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Soybean target spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola: a resurgent disease in the Americas

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Abstract

Soybean target spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, has historically been considered a minor disease for soybean crops since it was first reported in the USA, Brazil, and Argentina. However, changes in the agricultural practices, such as cultivar selection, crop succession, and the intensive use of fungicides of the same mode of action have favored inoculum survival and build-up. A resurgence of target spot has been reported in the main soybean-growing areas of the Americas where yield losses between 10 and 42% have been reported. The high frequency and severity of recent target spot epidemics have challenged farmers and ag-allied professionals for management practices to compensate for the resurgence of the disease. Even though resistance to the fungus within experimental soybean germplasm was documented during the late 1950s and early 1960s by soybean breeders, susceptible cultivars are dominant in the marketplace, and, as a result, soybean farmers have come to heavily rely on the use of foliar fungicides to minimize the potential economic losses associated with the disease. The limited number of studies assessing soybean yield losses caused by target spot or absence of environmental-based forecasting systems for this disease leave soybean farmers with difficult decisions regarding fungicide application. The high genetic diversity provides the pathogen, Corynespora cassiicola, an enhanced ability to adapt to different environments and infect a considerably broad range of plants. C. cassiicola is a multifaceted pathogen that can establish necrotrophic interactions with soybean by extracting nutrients from leaves, stems, pods, and seed, and to a much lesser extent roots, or even surviving in an endophytic relationship with soybean depending on environmental conditions. The current review is focused on the history of target spot in the Americas, fungal life cycle and disease symptoms, host range, the impact on soybean yield, and specific disease management measures. Research insights focusing on integrated disease management are proposed to improve target spot management in the future.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) of Brazil for providing a scholarship to J.P.E.M.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Estación Experimental Balcarce, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina

    J. P. Edwards Molina

  2. Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077, Germany

    B. L. Navarro

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Entomology, Molecular Biology, and Plant Pathology, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA

    T. W. Allen

  4. Embrapa Soja, Londrina, PR, 86001-970, Brazil

    C. V. Godoy

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  1. J. P. Edwards Molina
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JPEM and BLN drafted the manuscript. TWA and CVG reviewed the manuscript.

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Edwards Molina, J.P., Navarro, B.L., Allen, T.W. et al. Soybean target spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola: a resurgent disease in the Americas. Trop. plant pathol. 47, 315–331 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-022-00495-z

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