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North-Western Caucasus

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Plant Biogeography and Vegetation of High Mountains of Central and South-West Asia

Part of the book series: Plant and Vegetation ((PAVE,volume 17))

Abstract

This chapter characterizes the flora and vegetation of the North-Western Caucasus, taking the Karachaevo-Cherkessian Republic (a mountainous region in the southwestern Russia) and the Teberda State Biosphere Reserve (a protected nature area with restricted access located on the northern spurs of the Greater Caucasus Range) as examples. The Teberda State Biosphere Reserve is located in the southern part of the Karachaevo-Cherkessian Republic at the upper reaches of the Teberda and Kizgych rivers and their tributaries. The elevation in the Teberda State Biosphere Reserve varies from 1259 to 4046 m a.s.l. The treeline runs at 1700–2400 m a.s.l., and the upper limit of vascular plants is found at 3750 m a.s.l. About 83% of the Reserve area lies above 2000 m a.s.l. Rock and scree outcrops occupy 26% of the Reserve. The wide elevational range, complex topography, and sharp changes of microclimatic conditions determine a high species diversity and variety of plant communities. The flora of the Karachaevo-Cherkessian Republic currently comprises 1959 species of vascular plants. There are 10 floristic elements in the indigenous flora of the Republic, i.e. Holarctic, Palaearctic, Panboreal, Euro-Mediterranean, Mediterranean, Ancient Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian, Pontic-South-Siberian, Pluriregional, and Endemic. A total of 343 species (17.5%) are endemics. Six elevational belts (steppe, deciduous broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, subalpine, alpine, and subnival) and major vegetation types, including steppes, deciduous and coniferous forests, crooked-stem elfin woods, tall grass communities, fens, alpine and subalpine meadows, snowbeds, lichen heaths, pioneer communities on rocks, screes and talus slopes are reviewed. The Caucasus is considered a biodiversity hotspot with significant levels of endemism at both species and ecosystem levels. Currently it is prioritized as one of the most vulnerable regions with a high irreplaceability.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Potential insolation refers to incoming solar radiation in the absence of an atmosphere.

  2. 2.

    Ecosystem engineers are organisms that create, significantly modify, maintain or destroy a habitat.

  3. 3.

    Stenotopic species are able to tolerate or adapt to only a small range of environmental conditions.

  4. 4.

    Snowbeds occur where beds of snow persist well into the growing season, usually weeks or months after snow in the immediate vicinity has melted away.

  5. 5.

    Species originating from the region on the coast of the Black Sea, centred in present-day western Georgia.

  6. 6.

    Polycarpic plants are those that flower and set seeds many times before dying.

Abbreviations

KCR:

Karachaevo-Cherkessian Republic

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biodiversity Conservation Center, Moscow, Russia

    Alexey V. Egorov

  2. Department of Higher Plants, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    Alexander S. Zernov

  3. Department of Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    Vladimir G. Onipchenko

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Correspondence to Alexey V. Egorov .

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    Jalil Noroozi

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Egorov, A.V., Zernov, A.S., Onipchenko, V.G. (2020). North-Western Caucasus. In: Noroozi, J. (eds) Plant Biogeography and Vegetation of High Mountains of Central and South-West Asia. Plant and Vegetation, vol 17. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45212-4_9

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