Abstract
Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems as endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. The current estimate of fungal diversity is highly uncertain, ranging from 1.5 to 12 million, but only around 150,000 species have been named and classified to date. Since the introduction of DNA based methods for species identification, the number of newly described taxa has increased from approximately 1000 to around 2000 yearly. This demonstrates the importance of DNA based methods to identify and distinguish species, especially cryptic species. Many novel species from recent studies have been found in historically understudied regions and habitats, but these still represent only a small percentage of the estimated species. In this paper, we examine 16 genera from the top 40 most speciose genera as listed in Species Fungorum as case studies to examine the diversity of taxa in each genus. The genera treated herein are Cercospora, Diaporthe, Meliola, Passalora, Phyllachora, Phyllosticta, Pseudocercospora, Ramularia (ascomycetes) and Cortinarius, Entoloma, Inocybe, Marasmius, Psathyrella, Puccinia, Russula, Uromyces (basidiomycetes). We critically evaluate the number of species in these genera and correlate these numbers with the number of entries in GenBank. We introduce 18 new species Apiospora multiloculata, Candolleomyces thailandensis, Cortinarius acutoproximus, Cortinarius melleoalbus, Cortinarius pacificus, Cortinarius parvoacetosus, Diaporthe guizhouensis, Entoloma pseudosubcorvinum, Inocybe meirensongia, Marasmius albulus, Marasmius obscuroaurantiacus, Meliola camporesii, Phyllachora siamensis, Phyllosticta doitungensis, Picipes yuxiensis, Pseudocercospora vignae, Puccinia maureanui and Russula inornata. We also introduce a new record of Candolleomyces cladii-marisci and Inocybe iringolkavensis. We discuss the genera Colletotrichum and Pleurotus that are speciose, but do not occur in the top 40. We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss why these genera have some of the largest number of species.
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Acknowledgements
Chitrabhanu Bhunjun would like to thank Dr. Paul Kirk, the International Plant Names Index and Dr. Shaun Pennycook from Manaaki Whenua, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Chitrabhanu Bhunjun would like to thank Martin van de Bult, Narong Apichai and the Doi Tung Development Project, Chiang Rai, Thailand. Chitrabhanu Bhunjun would also like to thank Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand. Kevin D. Hyde thanks Chiang Mai University for the award of visiting Professor. Chayanard Phukhamsakda (Postdoctoral number 271007) would like to thank Jilin Agricultural University, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) for granting a Youth Science Fund Project (number 32100007). Ruvishika S. Jayawardena would like to thank the National Research Council of Thailand, Grant for new researcher NRCT5-TRG630010-01, entitled “Biodiversity, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of Colletotrichum in northern Thailand”. Dr Yuguang Fan would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31860009 & 31400024), Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2019RC230), the Innovative Research Projects for Graduate Students in Hainan Medical University, Hainan China (HYYS2020-42). Dr Nakarin Suwannarach thanks Chiang Mai University. Nopparat Wannathes thanks the Science Center and Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University for providing instruments. The field collection in Khao Yai National Park is under permit number 0907.4/13702. Prof. Bart Buyck thanks the National Geographic Society Exploration program for funding the field trip to Madagascar through grant number 7921-05; personnel of the Microbiology unit (LME) of the “Centre National de Recherche sur l’Environnement” (CNRE) at Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo, as well as Valerie Hofstetter (Agroscope, Suisse) are thanked for logistical support and field assistance. Dr. Tuula Niskanen and Kare Liimatainen thank Andrus and MariaVoitk and Michael Burzynski for their hospitality and making it possible to conduct fieldwork in Canada. Foray Newfoundland and Labrador and GrosMorne National Park are also greatly acknowledged. The work is supported in part by the D. E. Stuntz Memorial Foundation.
Funding
This research was funded by the Thailand Research Fund, grant RDG6130001, titled “Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion”.
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Bhunjun, C.S., Niskanen, T., Suwannarach, N. et al. The numbers of fungi: are the most speciose genera truly diverse?. Fungal Diversity 114, 387–462 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-022-00501-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-022-00501-4