphere 7(6):771–785. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/7/6/8
Gómez M, Monedero C (2011) Una nueva especie para la ciencia: Russula ombrophila. Errotari 8:14–17
Gouy M, Guindon S, Gascuel O (2010) SeaView version 4: a multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building. Mol Biol Evol 27:221–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msp259
Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanic Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium, Adelaide
Hall T (2013) BioEdit. Biological sequence alignment editor for Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP/7, version 7.2.5. http://www.mbio. ncsu.edu/bioedit/bioedit.html. Accessed 20 Feb 2014
Heilmann-Clausen J, Verbeken A, Vesterholt J (1998) The genus Lactarius. Fungi of northern Europe. Stive Offset, Oddense
Hofstetter V, Buyck B, Eyssartier G, Schnee S, Gindro K (2019) The unbearable lightness of sequenced-based identification. Fungal Divers 96(1):243–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00428-3
Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol 30:772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A, Stones-Havas S, Cheung M, Sturrock S, Buxton S, Cooper A, Markowitz S, Duran C, Thierer T, Ashton B, Meintjes P, Drummond A (2012) Geneious basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28:1647–1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199
Kibby G, Fatto R (1990) Keys to the species of Russula in Northeastern North America, 3rd edn. Kibby-Fatto Enterprises, Somerville, p 61
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (eds) (2008) Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th edn. CAB International, Wallingford
Kleine CHS, McClean T, Miller SL (2013) Genetic divergence among disjunct populations of three Russula spp. from Africa and Madagascar. Mycologia 105(1):80–89. https://doi.org/10.3852/11-067
Lanfear R, Calcott B, Ho SY, Guindon S (2012) PartitionFinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Mol Biol Evol 29:1695–1701. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss020
Larsson A (2014) AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets. Bioinformatics 30:3276–3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
Lebel T, Tonkin JE (2007) Australasian species of Macowanites are sequestrate species of Russula (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota). Aust Syst Bot 20:355–381. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB07007
Li GJ, Hyde KD, Zhao RL, Hongsanan S, Abdel-Aziz FA, Abdel-Wahab MA, Alvarado P, Alves-Silva G, Ammirati JF, Ariyawansa HA, Baghela A, Bahkali AH, Beug M, Bhat DJ, Bojantchev D, Boonpratuang T, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E, Boro MC, Ceska O, Chakraborty D, Chen JJ, Chethana KWT, Chomnunti P, Consiglio G, Cui BK, Dai DQ, Dai YC, Daranagama DA, Das K, Dayarathne MC, De Crop E, De Oliveira RJV, de Souza CAF, de Souza JI, Dentinger BTM, Dissanayake AJ, Doilom M, Drechsler-Santos ER, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Gilmore SP, Góes-Neto A, Gorczak M, Haitjema CH, Hapuarachchi KK, Hashimoto A, He MQ, Henske JK, Hirayama K, Iribarren MJ, Jayasiri SC, Jayawardena RS, Jeon SJ, Jerônimo GH, Jesus AL, Jones EBG, Kang JC, Karunarathna SC, Kirk PM, Konta S, Kuhnert E, Langer E, Lee HS, Lee HB, Li WJ, Li XH, Liimatainen K, Lima DX, Lin CG, Liu JK, Liu XZ, Liu ZY, Luangsa-ard JJ, Lücking R, Lumbsch HT, Lumyong S, Leaño EM, Marano AV, Matsumura M, McKenzie EHC, Mongkolsamrit S, Mortimer PE, Nguyen TTT, Niskanen T, Norphanphoun C, O’Malley MA, Parnmen S, Pawłowska J, Perera RH, Phookamsak R, Phukhamsakda C, Pires-Zottarelli CLA, Raspé O, Reck MA, Rocha SCO, de Santiago ALCMA, Senanayake IC, Setti L, Shang QJ, Singh SK, Sir EB, Solomon KV, Song J, Srikitikulchai P, Stadler M, Suetrong S, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka K, Tang LP, Thambugala KM, Thanakitpipattana D, Theodorou MK, Thongbai B, Thummarukcharoen T, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Vlasák J, Voigt K, Wanasinghe DN, Wang Y, Weerakoon G, Wen HA, Wen TC, Wijayawardene NN, Wongkanoun S, Wrzosek M, Xiao YP, Xu JC, Yan JY, Yang J, Da Yang S, Hu Y, Zhang JF, Zhao J, Zhou LW, Peršoh D, Phillips AJL, Maharachchikumbura SSN (2016) Fungal diversity notes 253–366: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Divers 78:1–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0366-9
Li G-J, Zhang CL, Zhao RL, Lin FC (2018) Two new species of Russula from Northeast China. Mycosphere 9(3):431–443. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/9/3/1
Looney BP (2015) Molecular annotation of type specimens of Russula species described by W.A. Murrill from the southeast United States. Mycotaxon 129(2):255–268. https://doi.org/10.5248/129.255
Looney BP, Ryberg M, Hampe F, Sánchez-García M, Matheny PB (2016) Into and out of the tropics: global diversification patterns in a hyperdiverse clade of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mol Ecol 25:630–647. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13506
Looney BP, Meidl P, Piatek MJ, Miettinen O, Martin FM, Matheny PB, Labbé JL (2018) Russulaceae: a new genomic dataset to study ecosystem function and evolutionary diversification of ectomycorrhizal fungi with their tree associates. New Phytol 218(1):54–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15001
Matheny PB (2005) Improving phylogenetic inference of mushrooms with RPB1 and RPB2 nucleotide sequences (Inocybe; Agaricales). Mol Phylogenet Evol 35:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.014
Melera S, Ostellari C, Roemer N, Avis PG, Tonolla M, Barja F, Narduzzi-Wicht B (2016) Analysis of morphological, ecological and molecular characters of Russula pectinatoides Peck and Russula praetervisa Sarnari, with a description of the new taxon Russula recondita Melera & Ostellari. Mycol Prog 16:117–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-016-1256-y
Melzer V, Zvára J (1927) České holubinky (Russulae Bohemiae). Arch Přírod Výzk Čech 17:1–126
Morgado LN, Semenova TA, Welker JM, Walker MD, Smets E, Geml J (2015) Summer temperature increase has distinct effects on the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of moist tussock and dry tundra in Arctic Alaska. Glob Change Biol 21(2):959–972. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12716
Nilsson RH, Anslan S, Bahram M, Wurzbacher C, Baldrian P, Tedersoo L (2018) Mycobiome diversity: high-throughput sequencing and identification of fungi. Nat Rev Microbiol 17(2):95–109. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0116-y
Riviere T, Diedhiou AG, Diabate M, Senthilarasu G, Natarajan K, Vebeken A, Buyck B, Dreyfus B, Bena G, Ba AM (2007) Genetic diversity of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycetes from African and Indian tropical rain forests. Mycorrhiza 17:415–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-007-0117-6
Romagnesi H (1967) Les Russules d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. Bordas, Paris
Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol 61:539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
RStudio Team (2016) RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA http://www.rstudio.com/
Ryberg M (2015) Molecular operational taxonomic units as approximations of species in the light of evolutionary models and empirical data from Fungi. Mol Ecol 24:5770–5777. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13444
Sanon E, Guissou KML, Yorou NS, Buyck B (2014) Le genre Russula au Burkina Faso (Afrique de l’Ouest):quelques espèces nouvelles de couleur brunâtre. Cryptogam, Mycol 35(4):377–397. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym.v35.iss4.2014.377
Sarnari M (1998) Monografia illustrata del genere Russula in Europa, vol 1. A.M.B. Fondazione centro studi micologici, Vicenza, p 799
Sarnari M (2005) Monografia illustrata del genere Russula in Europa, vol 2. Associazione Micologica Bresadola, Trento
Silvestro D, Michalak I (2012) raxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. Org Divers Evol 12:335–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0056-0
Song Y, Buyck B, Li J, Yuan F, Zhang Z, Qiu L (2018) Two novel and a forgotten Russula species in sect. Ingratae (Russulales) from Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in southern China. Cryptogam, Mycol 39(3):341–357. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym/v39.iss3.2018.341
Tassi G (2003) Étude de quelques récoltes intéressantes de Russules. Bull Soc Mycol Fr 119(3–4):195–215
Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Polme S, Koljalg U, Yorou NS, Wijesundera R, Villarreal Ruiz L, Vasco-Palacios AM, Thu PQ, Suija A, Smith ME, Sharp C, Saluveer E, Saitta A, Rosas M, Riit T, Ratkowsky D, Pritsch K, Poldmaa K, Piepenbring K, Phosri C, Peterson M, Parts K, Partel K, Otsing E, Nouhra E, Njouonkou AL, Nilsson RH, Morgado LN, Mayor J, May TW, Majuakim L, Lodge DJ, Lee SS, Larsson KH, Kohout P, Hosaka K, Hiiesalu I, Henkel TW, Harend H, Guo LD, Greslebin A, Grelet G, Geml J, Gates G, Dunstan W, Dunk C, Drenkhan R, Dearnaley J, De Kesel A, Dang T, Chen X, Buegger F, Brearley FQ, Bonito G, Anslan S, Abell S, Abarenkov K (2014) Fungal biogeography. Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science 346(6213):1256688. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256688
Trierveiler-Pereira L, Smith ME, Trappe JM, Nouhra ER (2015) Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota). Mycologia 107(1):90–103. https://doi.org/10.3852/13-302
Vellinga EC (1988) Glossary. In: Bas C, Kuyper TW, Noordeloos ME, Vellinga EC (eds) Flora Agaricina Neerlandica, vol 1. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 54–69
Wang X-H, Yang Z-L, Li Y-Ch, Knudsen H, Liu P-G (2009) Russula griseocarnosa sp. nov. (Russulaceae, Russulales), a commercially important edible mushroom in tropical China: mycorrhiza, phylogenetic position, and taxonomy. Nova Hedwiga 88(1–2):262–282. https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0088-0269
Warnes GR, Bolker B, Bonebakker B, Gentleman R, Huber W, Liaw A, Lumley A, Maechler, M, Magnuson A, Moeller S, Schwartz M, Venables B (2009). gplots: Various R programming tools for plotting data. R package version, 2009
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor JW (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York, pp 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Acknowledgements
The Russula Microscopy Workshop in Slovakia was hosted by the Plant Science and Biodiversity Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences; the staff of the branch in Banská Bystrica, particularly Katarína Skokanová, is acknowledged for help with the organisation. The workshop and sequencing expenses of the Slovak team (S. Adamčík, K. Adamčíková, M. Caboň and S. Jančovičová) were funded by Slovak Grant APVV 15-0210. The curator of the herbarium of New York Botanical Garden is acknowledged for the loan of the type specimen of R. subtilis. Funding for A. Corrales was provided by the Robert L. Gilbertson Mycological Herbarium Grant (University of Arizona) and the Ewel Postdoctoral Fellowship (University of Florida), we also thank James Dalling for his help during the development of the project at Fortuna. Dr. Junaid Khan is acknowledged for providing additional field collections of R. aurantioflava. Munazza Kiran and Malka Saba acknowledge financial support from the Higher Education Commission (HEC)-Pakistan under the International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP). They also thanks Prof. Donald H. Pfister for providing them with molecular research facilities at the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, MA, USA and Abdullah Jan and Hira Wahab (University of Peshawar, Pakistan) for the preparation of SEM images. Komsit Wisitrassameewong, Hyun Lee and Young Woon Lim were supported by the project on the survey and excavation of Korean indigenous species of the National Institute of Biological Resources (grant number NIBR201902113)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Adamčík, S., Looney, B., Caboň, M. et al. The quest for a globally comprehensible Russula language. Fungal Diversity 99, 369–449 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00437-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00437-2