Abstract
Fungi have evolved diverse strategies to acquire nutrients as endophytes, saprobes, symbionts, or pathogens. Appressoria have been intensively studied due to their importance in attaching and breaching the host surface. These specialized infection structures have evolved into various morpho-types: proto-appressoria, hyaline appressoria, melanized (dark) appressoria, and compound appressoria. In this review, we discuss the differences in the formation, differentiation, and function of appressoria among fungi with diverse life strategies. Using DNA sequence information, LSU, 5.8S, SSU and rpb2 gene fragments, we reconstructed the ancestral states for appressorial types in the main phyla of fungi and fungus-like organisms and found that the hyaline appressoria was the most ancestral form. Our analysis estimated proto-appressoria diversification during the Mesozoic period (92–239 million years ago), however, its origin remains inconclusive. Our data suggest that these hyaline appressoria diversified into melanized or compound appressoria, with evidence of adaptive radiation.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Thailand Research Fund entitled “Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Sub region” (Grant Number RDG6130001). Kevin D Hyde thanks Chiang Mai University for the award of Visiting Professor. Ruvishika S. Jayawardena thanks National Research Council of Thailand, grant for new researcher NRCT5-TRG630010-01, entitled “Biodiversity, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of Colletotrichum in northern Thailand”. Saowaluck Tibpromma would like to thank the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program (Grant Number Y9180822S1), CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (Grant Number 2020PC0009), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation and the Yunnan Human Resources, and Social Security Department Foundation for funding her postdoctoral research. Pranami D. Abeywickrama would like to thank Associate Professor Dr. Mathias Choquer (Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, Villeurbanne, France) and Associate Professor Dr. Gleiber Quintão Furtado (Departamento de Fitopatologia,Universidade Federal de Vicßosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil) for their kind permission to reprint the figures from Choquer et al. (2021) and Caires et al. (2015).
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Chethana, K.W.T., Jayawardena, R.S., Chen, YJ. et al. Appressorial interactions with host and their evolution. Fungal Diversity 110, 75–107 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00487-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00487-5