The Floristical, Ecological, and Syntaxonomical Characteristics of Salt Marshes and Salt Steppes in Turkey

Tug, Gul Nilhan; Yaprak, Ahmet Emre; Vural, Mecit

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04417-6_26

Gul Nilhan Tug⁷,
Ahmet Emre Yaprak⁷ &
Mecit Vural⁸

Part of the book series: Tasks for Vegetation Science ((TAVS,volume 49))

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2 Citations

Abstract

Even though saline land is thought to be poor for plant biodiversity, a total of 640 taxa from 56 families has been recorded (70 of which are endemic to Turkey) in salt marshes and salt steppes in Turkey. After reviewing phytosociological studies on salt marshes and salt steppes, there were 47 instances recorded from salt marshes and six instances recorded from salt steppes. The smaller number of cases from salt steppes is most likely the result of a lack of phytosociological studies on many inland salt steppes. These areas are under threat from, amongst others, overgrazing, exploitation of agricultural areas, construction of tourism complexes, and harvesting of plants for different purposes. Therefore, in certain areas, measures should be put in place to protect these areas with their valuable biodiversity, and flora communities should be re-evaluated in light of new scientific knowledge. Hereby the authors summarized current knowledge about halophytic plant species and phytosociological units in both coastal and inland halophytic areas of Turkey.

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Authors and Affiliations

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Gul Nilhan Tug & Ahmet Emre Yaprak
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
Mecit Vural

Authors

Gul Nilhan Tug
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Ahmet Emre Yaprak
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Mecit Vural
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Correspondence to Ahmet Emre Yaprak .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization (ISHU), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Bilquees Gul
UNESCO Bangkok Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education, Bangkok, Thailand
Benno Böer
Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization (ISHU), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
M. Ajmal Khan
UNESCO Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, Paris cedex 15, France
Miguel Clüsener-Godt
Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization (ISHU), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Abdul Hameed

Appendix

List of the taxa found in saline areas of Turkey

Family	Species name	Habitat type	Halophyte or not	Region	Endemism
Amaryllidaceae	Allium ampeloprasum	M	A	Med/CA/BS
	Allium atroviolaceum		A	CA/EA/Med
	Allium callidictyon	S	A	CA/EA
	Allium cappadocicum		H	CA	X
	Allium hirtovaginatum	S	A	CA/Med
	Allium macrochaetum subsp. macrochaetum	S/M	H	CA/EA
	Allium pseudoflavum	S	H	CA/EA
	Allium scabriflorum	S	H	CA	X
	Allium sieheanum	M	H	CA	X
	Narcissus serotinus	CM	A	Med
Apiaceae	Ammi majus	CM	A	Med
	Bifora radians		A	All
	Bupleurum croceum	S	A	EA/CA/Med
	Bupleurum heldreichii	S	H	CA/Med	X
	Bupleurum lancifolium	M	A	Med
	Bupleurum orientale	M/CM	H	Med
	Daucus carota	S/CM	A	All
	Caucalis platycarpos		A	All
	Echinophora orientalis	S	H	EA
	Eryngium campestre var. virens	S/CM	A	All
	Eryngium creticum	CM	A	Med/BS
	Eryngium maritimum	CM	A	Med/BS
	Falcaria falcarioides	M	H	EA/CA/Med
	Ferula caspica	S	H	CA/EA
	Ferula halophila	S	H	CA	X
	Scandix pecten-veneris	S	A	All
	Torilis arvensis subsp. neglecta	M/CM	A	All
	Torilis nodosa	CM	A	Med/BS
	Turgenia latifolia		A	All
Apocyanaceae	Apocynum venetum subsp. sarmatiense	CM	H	Med
	Cionura erecta	M/CM	A	All
Araceae	Arum dioscoridis var. dioscoridis	CM	A	Med
Asclepiadaceae	Cynanchum acutum subsp. acutum		H	All
	Cynanchum acutum subsp. sibiricum		H	EA
Asparagaceae	Asparagus lycaonicus	M	H	CA
	Asparagus persicus	S	H	EA
	Muscari longipes	S	A	CA/EA
	Ornithogalum narbonense	S	A	All
Asteraceae	Achillea arabica	S	A	All
	Achillea oligocephala	S	A	EA
	Achillea schischkinii	S	A	EA	X
	Achillea sieheana	S	H	CA	X
	Achillea santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii	S	H	CA/EA
	Ambrosia maritima	CM	H	Med/CA
	Anthemis cotula	CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Anthemis fumariifolia	S	H	CA	X
	Artemisia campestris var. campestris		A	Med/CA/EA
	Artemisia santonicum subsp. santonicum	M/S	H	All
	Artemisia scoparia	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Artemisia spicigera	S	H	CA/BS/EA
	Artemisia taurica	S	H	Med/CA/EA
	Aster subulatus	M/CM	A	Med/BS
	Asteriscus aquaticus	CM	H	Med
	Bellis annua	CM	H	Med/BS
	Cardopatium corybosum	CM	A	Med/CA/BS
	Carduus nutans	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. albidus	CM/M	A	Med/ CA/BS/EA
	Carthamus lanatus	CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Carthamus tenuis subsp. tenuis	CM	A	Med
	Centaurea balsamita	S	A	Med/ CA/EA
	Centaurea calcitrapa subsp. calcitrapa	CM/M	H	Med
	Centaurea drabifolia subsp. floccosa		A	CA	X
	Centaurea halophila	S	H	CA	X
	Centaurea hieropolitana		H	Med	X
	Centaurea kilaea		H	BS
	Centaurea patula		A	CA/EA
	Centaurea pamphylica		H	Med
	Centaurea spinosa var. spinosa		H	Med/BS
	Centaurea solstitialis subsp. solstitialis	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Centaurea tuzgölüensis	S	H	CA	X
	Centaurea virgata	S/M	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Chlamydophora tridentata	M/CM	H	Med
	Chondrilla juncea		A	All
	Cichorium intybus	CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Cichorium glandulosum	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Cichorium spinosum	CM	A	Med
	Cirsium alatum	S	H	CA/EA
	Cnicus benedictus	M	A	All
	Conyza canadensis	S	H	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Cota austriaca	S	A	All
	Cota halophila	CM	A	Med	X
	Cousinia birandiana	S	H	CA	X
	Cousinia iconica	S	A	CA
	Crepis commutata	M	A	Med
	Crepis foetida subsp. foetida	M/CM	A	Med/CA/BS
	Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Crepis sancta	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Crepis vesicaria subsp. vesicaria	M/CM	H	Med/BS
	Cyanus depressus	S	A	All
	Cyanus triumfettii subsp. triumfettii		A	All
	Filago arvensis	S	A	All
	Filago pyramidata	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Glebionis coronaria	CM	A	Med
	Hedypnois rhadioloides subsp. cretica	CM	A	Med/BS/EA
	Inula aucherana	M	H	Med/CA/EA
	Inula crithmoides	M/CM	H	Med
	Inula tuzgoluensis	S	H	CA	X
	Inula aucheriana	S	H	Med/CA/EA
	Inula viscosa	CM	H	Med/BS
	Lachnophyllum noeanum	M	A	Med/EA
	Lactuca sativa	S	A	Med/EA
	Leontodon cripus subsp. asper var. asper	S	H	Med/CA/EA
	Leontodon oxylepis var. oxylepis	S	H	Med/CA
	Koelpinia linearis	S	H	Med/CA/EA
	Micropus supinus	M	A	Med/EA
	Oligochaeta divaricata	S	H	EA
	Onopordum anatolicum	S	H	Med/CA	X
	Onopordum davisii	S	H	CA	X
	Onopordum turcicum		A	CA
	Phagnalon graecum	CM	A	Med
	Scorzonera cana subsp. cana	CM	A	Med/EA/CA
	Scorzonera cana var. jacquinana	CM	A	Med/CA/EA
	Scorzonera hieraciifolia	M	H	CA	X
	Scorzonera laciniata subsp. laciniata	S/M	H	Med/CA/EA
	Scorzonera parviflora	M	H	CA/EA
	Scorzonera tuzgoluensis	M	H	CA	X
	Senecio leucanthemifolius subsp. vernalis	S	A	All
	Senecio salsuginea	S	H	CA	X
	Senecio vernalis	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Senecio vulgaris		A	Med/CA/BS
	Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Sonchus bulbosa subsp. microcephala	S	H	Med
	Sonchus oleraceus	M	H	Med/CA/BS
	Tanacetum armenum	S	A	Med/CA/BS
	Taraxacum bessarabicum	S	H	All
	Taraxacum buttleri	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Taraxacum farinosum	M	H	CA	X
	Taraxacum mirabile	S	H	CA	X
	Taraxacum scaturiginosum	M	A	EA
	Taraxacum serotinum	S	A	Med/CA
	Taraxacum sintenisii	S	A	EA
	Taraxacum tuzgoluensis subsp. eskilense	S	H	CA	X
	Taraxacum tuzgoluensis subsp. tuzgoluensis	S	H	CA	X
	Tragopogon coloratus		A	CA/BS/EA
	Tragopogon porrifolius subsp. longirostris	CM	A	Med/CA/EA
	Tripleurospermum callosum	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA	X
	Tripleurospermum parviflorum	S	H	CA
	Tripolium pannonicum subsp. tripolium	M	H	Med/BS
	Urospermum picroides	CM	A	Med/BS/EA
	Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum	CM	H	Med
	Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum		H	CA
	Xanthium strumarium subsp. strumarium		H	Med/CA/BS/EA
Boraginaceae	Buglossoides arvensis subsp. sibthorpiana	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Caccinia macranthera var. macrantera	S	H	Med/EA
	Cynoglossum creticum		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Echium angustifolium		A	Med/CA/BS
	Heliotropium dolosum		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Heliotropium europaeum		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Lappula patula		A	CA/EA
	Moltkia coerulea	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Myosotis alpestris subsp. alpestris	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Onosma halophyla	M	H	CA	X
	Rochelia disperma var. disperma		A	Med/CA/EA
Brassicaceae	Alyssum blepharocarpum	S	H	CA	X
	Alyssum desertorum	S	A	All
	Alyssum linifolium var. linifolium	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Alyssum pateri		A	Med/CA/EA
	Boreava orientalis		A	Med/CA/ES
	Brassica elongata		A	CA/EA
	Cakile maritima	M/CM	H	Med/ BS
	Camelina rumelica		A	Med/CA/EA
	Capsella bursa-patoris	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Descurainia sophia subsp. sophia	S	A	All
	Draba verna	S	A	All
	Erysium crassipes		A	Med/CA/EA
	Erysimum huber-morathii	S	H	CA
	Erysimum sisymbrioides	S	H	CA
	Hornungia procumbens	S	H	Med/CA/EA
	Iberis halophila	S	H	CA	X
	Isatis kotschyana	S	A	EA
	Lepidium cartilagineum subsp. caespitosum	M/S	H	CA/EA
	Lepidium cartilagineum subsp. crassifolium	S	H	CA/EA
	Lepidium draba	S/CM	A	Med/CA/EA
	Lepidium perfoliatum	S	H	Med/CA/EA
	Lepidium vesicarium	S	A	EA
	Neslia paniculata subsp. thracica	S	A	EA
	Sinapis arvensis		A	Med/CA/EA
	Sisymbrium altissimum	S	A	Med/CA
	Sisymbrium loeselii	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Sisymbrium officinale	S	A	Med/BS/EA
	Strigosella africana		A	Med/CA/EA
Campanulaceae	Campanula conferta	S	A	EA
	Legousia speculum-veneris	CM	A	Med/CA/BS
Caprifoliaceae	Cephalaria aristata	CM	A	Med/CA/EA
	Valerianella vesicaria	S	A	Med/CA/EA
Caryophyllaceae	Allochrusa versicolor	S	H	EA
	Arenaria serpyllifolia	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Cerastium dubium		A	All
	Gypsophila antari	S	A	EA
	Gypsophila oblanceolata	M	H	CA	X
	Gypsophila perfoliata var. perfoliata	S	H	Med/CA
	Herniaria glabra	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Holosteum umbellatum var. umbellatum	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Minuartia erythrosepala	C	A	CA
	Minuartia picta	M	A	Med/EA
	Minuartia sclerantha	S	A	CA
	Minuartia urumiensis	S	H	CA
	Sagina maritima	M	H	Med
	Saponaria halophila	S	H	CA	X
	Saponaria karapinarensis	S	A	CA	X
	Silene colorata subsp. colorata	CM	A	Med
	Silene salsuginea	M	H	CA	X
	Silene supina subsp. pruinosa		A	Med/CA/EA
	Spergularia bocconei	M/S/CM	A	Med/EA
	Spergularia diandra	S	H	Med/EA
	Spergularia marina	M/CM	H	Med/BS
	Spergularia media	M/S/CM	H	Med/CA
	Spergularia rubra		A	Med/CA
	Stellaria media		A	Med/BS/EA
Chenopodiaceae	Amaranthus blitoides	S	A	Med/EA
	Amaranthus viridis	S	A	Med/EA
	Anabasis aphylla	S	H	CA/EA
	Arthrocnemum glaucum	M	H	Med/EA
	Arthrocnemum macrostachyum	M/CM	H	Med
	Atriplex aucheri	S	H	CA
	Atriplex hastata	M	H	Med/BS/EA
	Atriplex hortensis	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Atriplex laevis	S	H	CA
	Atriplex lasiantha		A	Med/CA/EA
	Atriplex lehmanniana	S	H	EA
	Atriplex leucoclada	S	H	EA
	Atriplex micrantha		A	EA
	Atriplex nitens	S	A	CA/EA
	Atriplex rosea		A	Med/CA/EA
	Atriplex tatarica var. tatarica	S/M/CM	H	Med/CA/EA
	Bassia pillosa	S	H	CA/EA
	Beta maritima	CM	H	Med
	Bienertia cycloptera	M	H	EA
	Camphorosma monspeliaca subsp. monspeliaca	S	H	CA/EA
	Camphorosma monspeliaca subsp. lessingii	S	H	CA/EA
	Ceratocarpus arenarius	S	H	EA
	Chenopodium album subsp. album var. album		A	Med/CA/EA
	Chenopodium album subsp. iranicum	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Chenopodium botrys		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Chenopodium chenopodioides		H	Med/CA
	Chenopodium foliosum	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Chenopodium murale		A	Med/BS/EA
	Cyathobasis fruticulosa	S	H	CA
	Halanthium kulpianum	S/M	H	CA/EA
	Halanthium rarifolium	S	H	EA
	Halanthium roseum	S	H	EA
	Halimione portulacoides	M/S/CM	H	Med/CA/EA
	Halimione verrucifera	M	H	Med/CA
	Halocnemum strobilaceum	M/CM	H	Med/CA/EA
	Halocnemum cruciata	M	H	Med
	Halogeton glomeratus	S	H	EA
	Halopeplis amplexicaulis	M	H	Med
	Halostachys belangeriana	M/S	H	EA
	Halothamnus glaucus.	S	H	CA/EA
	Halothamnus hierochunticus	S	H	EA
	Kalidium wagenitzii	M	H	CA
	Kalidium caspicum	M/S	H	EA
	Kochia prostrata	S	H	CA/EA
	Krascheninnikovia ceratoides	S	H	CA/EA
	Microcnemum coralloides	M	H	CA
	Noaea major	S	H	CA
	Noaea minuta	S	H	CA/EA
	Noaea mucronata subsp. mucronata	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Noaea tournefortii	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Panderia pilosa	S	H	CA/EA
	Petrosimonia brachiata	M/S/CM	H	Med/CA
	Petrosimonia glauca	M/S	H	EA
	Petrosimonia nigdeensis	M/S	H	CA	X
	Petrosimonia squarrosa	M/S	H	EA
	Salicornia dolichostachya	M	H	Med
	Salicornia emerici	M	H	Med
	Salicornia frietagii	M	H	CA	X
	Salicornia patula	M/CM	H	Med
	Salicornia perennans	M	H	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Salsola brachiata	S	H	EA
	Salsola crassa	M/S	H	CA/EA
	Salsola dendroides	M/S	H	EA
	Salsola erycoides	S	H	EA
	Salsola grandis	M/S	H	CA
	Salsola incanacens	S	H	EA
	Salsola inermis	M/S	H	CA
	Salsola kali	S	H	Med/CA/EA
	Salsola laricina	S	H	CA
	Salsola macera	M	H	CA/EA
	Salsola nitraria	S	H	CA/EA
	Salsola nodulosa	S	H	EA
	Salsola soda	CM	H	Med
	Salsola stenoptera	M	H	CA	X
	Salsola tragus subsp. pontica	M	H	BS
	Salsola tragus subsp. tragus	CM	H	Med/CA/EA
	Salsola verrucosa	S	H	EA
	*Sarcocornia obclavata*	M/CM	H	Med	X
	Sarcocornia perennis	M/CM	H	Med/BS
	Seidlitzia florida	S	H	EA
	Spirobassia hirsuta	M	H	Med
	Suaeda altissima	S	H	Med/CA/EA
	Suaeda carnosissima	S	H	CA
	Suaeda confusa	S	H	CA/EA
	Suaeda cucullata	M	H	Med/CA	X
	Suaeda eltonica	M	H	CA
	Suaeda linifolia	M	H	EA
	Suaeda microphylla	S	H	EA
	Suaeda prostrata subsp. anatolica	M/S/CM	H	Med/CA	X
	Suaeda prostrata subsp. prostrata	M/CM	H	Med
	Suaeda splendens	M	H	Med
Cistaceae	Helianthemum microcarpum	S	A	Med/CA/EA
Convolvulaceae	Convolvulus arvensis	M/S/CM	A	All
	Convolvulus lineatus	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Cressa cretica	M/S/CM	H	Med/EA
	Cuscuta balansae		A	Med/CA/EA
	Cuscuta campestris	CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
Cyperaceae	Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. cymosus	M	H	Med/CA/EA
	Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. maritimus	M	H	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Bolboschoenus laticarpus	M/CM	H	Med
	Carex capitellata	M	A	BS
	Carex cuprina	M	A	Med
	Carex diluta subsp.diluta	M	A	EA
	Carex divisa	CM	H	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Carex extensa	M/CM	H	Med
	Carex flacca subsp. erythrostachys	M	A	CA/EA
	Carex hispida	M	H	Med
	Cladium mariscus subsp. mariscus	M	H	Med/CA/BS
	Cyperus laevigatus	M/CM	H	Med
	Cyperus longus	M	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Cyperus noeanus	M	H	CA	X
	Cyperus pannonicus	M	H	CA/EA
	Cyperus rotundus	M	A	Med/BS/EA
	Cyperus serotinus var. serotinus	M	H	Med/BS
	Eleocharis palustris	M	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Eleocharis uniglumis	M	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Fimbristylis bisumbellata	CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Isolepis cernua	M	H	Med/BS
	Schoenoplectus lacustris subsp. lacustris	M	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Schoenoplectus litoralis subsp. litoralis	M/CM	H	All
	Schoenoplectiella supina	M	A	Med/CA/EA
	Schoenus nigricans	CM	H	Med/CA/EA
	Scirpoides holoschoenus subsp. holoschoenus	CM	H	All
Dipsacaceae	Cephalaria syriaca		A	Med/CA/EA
	Scabiosa rotata		A	Med/CA/EA
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia falcata subsp. falcata var. falcata	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Euphorbia hirsuta		A	Med/CA/BS
	Euphorbia macroclada		A	Med/CA/EA
Fabaceae	Alhagi maurorum subsp. maurorum	M/CM	A	Med/CA/EA
	Astragalus condensatus	S	A	Med/CA
	Astragalus hamosus	CM	A	Med/CA/EA
	Astragalus karamasicus		A	Med/CA	X
	Astragalus lycius		A	Med/CA/EA	X
	Astragalus mesogitanus	S	A	Med/CA	X
	Astragalus microcephalus subsp. microcephalus	S	A	All
	Astragalus onobrychis	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Astragalus ovalis	M/S	H	CA	X
	Astragalus shelkovnikovii	S	A	EA
	Astragalus strigillosus		A	CA
	Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Halimodendron halodendron	S	H	EA
	Lathyrus sativus	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Lotus corniculatus var. corniculatus	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Lotus corniculatus var. tenuifolius	M/CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Lotus halophilus	M	A	Med
	Lotus strictus	M	H	Med/CA
	Medicago littoralis var. littoralis	CM	A	Med/BS
	Medicago lupulina	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Medicago minima var. minima	S/CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Medicago orthoceras		A	CA/EA
	Medicago rotata var. rotata	CM	A	Med/EA
	Melilotus albus	M/CM	A	All
	Melilotus elegans	M/CM	H	Med/EA
	Melilotus officinalis		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Onobrychis paucijua	S	A	CA
	Ononis spinosa subsp. leiosperma		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Prosopis farcta	S	A	Med/EA
	Sphaerophysa kotschyana	M	H	Med/CA	X
	Tetragonolobus maritimus	M	H	Med/CA
	Trifolium campestre	M/CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Trifolium fragiferum	CM	A	Med/CA
	Trifolium purpureum var. purpureum	CM	A	Med/CA/EA
	Trifolium repens var. repens		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Trifolium resupinatum	S	A	All
	Trifolium resupinatum var. resupinatum	M	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Trifolium tomentosum	S	A	Med/EA
	Trifolium stellatum	CM	A	Med/BS
	Trigonella capitata	M	H	Med/CA
	Trigonella coerulescens subsp. coerulescens	S	A	All
	Trigonella foenum-graecum	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Trigonella monspeliaca	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Vicia narbonensis var. narbonensis	CM	A	Med/CA/EA
	Vicia sativa subsp. sativa		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
Frankeniaceae	Frankenia hirsuta	M/S	H	Med/CA
	Frankenia pulverulenta	M/S	H	Med/CA/EA	X
	Frankenia salsuginea	S	H	CA	X
Gentianaceae	Blackstonia perfoliata subsp. perfoliata	M/CM	A	Med/BS
	Centaurium erythraea subsp. Rumelicum	M/CM	A	Med/CA
	Centaurium erythraea subsp. turcicum	CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Centaurium maritimum	CM	A	Med/BS
	Centaurium pulchellum	CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Centaurium tenuiflorum subsp. acutifolium	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Schenkia spicata	M/CM	H	Med/CA/EA
Geraniaceae	Erodium botrys	S	A	Med/EA
	Erodium cicutarium subsp. cicutarium	S/CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Erodium gruinum	CM	A	Med/EA
	Geranium dissectum		H	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Geranium molle	S/CM	A	Med/CA/BS
	Geranium tuberosum subsp. deserti-syriacum	S	A	EA
Hypericaceae	Hypericum salsugineum	M	H	CA	X
Ixioliriaceae	Ixiolirion tataricum subsp. tataricum	S	A	EA
Iridaceae	Gladiolus atroviolaceum	M	A	EA
	Gladiolus halophilus	M	H	CA	X
	Gynandriris sisyrinchium	CM	A	Med/EA
	Iris paradoxa	S	A	EA
	Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica	S	H	CA/EA
	Iris xanthospuria	M	A	Med	X
	Romulea columnae subsp. columnae	CM	A	Med
	Romulea ramiflora subsp. ramiflora	CM	A	Med
Juncaceae	Juncus acutus	M/CM	H	Med/BS
	Juncus articulatus subsp. articulatus	CM	A	All
	Juncus effusus subsp. effusus	S	A	All
	Juncus gerardi subsp. gerardi	M	H	Med/CA/EA
	Juncus heldreichianus subsp. heldreichianus	CM	H	Med
	Juncus heldreichianus subsp. orientalis	M	H	CA/EA
	Juncus hybridus	M	H	Med/CA/BS /EA
	Juncus inflexus subsp. inflexus	M/CM	A	All
	Juncus littoralis	M/CM	H	Med/CA/BS
	Juncus maritimus	M/CM	H	Med/CA/EA
	Juncus persicus subsp. libanoticus	M	H	Med/EA/CA
	Juncus rigidus	M/CM	H	Med
	Juncus subulatus	M	H	Med/CA/EA
Juncaginaceae	Triglochin barrelieri subsp. barrelieri	M/CM	H	Med/CA
	Triglochin maritima	M	A	CA/EA
	Triglochin palustris	M	A	CA/EA
Lamiaceae	Lamium orientale		A	Med/CA/EA
	Lamium purpureum var. purpureum		A	Med/CA/BS
	Phlomis armeniaca	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Salvia halophila	M	H	CA	X
	Salvia syriaca	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Salvia viridis		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Scutellaria orientalis subsp. orientalis	S	A	EA
	Teucrium polium subsp. polium	S	A	All
	Teucrium scordium subsp. scordioides		H	Med/CA/EA
	Thymus sipyleus subsp. sipyleus var. sipyleus	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA	X
	Ziziphora tenuior	S	A	Med/CA/EA
Linaceae	Linum bienne	CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Linum maritimum	M	A	Med
	Linum mucronatum subsp. mucronatum	S	A	EA
	Linum seljukorum	M	H	CA
Lythraceae	Lythrum salicaria		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
Malvaceae	Alcea calvertii	S	A	EA	X
	Lavatera thuringiaca	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Malva neglecta	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
Menyanthaceae	Menyanthes trifoliata	M	H	EA
Myrtaceae	Myrtus communis subsp. communis	CM	A	Med/BS
Nitrariaceae	Nitraria schoberi	S	H	CA/EA
	Peganum harmala	S	H	Med/CA/EA
	Tetradiclis tenella	S	H	CA
Onagraceae	Epilobium hirsutum	M/S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
Orchidaceae	Orchis palustris		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
Orobanchaceae	Cistanche salsa		H	CA/EA
	Orobanche minor		A	Med/CA/BS
	Orobanche oxyloba		A	Med/CA/EA
Papaveraceae	Fumaria parviflora	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Fumaria vaillantii		A	Med/CA/EA
	Glaucium leiocarpum	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Hypecoum pendulum	S	A	CA/EA
	Hypecoum procumbens		A	Med/CA	Med/CA/EA
	Roemeria hybrida	S	A	Med/CA/EA
Plantaginaceae	Plantago coronopus subsp. coronopus	S	H	Med/CA/BS
	Plantago coronopus subsp. commutata	M/CM	H	Med/CA
	Plantago crassifolia	M/S/CM	H	Med/CA/EA
	Plantago holosteum		A	Med/CA
	Plantago lagopus	CM	A	Med/CA/EA
	Plantago lanceolata	S	H	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Plantago major subsp. intermedia	M	A	Med/CA/EA
	Plantago maritima	M/S/CM	H	All
	Veronica grisebachii	S	A	Med/CA/BS
	Veronica triphyllos	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Veronica viscosa	S	A	EA
Plumbaginaceae	Acantholimon halophilum var. coloratum	S	H	CA	X
	Acantholimon halophilum var. halophilum	S	H	CA	X
	Limonium anatolicum	S	H	CA	X
	Limonium angustifolium	M/CM	H	Med
	Limonium bellidifolium	M/S/CM	H	Med/CA
	Limonium echioides	CM	H	Med
	Limonium effusum	M	H	Med
	Limonium globuliferum	S	H	CA
	Limonium gmelinii	M/S	H	Med/CA/EA
	Limonium graecum var. graecum	M/CM	H	Med
	Limonium iconicum	M	H	CA	X
	Limonium lilacinum	M/S	H	CA	X
	Limonium meyeri	M/CM	H	Med/EA
	Limonium narbonense	M/CM	H	Med
	Limonium pycnanthum	S	H	CA/EA	X
	Limonium sieberi	M	H	Med
	Limonium sinuatum	CM	H	Med
	Limonium tamaricoides	M	H	CA	X
	Limonium vananse	M	H	EA	X
	Limonium virgatum	M/CM	H	Med
	Plumbago europaea	S	H	Med/CA/BS/EA
Poaceae	Aegilops cylindrica		A	CA/EA
	Aegilops umbellulata subsp. umbellulata		A	Med/CA/EA
	Aeluropus lagopoides var. lagopoides	S	H	Med/EA
	Aeluropus littoralis	S/M/CM	H	Med/CA/EA
	Agropyron cristatum subsp. pectinatum var. pectinatum	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Agrostis stolonifera		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Alopecurus arundinaceae	M	A	EA
	Alopecurus myosuroides subsp. myosuroides	M	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Alopecurus myosuroides var. Latialatussinonim	M	H	Med
	Apera intermedia	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Avena clauda		A	Med
	Avena sterilis subsp. sterilis		A	Med/CA/EA
	Brachiaria eruciformis		A	Med/CA/EA
	Brachypodium distachyon		A	All
	Briza maxima		A	Med/CA/BS
	Bromus arvensis		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Bromus intermedius		A	Med/CA/EA
	Bromus japonicus subsp. japonicus		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Bromus madritensis		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Bromus psammophilus var. Psammophilus	CM	A	Med	X
	Bromus psammophilus var. Robustus	CM	A	Med	X
	Bromus pseudobrachystachys	CM	A	Med
	Bromus racemosus	S	A	CA/EA
	Bromus rigidus	M/CM	A	Med
	Bromus rubens	CM	A	Med
	Bromus squarrosus		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Bromus tectorum		A	Med/CA/EA/BS
	Calamagrostis pseudophragmites	M	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Catabrosa aquatica		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Crypsis aculeata	S	H	Med/CA/EA
	Crypsis faktorovskyi	CM	H	Med/EA
	Crypsis schoenoides	S/M/CM	H	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Cynodon dactylon var. Villosus	S/CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Digitaria sanguinalis	M/CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Elymus elongatiformis		A	CA/EA
	Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus	CM	H	Med/CA
	Elymus elongatus subsp. salsus	M/S	H	CA	X
	Elymus farctus subsp. bessarabicus	CM	A	Med/BS
	Elymus hispidus	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Eragrostis collina	M	H	Med/CA/EA
	Eremopyrum distans		A	CA/EA
	Eremopyrum orientale		A	CA/BS/EA
	Festuca valesiaca		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Holcus lanatus		A	Med/CA/BS
	Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. violaceum	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Hordeum geniculatum	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Hordeum marinum	S	H	Med/CA/EA
	Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum		A	Med/CA/BS
	Hordeum murinum subsp. murinum	M/S/CM	A	Med/CA/EA
	Imperata cylindrica	CM	A	Med/EA
	Lagurus ovatus		A	Med/BS
	Leymus cappadocicus	S	H	CA/EA
	Lolium rigidum		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Lolium rigidum var. Rottbollioides	M/CM	A	Med/BS/EA
	Molinia caerulea	M	A	BS/CA
	Panicum repens	M	A	Med
	Parapholis incurva	M/CM	H	Med/BS
	Phalaris aquatica	CM	A	Med/EA
	Phalaris paradoxaa	CM	A	Med/BS/EA
	Phleum exaratum subsp. exaratum	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Phragmites australis	M/CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Poa bulbosa	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Poa pratensis		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Poa trivialis		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Polypogon maritimus subsp. maritimus		A	Med
	Polypogon monspeliensis	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Puccinellia bulbosa subsp. bulbosa	S	H	EA
	Puccinellia bulbosa subsp. caesarea	S	H	CA	X
	Puccinellia convoluta	S	H	Med/CA
	Puccinellia distans subsp. distans	M/S/CM	H	Med/CA/EA
	Puccinellia distans subsp. sevangensis	M/S	H	EA
	Puccinellia festuciformis	CM	H	Med/BS
	Puccinellia gigantea	M	H	Med/BS/EA
	Puccinellia intermedia	M/CM	H	Med/CA
	Puccinellia koeieana subsp. anatolica	M	H	Med/CA	X
	Rhizocephalus orientalis	S	H	CA
	Rostraria cristata var. Cristata	M/CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Saccharum ravennae	CM	A	Med/EA
	Schismus arabicus	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Setaria glauca	S	A	Med/BS/EA
	Sorghum halepense var. Halepense	M	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Sphenopus divaricatus	M/S/CM	H	Med/CA
	Sporobolus virginicus	M/CM	H	Med/CA
	Stipa ehrenbergiana		A	CA/EA
	Trisetaria loeflingiana	M/CM	A	Med/CA
Polygonaceae	Atraphaxis spinosa	S	A	EA
	Calligonum polygonoides	S	A	EA
	Polygonum aviculare	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Polygonum equisetiforme	M/CM	H	Med/EA
	Polygonum patulum subsp. patulum		A	CA
	Polygonum salicifolium	S/M	H	Med/EA
	Rumex crispus	CM	A	Med/CA/EA
Potamogetonaceae	Stuckenia pectinata	M	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
Primulaceae	Anagallis arvensis var. arvensis	CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Anagallis arvensis var. caerulea	CM	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Androsace maxima	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Glaux maritima	M	H	CA/EA
	Samolus valerandi		H	Med/BS/EA
Ranunculaceae	Adonis aestivalis subsp. aestivalis	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Adonis annua		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Adonis dentata	S	A	EA
	Adonis flammea		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Adonis microcarpa		A	Med/CA/EA
	Ceratocephala falcata	S	A	CA/EA
	Consolida anthoroidea	S	A	EA
	Consolida glandulosa		A	Med/CA/EA	X
	Consolida orientalis		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Delphinium peregrinum	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Delphinium venulosum		A	CA	X
	Nigella arvensis subsp. glauca	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Nigella turcica	S	A	EA	X
	Nigella segetalis	S	A	CA/EA
	Ranunculus constantinopolitanus		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Ranunculus cuneatus	S	A	Med/CA/EA
	Thalictrum lucidum		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
Rosaceae	Potentilla reptans		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Rubus sanctus		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Sarcopoterium spinosum	CM	A	Med/BS
Rubiaceae	Asperula arvensis	S	A	MED/CA/EA
	Cruciata taurica	S	A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Galium murale	S	A	Med/BS/EA
	Galium tricornutum		A	Med/CA/EA
	Galium verum subsp.verum		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
Santalaceae	Thesium compressum	S	H	CA
Scrophulariaceae	Linaria genistifolia supsp. confertiflora		A	Med/CA/EA
	Verbascum cheiranthifolium		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Verbascum helianthemoides	S	H	CA
	Verbascum pyroliforme subsp. pyroliforme	M	H	CA	X
	Verbascum sinuatum		A	Med/BS
Solanaceae	Lycium anatolicum	S	A	Med/CA/EA	X
	Lycium ruthenicum	S	A	EA
	Solanum americanum	S	A	EA
Tamaricaceae	Reaumuria alternifolia	S	H	CA/EA
	Tamarix duzenlii	M/CM	H	Med	X
	Tamarix hampeana		A	Med
	Tamarix octandra	S/M	H	EA
	Tamarix parviflora		A	Med/CA/EA
	Tamarix smyrnensis	M/CM	A	CA/EA
	Tamarix tetragyna	CM	H	Med
	Tamarix tetrandra	M	A	Med/CA/EA
Thymelaeaceae	Thymelaea hirsuta	M	A	Med
	Thymelaea passerina		A	All
Typhaceae	Typha domingensis	M	A	Med/CA/EA
Verbenaceae	Verbena officinalis var. officinalis	S	A	All
Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asphodelus aestivus	CM	A	Med/EA
Zygophyllaceae	Tedradiclis tenella	M	H	CA
	Tribulus terrestris		A	Med/CA/BS/EA
	Zygophyllum album	M/CM	H	Med
	Zygophyllum fabago		A	Med/CA/EA

M salt marsh , S salt Steppe , CM coastal meadow, H halophyte, A accompanied, Med Mediterranean, CA Central Anatolia, BS Black Sea+, EA Eastern Anatolia

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Tug, G.N., Yaprak, A.E., Vural, M. (2019). The Floristical, Ecological, and Syntaxonomical Characteristics of Salt Marshes and Salt Steppes in Turkey. In: Gul, B., Böer, B., Khan, M., Clüsener-Godt, M., Hameed, A. (eds) Sabkha Ecosystems. Tasks for Vegetation Science, vol 49. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04417-6_26

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04417-6_26
Published: 06 August 2019
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04416-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-04417-6
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The Floristical, Ecological, and Syntaxonomical Characteristics of Salt Marshes and Salt Steppes in Turkey

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