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Pressure and Skin: A Review of Disease Entities Driven or Influenced by Mechanical Pressure

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Abstract

Skin perceives and reacts to external mechanical forces to create resistance against the external environment. Excessive or inappropriate stimuli of pressure may lead to cellular alterations of the skin and the development of both benign and malignant skin disorders. We conducted a comprehensive literature review to delve into the pressure-induced and aggravated skin disorders and their underlying pressure-related mechanisms. Dysregulated mechanical responses of the skin give rise to local inflammation, ischemia, necrosis, proliferation, hyperkeratosis, impaired regeneration, atrophy, or other injurious reactions, resulting in various disease entities. The use of personal devices, activities, occupations, weight bearing, and even unintentional object contact and postures are potential scenarios that account for the development of pressure-related skin disorders. The spectrum of these skin disorders may involve the epidermis (keratinocytes and melanocytes), hair follicles, eccrine glands, nail apparatuses, dermis (fibroblasts, mast cells, and vasculature), subcutis, and fascia. Clarifying the clinical context of each patient and recognizing how pressure at the cellular and tissue levels leads to skin lesions can enhance our comprehension of pressure-related skin disorders to attain better management.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan

    Wei-Chen Chien

  2. Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan

    Tsen-Fang Tsai

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Tsen-Fang Tsai has conducted clinical trials or received honoraria for serving as a consultant for AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis International AG, Pfizer, Inc, and UCB Pharma. Wei-Chen Chien has no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

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Chien, WC., Tsai, TF. Pressure and Skin: A Review of Disease Entities Driven or Influenced by Mechanical Pressure. Am J Clin Dermatol 25, 261–280 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-023-00833-0

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