Abstract
The ancestors of Beta maritima were known from prehistory. After domestication, beet became more important not only for food and drug source, but also as sugar (sucrose) producer. The cultivation for leaves and root to be used as vegetable or cattle feed retains its economic value. Beta maritima was described by several authors, becoming in the last century crucial as source of traits disappeared in the beet crops after domestication. The research has led to important results, especially in the field of resistance to severe diseases. An increasing numbers of publications are dedicated to Beta maritima because it fits well into studies concerning breeding in general, population genetics, natural selection, colonization, speciation, gene flow, transgenes pollution, and so on. The discovery of new useful qualities in the wild germplasm is expected by the application of molecular biology.
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Notes
- 1.
Beta maritima, now classified Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang, is called for the sake of brevity “Beta maritima” or “sea beet”.
- 2.
Feral beets originate by a “dedomestication” of the crop. The process starts with the early flowering (bolting) of some cultivated beets before harvest.
- 3.
The graffiti refers to the vulgar origin of the man, likely “nouveau riche”, alluding to the digestive consequences of consuming the mentioned vegetables Funari (1998).
- 4.
The correct Latin adjective first used by Pliny is “silvestris“, and not “sylvestris” as was written by later authors.
- 5.
The books describing the medicinal applications of plants are named “herbaria” or “dynamidia” whether they include or not drawings of the plants (Piccoli 2000). The use of dynamidia seems to date back to the Chinese, Assyrian-Babylonian, and Egyptian medicine. The “Pents’ao” was written in China around sixteenth century BC (Pezzella 1993). The “Papyrus of Luxor” dated 1550 BC was essentially a list of medical properties of plants (Pezzella 2007). Further examples are given by the Herbaria attributed to Crateuas and Apuleius: at least one copy of the latter was employed in the abbeys. In the Middle Age, the herbaria become banal reproductions of ancient manuscripts (Lazzarini et al. 2004). Many transcriptions made by copyists not involved in botany lead to a considerable increase of mistakes in texts and illustrations (Weitzmann 1979). The drawings became very formal and simple, sometimes with complete bilateral symmetry and often included only for embellish the manuscript (Arber 1912). Therefore, the identification of the represented or described plants became quite impossible. The language was a mixture of Latin, vulgar, common, and foreign terms frequently difficult to translate, as the names given to the plants. In the manuscripts, the name of the author was often omitted as the references regarding the hand written book (Gasparrini-Leporace et al. 1952). Only toward the end of the thirteenth century, when it was necessary to print the most important manuscripts, they began to check the names and the correspondence with the reality of descriptions and illustrations. The first printed herbaria were also named “Book of Nature” from the “Půch der Natur” written likely by Konrad von Megenberg (1348?) and published around 1470.
- 6.
“Simplices” were called medical substances extracted from various sources and used without any further processing. Those mixed or treated were called “compositae”. The first category of drugs is currently called “Galenic” as well; the second “Hippocratic” in agreement on the respective authors. A very useful list of the simplices at the time available in the pharmacies of Ferrara, Italy, is given by Musa Brassavola (1537). The medical substances are divided into herbs (including Beta nigra and alba), seeds, fruits, roots, barks, gums, metals, soils, salts, oils from flowers, oils from mine, and so on. The last ones are named “petroleum et asphaltum” as well. At the end of the treatise, as for the modern drugs, are written the applications and the warnings which can be paid before using. The “Hortus simpliciorum” or “Hortus sanitatis”, and so on (Garden of simple drugs or Garden of health) were the ancestors of the current “Hortus botanicus” (Botanical garden), where a number of plants are grown and studied. According to Schulters (1817), the first Hortus arose in Padua, Italy (1533)
- 7.
The manuscripts are books written by hand on different substrates (papyrus, animal skin, parchment, handmade paper, etc.). Given the reproduction system and the very high costs, the spread was limited to the libraries of monasteries, universities, royal courts, etc. Incunabula are called the books produced by the invention of printing (1455) until around the middle fourteenth century. These printed books distinguished by preserving the setting of the old manuscripts, which were often loose-pages, with any title, page number, index, and with any indication about the author or subsequently of the printer. Thanks to the increased share and the lowering costs, the printed books took gradually a set-up similar to the modern publications. The first incunabulum was the Latin version of the Holy Bible printed around 1455 by Gutenberg. The Pliny’s “Historia Naturalis” was printed in 1478, whereas the Dioscorides “Materia medica” was the first printed book regarding medicine and botany (Gray 1821). Tacuina sanitatis were illustrated books containing popular therapeutic remedies, taken in part from the Arabic literature, at the time considered most effective and innovative than the traditional Greek-Roman medicine. The term “tacuinum” derives from the Arabic “Taqwin al sihha” (Tables of health). Reworked and translated into Latin around 1200, these booklets began to spread in Tuscany and Lombardy, Italy. Because this sort of manuals was intended mainly to the aristocracy, the manuscripts were embellished with precious decorations and miniatures. In addition to plant drawings, scenes from daily life were illustrated with great richness of details. Unlike herbaria, descriptions of the plants were summarized in few lines each illustration (Fig. 5.2).
- 8.
In Fig. 1.19, it is still possible to see salt crystals on every part of the plant.
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Biancardi, E., Lewellen, R.T. (2020). History and Current Importance. In: Biancardi, E., Panella, L., McGrath, J. (eds) Beta maritima. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28748-1_1
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