Distribution and Habitat Affinity of Endemic and Threatened Species: Global and European Assessment

Abstract

Realms of species, assemblages, and whole ecosystems are threatened by human activities such as damage, resource use, pollution, introduction of neobiota, and also by natural processes and disasters. We present an assessment of distribution patterns and numbers of endemic and threatened species with respect to their habitat affinity and threats at global and European scales.

We used five databases for analyses: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2018, 2019a, b, c), European Red List of Habitats (Janssen et al. 2016) including fact sheets, Plant Endemism Assessment of Red List Habitats in Europe (PEARL), Endemic Vascular Plants in Europe (EvaplantE), and a global database on hyperendemics (Hypedata). The first two are available on the internet, the latter are own databases. Hypedata is taxonomically and geographically not restricted, PEARL and EvaplantE are focusing on the situation of vascular plant species in Europe.

The categorization of habitat types is necessary to get a classification scheme and a quantitative relationship with respect to the meaning of habitats for endemic and threatened species. Furthermore, such definitions and categorisations are helpful to describe consequences in environmental politics and management. Thus, the first part is related to classification and definition of habitat types which is predominantly in accordance with the highest level of other classification schemes.

We here introduce the term hyperendemism in the ecological-biogeographical context. Hyperendemics are taxa with an extremely small range (<1 km²) or a very small population size (<50 mature individuals). The list presented here is just the kick-of of processing a database.

At the moment the list represents 551 species, i.e. 494 plant species (482 vascular plants, 10 bryophytes, 2 lichens), 56 animal species (41 vertebrates, 15 invertebrates), and 1 fungus.

355 hyperendemic species live on islands, 196 on mainland including mainland of Australia.

Many hyperendemics are assumed to be remnant populations of species with a much wider range in the past. Some are identified as neo-hyperendemics that evolved during the late Pleistocene or early Holocene, and simply have not been able to enlarge their range, yet.

Because of the limited range of occurrence or population size the survival of hyperendemics and local endemics should have highest priority. Therefore, any risk including the probability of introduction of alien species, pathogens and biological tourism should be minimized. On the other hand, measures to enlarge the populations and safekeeping of genetic material should systematically be planned, organized and intensified, for example with support from botanical gardens, seed banks, zoos and aquariums.

General needs and consequences for different habitat types can only be specified very broadly. Thus, the consequences delineated here may serve as a basis for discussion and should be assessed in every case at local to regional scales.

Forest, shrubland and freshwater habitats harbour most critically endangered species on Earth. However, the importance and endangerment of habitats and associated species differ considerably from region to region. For example, in Europe and Central Asia habitat types of open and semi-open landscapes harbour much more endemic and threatened species than forests.

Globally, agriculture, land use change, forestry, and biological resource use are the most threatening factors for biodiversity. Many terrestrial ecosystems are directly and indirectly affected e.g. by conversion, tilling, plantations, construction of roads and buildings, and intensification of use, including increasing effects of physical, chemical and biological processes.

In general, the risk of invasive species from abroad for the survival of native species is higher where alien species represent niches which have not been occupied before, and is increasing with the introduction of hitherto not represented functional roles (e.g. predators). Thus, many bird species on islands became extirpated by introduced animals such as rat, cat, goat, snake or others simply because the native and often ground-breeding birds have had no experience with such aggressive predators in their evolutionary life before. In all these cases competition was not the problem but the representation of a new node in the food web. Therefore, the situation on islands has to be assessed and evaluated in a different way compared to most mainland regions. Across Europe, for example, no native species became extinct because of the introduction of an alien species.

For hyperendemics invasive and other problematic species, genes and diseases are the most important threat category.

Climate change and severe weather might especially be relevant in combination with other threats.

In general, threats and the composition of endangered species differ with respect to habitat type. Thus, also consequences and recommendations have to be specified with respect to locality, habitat type and target species.

For the survival of critically endangered species it is extremely important that the range of protected habitat types should be enlarged. According to different recommendations of environmental organizations the protected area of all habitat types should exceed the 10% level at regional and global scales. In many cases, the protection of the diversity of habitat types at the landscape scale is the best measure to preserve species diversity. For protecting all species on Earth this alone, however, would definitely not be enough.

Appendix

List of hyperendemics in alphabetical order with information on systematics and geography/microhotspots (Heun 1955; Kuhbier 1978; Schilthuizen 1990; Ipsen and Tolasch 1997; de Montmollin and Strahm 2005; Lorenzi et al. 2010; Baillie and Butcher 2012; IUCN Red List 2018, 2019a, b, c). The list represents an extraction of the database on hyperendemics (Hypedata).

Abies beshanzuensis, Pinaceae, China, Zhejiang Baishanzu Mountains, Abies nebrodensis, Pinaceae, Italy, Sicily, Madonie Mountains, Abronia frosti, Anguidae, Guatemala, los Cuchumatanes, Acanthothecis leucoxanthoides, Ascomycota, Graphidaceae, USA, North Carolina, SE Coastal Plain, Acanthothecis paucispora, Ascomycota, Graphidaceae, USA, North Carolina, Aegiphila caymanensis, Verbenaceae, Cayman Islands, Grand Cayman, Aichryson dumosum, Crassulaceae, Portugal, Madeira, Allobates juanii, Aromobatidae, Colombia, Villavicencio, Aloe helenae, Aloaceae, Madagascar, Fort Dauphin, Alsinidendron obovatum, Caryophyllaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Waianae Mountains of O’ahu, Anogramma ascensionis, Pteridiaceae, Ascension Island, Green Mountain area, Artemisia insipida, Asteraceae, France, Haute-Alpes region, Asplenium dielerectum, Aspleniaceae, Hawaii, Asplenium schizotrichum, Aspleniaceae, Cook Islands, Rarotonga, Astelia waialealae, Asteliaceae, Hawaii, Kauaʻi, Alakaʻi Swamp area, Atelopus nocturnus, Bufonidae, Colombia, Cordillera Central municipality of Anorí, Antioquia Department, Attalea crassispatha, Arecaceae, Haiti, Auerodendron pauciflorum, Rhamnaceae, Puerto Rico, Aythya innotata, Anatidae, Madagascar, Bactris nancibensis, Arecaceae, French Guiana, Cayenne region, Badula platyphylla, Myrsinaceae, Mauritius, Begonia salaziensis, Begoniaceae, Mauritius, Bel Ombre, Bencomia sphaerocarpa, Rosaceae, Spain, Canary Islands, El Hierro, Berlinia hollandii, Fabaceae, Nigeria, Calabar, Berlinia korupensis, Fabaceae, Cameroon, Korup National Park, Betula chichibuensis, Betulaceae, Japan, Chichibu area, mountains of Central Honshu on Mt. Kamo-san, Betula klokovii, Betulaceae, Ukraine, Ternopil region, Betula murrayana, Betulaceae, USA, Michigan, and Ontario, Canada, Bhesa sinica, Celastraceae, China, Guangxi, near Nankan, Bonnetia ptariensis, Bonnetiaceae, Venezuela, Canaima National Park, Brighamia insignis, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Buchanania barberi, Anacardiaceae, India, Kerala, Palode region, Calophyllum africanum, Calophyllaceae, Mali, border to Guinea Falea, Camellia bugiamapensis, Theaceae, Vietnam, Cambodian border to the Bu Gia Map National Park Binh Phuoc Province, Camellia capitata, Theaceae, Vietnam, Dong Province Cat Tien National Park, Camellia crassiphylla, Theaceae, Vietnam, Tam Dao National Park, Camellia cucphuongensis, Theaceae, Vietnam, Cuc Phuong National Park, Camellia duyana, Theaceae, Vietnam, Lam Dong Provinice, Camellia oconoriana, Theaceae, Vietnam, S Lam Dong Province, Camellia piquetiana, Theaceae, Vietnam, S, near Da Lat City, Camellia rubriflora, Theaceae, Vietnam, Tam Dao National Park, Carex antoniensis, Cyperaceae, Cape Verde, Santo Antão Island, Ribeira Paul, Carex collifera, Cyperaceae, Japan, Okinawa Island in Ryukyu Islands, Carpinus langaoensis, Betulaceae, China, Daba Mountains in the Shanxi, Carpinus putoensis, Betulaceae, China, Putuo Island of the Zhoushan Archipelago Zhejiang Province, Carpinus tientaiensis, Betulaceae, China, NW Province of Zhejiang Tiantai Mountain, Carpoxylon macrospermum, Arecaceae, Vanuatu, Aneityum Tanna and Futuna, Casearia staffordiae, Salicaceae, Cayman Islands, Grand Cayman, Mastic Forest region, Cassipourea korupensi, Rhizophoraceae, Cameroon, Korup National Park, Cavia intermedia, Caviidae, Brazil, Moleques Island do Sul Archipelago, State of Santa Catarina, Centranthus amazonum, Valerianaceae, Italy, Sardinia, Mount Oliena, Ceratocentron fesselii, Orchidaceae, Philippines, Luzon Island Nueva Ecija, Chenopodium flabellifolium, Amaranthaceae, Mexico, Baja California, Choleva septentrionis subsp. holsatica, Leiodidae, Germany, Bad Segeberg, Cinnamomum chemungianum, Lauraceae, India, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Chemungi Hills, Cipocereus pusilliflorus, Cactaceae, Brazil, Minas Gerais Serra Geral, central-N, Cirsium davisianum, Asteraceae, Turkey, Anatolia, Erzurun regeion, Cirsium eliasianum, Asteraceae, Turkey, Anatolia, Erzurun region, Claoxylon linostachys, Euphorbiaceae, Mauritius, Petrin, Clermontia peleana, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Hawai’i, Clermontia pyrularia, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Hawai’i, Mauna Kea, Coleochloa domensis, Cyperaceae, Cameroon, NW region, Dom community, Columba argentina, Columbidae, Borneo, Indonesia and Malaysia, and Sumatra, Commidendrum rotundifolium, Asteraceae, Saint Helena, SW coastal hills, Commidendrum spurium, Asteraceae, Saint Helena, W Central Ridge, Connarus ecuadorensis, Connaraceae, Ecuador, El Oro province, close to Rio Dumari, Consolea falcata, Cactaceae, Haiti, Saint Michelle, W side, Conyza schlechtendalii, Asteraceae, Cape Verde, São Nicolau Island, Archipelago Alto das Caba, Alto das Cabaças archipelago, Coprosma laevigata, Rubiaceae, Cook Islands, Rarotonga, Costus barbatus, Costaceae, Costa Rica, San Jose, Costus vinosus, Costaceae, Panama, Sierra Llorona, Santa Rita Ridge, Cotoneaster cambricus, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, Wales, Great Orme’s Head, Caernarvonshire Llandudno, Cotoneaster majoricensis, Rosaceae, Spain, Balearic Islands Mallorca, N mountains, Crambe wildpretii, Brassicaceae, Spain, Canary Islands, La Gomera, NW of the island, Crataegus turcicus, Rosaceae, Turkey, Anatolia, NE Artvin, Craugastor fleischmanni, Craugastoridae, Costa Rica, Rio Ciruelas, Crax pinima, Cracidae, Brazil, NE Amazonia, Maranhão Gurupi, Biological Reserve, Cyanea asarifolia, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Cyanea crispa, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Koolau Mts., Cyanea dunbariae, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Moloka’i, Cyanea gibsonii, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Lana’i, Cyanea glabra, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Maui, Cyanea grimesiana, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Wai’anae Mountains, Cyanea horrida, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Maui, Cyanea humboldtiana, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Ko’olau Mt. Range, Cyanea kuhihewa, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Limahuli Valley, Cyanea lobata subsp. baldwinii, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Lānaʻi, Maui, Cyanea magnicalyx, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Maui, Cyanea marksii, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Hawai’i, Kona district, Cyanea platyphylla, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Hawai’i, S Kona, Cyanea remyi, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Cyanea rivularis, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Cyanea shipmanii, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Cyanea st-johnii, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Cyanea truncata, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Cyanea undulata, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Cyanopsitta spixii, Psittacidae, Brazil, N Bahia, Cylindrocline commersonii, Asteraceae, Mauritius, Montagne, Le Pouce, Cyphosperma naboutinense, Arecaceae, Fiji, Serua, Province on Viti Levu Naboutini, Cypripedium froschii, Orchidaceae, China, Yunnan (Lijiang), Cypripedium taibaiense, Orchidaceae, China, Shaanxi, Taibai Muntain, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Gesneriaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Koolau Mountains, Cyrtandra paliku, Gesneriaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’I, Koolau Mountains, Makaleha Range, Cyrtandra rarotongensis, Gesneriaceae, Cook Islands, Rarotonga, Delissea rhytidosperma, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Delosperma macellum, Aizoaceae, South Africa, Gauteng near Heidelberg and Vereeniging, Dendrobium schuetzei, Orchidaceae, Philippines, Mindanao Islands, Dichapetalum korupinum, Dichapetalaceae, Cameroon, SW Region of Korup National Park, Dichapetalum letouzeyi, Dichapetalaceae, Cameroon, SW Region of Korup National Park, Dimorphandra wilsonii, Fabaceae, Brazil, SE Minas Gerais State: Paraopeba and Caetanópolis municipalities, Dioscorea decaryana, Dioscoreaceae, Madagascar, Ambatofinandrahana area, Diospyros veillonii, Ebenaceae, New Caledonia, Paita Region, Diplotaxis glauca, Brassicaceae, Cape Verde, Islands Sal and Boavista, Dipterocarpus cinereus, Dipterocarpaceae, Indonesia, Sumatra, Mursala Island, Dipterocarpus littoralis, Dipterocarpaceae, Indonesia, Java, Nusakambangan Island, Ditrichum cornubicum, Ditrichaceae, Ireland, UK, Great Britain, England, Cornwall, and Ireland, Co. Cork, Diuris byronensis, Orchidaceae, Australia, New South Wales Bryon Bay, Dovyalis cameroonensis, Salicaceae, Nigeria, SE, Obudu Cattel Ranch and Cameroon, Bameda Highlands, Dracaena tamaranae, Asparagaceae, Spain, Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, SW sector, Dryococelus australis, Phasmatidae, Australia, Lord Howe Island Balls Pyramid, Drypetes riseleyi, Putranjivaceae, Seychelles, Mahé, Praslin Silhouette, Dubautia kalalauensis, Asteraceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Kalalau Valley, Dudleya crassifolia, Crassulaceae, Mexico, Baja California, Dudleya hendrixii, Crassulaceae, Mexico, Baja California, Dudleya pachyphytum, Crassulaceae, Mexico, Baja California, Duvaliandra dioscoridis, Apocynaceae, Yemen, Socotra, central mountains, Dypsis albofarinosa, Arecaceae, Madagascar, W of Andringitra area, Dypsis ambanjae, Arecaceae, Madagascar, between Tsaratanana Mts. & Daraina, Dypsis ambositrae, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Ambositra central Haut Plateau, Dypsis ampasindavae, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Sambirano region, Dypsis andilamenensis, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Andilamena, Dypsis antanambensis, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Mananara Avaratra, Dypsis basilonga, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Mont Vatovavy & Andrambovato Mt., Dypsis beentjei, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Mananara Avaratra, Dypsis brevicaulis, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Tolagnaro region, Dypsis brittiana, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Tsaramain’Andro vicinity, Dypsis canaliculata, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Zahamena National Park, Dypsis carlsmithii, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Tampolo & Mahavelona, Dypsis caudata, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Antalavia Masoala National Park, Dypsis cookei, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Marojejy National Park, Dypsis elegans, Arecaceae, Madagascar, between Mahanoro & Taolagnaro, Dypsis gronophyllum, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Vondrozo forest, Dypsis humilis, Arecaceae, Madagascar, WNW of Maroantsetra, Dypsis ifanadianae, Arecaceae, Madagascar, area near Ifanadiana, Dypsis intermedia, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Farafangana, Manombo Reserve, Dypsis interrupta, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Ifanadiana and Manombo Reserve, Dypsis jeremiei, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Soanierana, Ivongo, Ambatovaky Reserve, Dypsis laevis, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Farafangana, Manombo Reserve, Dypsis lanuginosa, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Ambatovaky, Dypsis leptocheilos, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Maevatanana, Dypsis mangorensis, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Mananara Avaratra National Park, Dypsis nauseosa, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Manakara, Mananjary, Farafangana, Vondrozo, Dypsis nossibensis, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Nosy Be Island, Lokobe forest, Dypsis oropedionis, Arecaceae, Madagascar, central plateau Ankazobe and Tsiroanomandidy, Dypsis ovobontsira, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Mananara Avaratra National Park, Dypsis pervillei, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Soanierana Ivongo, Dypsis pulchella, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Andilamena, Dypsis pumila, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Marojejy Mountains, Dypsis ramentacea, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Mananara, Dypsis remotiflora, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Mangerivola, Dypsis robusta, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Ifanadiana, Dypsis sahanofensis, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Mont Vatovavy, Dypsis scandens, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Ifanadiana area, Dypsis tanalensis, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Vondrozo, Dypsis tokoravina, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Mananara Avaratra Masoala, Peninsula Mahavelona, Dypsis trapezoidea, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Mont Vatovavy, Dypsis vonitrandambo, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Masoala National Park, Eligmocarpus cynometroides, Fabaceae, Madagascar, SW of Taolañaro Petriky, Encephalartos sclavoi, Zamiaceae, Tanzania, Tanga distirict, Usambara mountains, Encyclia kingsii, Orchidaceae, Cayman Islands, Ensete perrieri, Musaceae, Madagascar, Analavelona, Ampefy, Bemaraha, Maintirano, Epipactis hyblaea, Orchidaceae, Italy, Sicily, Valle dell’Anapo e Torrente Cava Grande, Eremospatha barendii, Arecaceae, Cameroon, along Melange River and Ebom, Erythrina schliebenii, Fabaceae, Tanzania, Kilwa Namatimbili Forest, Erythrolamprus ornatus, Dipsadidae, Saint Lucia, offshore island Maria Major, Eugenia crassipetala, Myrtaceae, Mauritius, Lion mountain Case, Noyale and Montagne Le Chat, Euphorbia anachoreta, Euphorbiaceae, Portugal, Madeira (Selvagens Islands), Euphorbia margalidiana, Euphorbiaceae, Spain, Balearic Islands, Ses Margalides, Euphorbia piceoides, Euphorbiaceae, Ethiopia, Hararge region, Euphorbia tanaensis, Euphorbiaceae, Kenya, Witu Forest reserve, Eurya zigzag, Pentaphylacaceae, Japan, Okinawa Island in Ryukyu Islands, Eutrichomyias rowleyi, Monarchidae, Indonesia, Sangihe Island, Ficus lateriflora, Moraceae, Mauritius, Réunion, Fissidens azoricus, Fissidentaceae, Portugal, Azores, Island of Flores, Fissidens jansenii, Fissidentaceae, Portugal, Serra da Estrela, Flueggea neowawraea, Phyllanthaceae, Hawaii, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Kona coast on Hawai’i, Fregetta maoriana, Oceanitidae, New Zealand, Mercury Islands, Hauraki gulf, N of Little Barrier Island, Gaertnera hirtiflora, Rubiaceae, Mauritius, Maccabe forest, Gaertnera truncata, Rubiaceae, Mauritius, Gallotia bravoana, Lacertidae, Spain, Canary Islands, La Gomera, Valle Gran Rey, Gardenia anapetes, Rubiaceae, Fiji, Vanua Levu, Mt. Kasi, Mt. Seatura, Gardenia brighamii, Rubiaceae, Hawaii, Lānaʻi, Oah’u, Gardenia vitiensis, Rubiaceae, Fiji, Vanua Levu, Garnotia cheesemanii, Poaceae, Cook Islands, Rarotonga, Te Manga track, Garnotia sechellensis, Poaceae, Seychelles, Morne Seychellois and Silhouette National Parks, Geniostoma clavigerum, Loganiaceae, Fiji, Mt. Evans and Mt. Lomalagi, Geomitra coronula, Hygromiidae, Portugal, Madeira Archipelago, Deserta Grande Island, Geospiza heliobates, Thraupidae, Ecuador, Galápagos Islands, Playa Tortuga Negra and Caleta Black, Geothallus tuberosus, Sphaerocarpaceae, USA, California, San Diego, Geranium arboreum, Geraniaceae, Hawaii, Maui, East Maui, Volcano Haleakalā, Geranium maderense, Geraniaceae, Portugal, Madeira, Glaucidium mooreorum, Strigidae, Brazil, Pernambuco Reserva, Biológica de Saltinho and Usina Trapiche, Gleditsia vestita, Fabaceae, China, Mt. Hengshan, Globularia ascanii, Globulariaceae, Spain, Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, Tamadaba, Gocea ohridana, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae, Macedonia, Lake Ohrid, Velidab locality, Goodyera macrophylla, Orchidaceae, Portugal, Madeira, central and N parts, Gouania meyenii, Rhamnaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, O’ahu, Gouania vitifolia, Rhamnaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Hawai’i, Gracupica jalla, Sturnidae, Indonesia, Java, Bali, Sumatra (Lampung province), Grallaria chthonia, Grallariidae, Venezuela, SW Táchir, a El Tamá National Park, Guaiacum unijugum, Zygophyllaceae, Mexico, Baja California, Guettarda wayaensis, Rubiaceae, Fiji, Monuriki and Waya Island, Vanua Levu, Haloragis stokesii, Haloragaceae, Cook Islands, Rarotonga, Te Vaakauta, Helichrysum nicolai, Asteraceae, Cape Verde, São Nicolau Island, Hemicycla modesta, Helicidae, Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife, Sta. Cruz, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Asteraceae, Hawaii, Maui, O’ahu, Hibbertia favieri, Dilleniaceae, New Caledonia, Plaine des lacs area, Hibiscus clayi, Malvaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Nounou Mts, Hibiscus fragilis, Malvaceae, Mauritius, Garde Mtand Le Morne Brabant Mt., Hildegardia populifolia, Malvaceae, India, Andra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Himantopus novaezelandiae, Recurvirostridae, New Zealand, South Island, Waitaki Valley, Holmskioldia gigas, Lamiaceae, Tanzania, Ngarama Forest Reserve, Horstrissea dolinicola, Apiaceae, Greece, Mt. Ida, Psiloritis, Hygrophila madurensis, Acanthaceae, India, Tamil Nadu, Madurai, District Alagar Hills, Hyophorbe amaricaulis, Arecaceae, Mauritius, Curepipe Botanical Garden, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Arecaceae, Mauritius, Round Island, Hyophorbe vaughanii, Arecaceae, Mauritius, Macchabee Brise Fer Mare Longue Florin, Hypochaeris oligocephala, Asteraceae, Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife, El Fraile, Buenavista, Ilex khasiana, Aquifoliaceae, India, Meghalaya, Incilius holdridgei, Bufonidae, Costa Rica, Cordillera Central, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Violaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Isoetes wormaldii, Isoëtaceae, South Africa, Eastern Cape, Grahamstown area, Isothecium montanum, Lembophyllaceae, Portugal, Madeira, Region of Pico, Ruivo and Pico do Areeiro, Isthmohyla graceae, Hylidae, Panama, Cordillera Central, Cerro Colorado, Isthmohyla tica, Hylidae, Costa Rica, and W Panama, Cordillera de Tilarán Cordillera Central and Cordillera de Tatamanca, Jasminum azoricum, Oleaceae, Portugal, Madeira, Funchal and Ribeira Brava, Juncus maroccanus, Juncaceae, Morocco, Ksar-el-Kebir region near Larache, Keetia bakossii, Rubiaceae, Cameroon, Bakossi Mts, Keetia bakossiorum, Rubiaceae, Cameroon, Bakossi Mts, Labordia cyrtandrae, Loganiaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Lepilemur septentrionalis, Lepilemuridae, Madagascar, Sahafary region, Madirobe and Ankarongana, Lepiota rhodophylla, Agaricaceae, USA, California, San Francisco Watershed, Leptocereus grantianus, Cactaceae, Puerto Rico, Culebra, Leptocereus wrightii, Cactaceae, Cuba, Havana city, Puerto Escondido, Leptodon corsicus, Leptodontaceae, France, Corsica, Leptolaena masoalensis, Sarcolaenaceae, Madagascar, Ambato-Masoala National Park, Leucopsar rothschildi, Sturnidae, Indonesia, Bali, Barat National Park, Limonium dendroides, Plumbaginaceae, Spain, Canary Islands, La Gomera, Limonium jovibarba, Plumbaginaceae, Cape Verde, Islands Monte Verde São Vicente and São Nicolau, Limonium lobinii, Plumbaginaceae, Cape Verde, Santiago Island, Limonium sibthorpianum, Plumbaginaceae, Italy, Sicily, Capo Alì, Limonium sundingii, Plumbaginaceae, Cape Verde, Islands Santiago, Island São Nicolau, Lithocarpus formosanus, Fagaceae, Taiwan, Pingtung County Kenting National Park, Lobelia koolauensis, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Lobelia monostachya, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Lobelia oahuensis, Campanulaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Waiʻanae and Ko’olau Mts, Lotus eremiticus, Fabaceae, Spain, Canary Islands, La Palma, Garafia, Lotus kunkelii, Fabaceae, Spain, Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, Playa de Jinámar, Lotus maculatus, Fabaceae, Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife, El Sauzal, Magnistipula multinervia, Chrysobalanaceae, Cameroon, Korup National Park, Magnolia chimantensis, Magnoliaceae, Colombia, Santander, and Venzuela, Chimantá, Magnolia crassifolia, Magnoliaceae, Ecuador, Los Encuentros, Jardin del Condor, Magnolia fansipanensis, Magnoliaceae, Vietnam, Hoang Lien National Park, Magnolia grandis, Magnoliaceae, China, Guangxi Yunnan, Magnolia jardinensis, Magnoliaceae, Colombia, Antioquia, Magnolia longipedunculata, Magnoliaceae, China, Guangdong, Magnolia mayae, Magnoliaceae, Mexico, Chiapas, and Guatemala, Magnolia ovoidea, Magnoliaceae, China, Yunnan, Magnolia polyhypsophylla, Magnoliaceae, Colombia, Antioquia, Magnolia sinica, Magnoliaceae, China, Yunnan, Magnolia wolfii, Magnoliaceae, Colombia, Risaralda, Mammillaria glochidiata, Cacteaceae, Mexico, Hidalgo, Margaritifera marocana, Margaritiferidae, Morocco, Oued Derna and Oued Beth, Masoala madagascariensis, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Mahavelona, Marojejy, Meconopsis bhutanica, Papaveraceae, Bhutan, Tshophu, Lake Soe Paro, Megalochlamys tanaensis, Acanthaceae, Kenya, Wema area, Melanophylla angustior, Torricelliaceae, Madagascar, Fianarantsoa, Manombo Special Reserve, Melanthera kamolensis, Asteraceae, Hawaii, Maui, Melanthera micrantha, Asteraceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Melanthera waimeaensis, Asteraceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Waimea Canyon, Melicope adscendens, Rutaceae, Hawaii, Maui, Haleakala, Melicope knudsenii, Rutaceae, Hawaii, Maui, Kaua’i, Mellissia begonifolia, Solanaceae, Saint Helena, Memecylon myrtiforne, Melastomataceae, Mauritius, Domain de Yemen, Grosse Roche, Merulaxis stresemanni, Rhinocryptidae, Brazil, Bahia Minas Gerais, Meryta tenuifolia, Araliaceae, Fiji, Viti Levu, Mesua stylosa, Calophyllaceae, Sri Lanka, W lowlands, Metrosideros bartlettii, Myrtaceae, New Zealand, North Island, Te Paki, Mexipedium xerophyticum, Orchidaceae, Mexico, Oaxaca, Mezoneuron kavaiense, Fabaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Hawai’i, Mimus trifasciatus, Mimidae, Ecuador, Galápagos Islands, Monizia edulis, Apiaceae, Portugal, Madeira, Myrcia paganii, Myrtaceae, Puerto Rico, Myristica yunnanensis, Myristicaceae, China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Myrmotherula snowi, Thamnophilidae, Brazil, Frei Caneca Pedra Dantes, Nannophryne cophotis, Bufonidae, Peru, Regions of Ancash, Cajamarca, La Libertad, Napaeus dolorosae, Enidae, Spain, Canary Islands, La Gomera, Tagamiche Mt., Nemosia rourei, Thraupidae, Brazil, Neophema chrysogaster, Psittacidae, Australia, Tasmania, Melaleuca, Neoschumannia kamerunensis, Apocynaceae, Cameroon, Bakossi, Likombe Central Africa, Republic Dzanga-Sangha Reserve, Neraudia sericea, Urticaceae, Hawaii, Moloka’i, Maui, Nesohedyotis arborea, Rubiaceae, Ascension Islands, Saint Helena, and Tristan da Cunha, Nomascus nasutus, Hylobatidae, China, Vietnam, Trung Khanh District Cao Bang povince Phong Nam-Ngoc Khe Mts Guangxi, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Solanaceae, Hawaii, Hawai’i, Kohala, Mts. Hualalai, Mauna Loa, Nothocestrum peltatum, Solanaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Ochyraea tatrensis, Amblystegiaceae, Slovakia, Nizke Tatry Mts., Ocotea lancilimba, Lauraceae, Mauritius, Gaullette, Serre and Montagne Cocotte, Opuntia chaffeyi, Cactaceae, Mexico, Zacatecas, Orthotrichum handiense, Orthotrichaceae, Spain, Canary Islands, Fuerteventura, Ostrya rehderiana, Betulaceae, China, Zhejiang Province, Tianmu Mt., Oxygyne shinzatoi, Thismiaceae, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa Island, Palaopartula calypso, Partulidae, Palau, Babaldaob Koror, Pandanus carmichaelii, Pandanaceae, Mauritius, Le Petrin, Pandanus microcarpus, Pandanaceae, Mauritius, Perrier Henrietta Vallee de Couleurs Gavarnny, Pandanus palustris, Pandanaceae, Mauritius, Le Petrin, Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum, Orchidaceae, Papua New Guinea, Bougainville Island, Paphiopedilum canhii, Orchidaceae, Vietnam, Dien Bien Phu province, Paphiopedilum cornuatum, Orchidaceae, China, Yunnan, Wuliang Shan Xiaojinggu, Paphiopedilum dayanum, Orchidaceae, Malaysia, Sabah, Borneo Mt. Kinabalu, Paphiopedilum fairrieanum, Orchidaceae, India, eastern Himalayas to Assam, Paphiopedilum guangdongense, Orchidaceae, China, Paphiopedilum helenae, Orchidaceae, China, Vietnam, Cao Banga Province, Paphiopedilum inamorii, Orchidaceae, Malaysia, Sipitang District, Mt. Rimau, Paphiopedilum intaniae, Orchidaceae, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Paphiopedilum kolopakingii, Orchidaceae, Indonesia, Borneo, Paphiopedilum lawrenceanum, Orchidaceae, Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, Paphiopedilum liemianum, Orchidaceae, Indonesia, Sumatra, Paphiopedilum ooii, Orchidaceae, Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, Paphiopedilum platyphyllum, Orchidaceae, Malaysia, Sarawak, Paphiopedilum primulinum, Orchidaceae, Indonesia, Sumatra, Paphiopedilum qingyongii, Orchidaceae, China, Tibet or Xizang, Paphiopedilum rothschildianum, Orchidaceae, Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, Paphiopedilum sanderianum, Orchidaceae, Malaysia, Sarawak, Paphiopedilum sangii, Orchidaceae, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Paphiopedilum schoseri, Orchidaceae, Indonesia, Maluku, Paphiopedilum sugiyamanum, Orchidaceae, Malaysia, Sabah, Paphiopedilum sukhakulii, Orchidaceae, Thailand, Phu Luang Mountains, Paphiopedilum thaianum, Orchidaceae, Thailand, Phangnga province, Paphiopedilum tranlienianum, Orchidaceae, Vietnam, Thai Nguyen and Tuyen, Paphiopedilum urbanianum, Orchidaceae, Philippines, Mindoro Island, Paphiopedilum victoria-mariae, Orchidaceae, Indonesia, Sumatra, Paphiopedilum victoria-regina, Orchidaceae, Indonesia, Sumatra, Paphiopedilum wenshanense, Orchidaceae, China, Yunnan, Partula emersoni, Partulidae, Micronesia, Pohnpei Island, Partula meyeri, Partulidae, French Polynesia, Raiatea, Peniocereus maculatus, Cactaceae, Mexico, Guerrero, Peniocereus occidentalis, Cactaceae, Mexico, Oaxaca, Peniocereus zopilotensis, Cactaceae, Mexico, Guerrero, Pennantia baylisiana, Pennantiaceae, New Zealand, Great Island Manawa, Pericallis hadrosoma, Asteraceae, Spain, Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, Peristylus holochila, Orchidaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Moloka’i, Maui, Phalaenopsis micholitzii, Orchidaceae, Philippines, Luzon and Mindanao, Phaseolus lignosus, Fabaceae, Bermuda, Nature Reserve Walsingham Sear’s Cave Gladys Morrell & Nonsuch Island, Phlegmariurus nutans, Lycopodiaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Phocoena sinus, Phocoenidae, Mexico, Gulf of California, Baja California, Phragmipedium andreettae, Orchidaceae, Colombia, Ecuador, W cordillera of the Andes, Phragmipedium anguloi, Orchidaceae, Colombia, W Andes, Patia-Timbio valley, Phragmipedium dalessandroi, Orchidaceae, Ecuador, Rio Bombuscarua, Phragmipedium exstaminodium, Orchidaceae, Mexico, Chiapas, Phragmipedium kovachii, Orchidaceae, Peru, Amazonas department, Phragmipedium manzurii, Orchidaceae, Colombia, Santander province, Phylica polifolia, Rhamnaceae, Saint Helena, Island summit of Lot High Hill and Ebony Point, Phyllanthus kidna, Phyllanthaceae, Cameroon, Yaoundé Mefou proposed National, Phyllanthus revaughanii, Phyllanthaceae, Mauritius, Ilot, Bernache Round island Ile aux Aigrettes, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Lamiaceae, Hawaii, Lanaʻi, Moloka’i, Maui, Phyllostegia helleri, Lamiaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Lamiaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Phyllostegia hispida, Lamiaceae, Hawaii, Molokaʻi, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Lamiaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Phyllostegia mollis, Lamiaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Phyllostegia warshaueri, Lamiaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Phyllostegia wawrana, Lamiaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Pilea cataractae, Urticaceae, Mauritius, Tamarin Falls, Pilosocereus diersianus, Cactaceae, Brazil, Goiás, Pilosocereus frewenii, Cactaceae, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Pinus squamata, Pinaceae, China, Yunnan, Pittosporum brevispinum, Pittosporaceae, New Caledonia, Pouembout area, Pittosporum coriaceum, Pittosporaceae, Portugal, Madeira, Pittosporum sp. nov. ‘veilloniana’, Pittosporaceae, New Caledonia, Pittosporum tanianum, Pittosporaceae, New Caledonia, île Léprédour, Pleodendron macranthum, Canellaceae, Puerto Rico, El Yunque, Plerandra sp. nov. “mackeei”, Araliaceae, New Caledonia, Pouembout, Poa riphaea, Poaceae, Czech Republic, Podonephelium parvifolium, Sapindaceae, New Caledonia, Grande Terre, Polyscias bisattenuata, Araliaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Polyscias flynnii, Araliaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Polyscias gruschvitzkii, Araliaceae, Madagascar, Toamasina, Polyscias lionnetii, Araliaceae, Seychelles, Mahé Islands, Polyscias rodriguesiana, Araliaceae, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Polyspora dassanayakei, Theaceae, Sri Lanka, Badulla Kandy District Eliya, Polyspora gioii, Theaceae, Vietnam, Khánh, Hòa Province, Polystichum drepanum, Dryopteridaceae, Portugal, Madeira, Pomarea nigra, Monarchidae, French Polynesia, Tahiti, Pomarea whitneyi, Monarchidae, French Polynesia, Fatu, Hiva, Populus berkarensis, Salicaceae, Kazakhstan, Karatau Mts., Porites pukoensis, Poritidae, Hawaii, Molokai Island, Potorous gilbertii, Potoroidae, Australia, Mount Gardner, Two peoples Bay Reserve, Prasophyllum favonium, Orchidaceae, Australia, Tasmania, Primulina modesta, Gesneriaceae, Vietnam, Halong Bay, Pritchardia hardyi, Arecaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Pritchardia munroi, Arecaceae, Hawaii, Pritchardia schattaueri, Arecaceae, Hawaii, Pritchardia viscosa, Arecaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Prospero talosii, Asparagaceae, Greece, Dia, Island Natura 2000, Psephurus gladius, Polyodontidae, China, Yangtze River, Pseudolmedia manabiensis, Moraceae, Ecuador, Cerro Montecristi, Psiadia cataractae, Asteraceae, Mauritius, Psychotria silhouettae, Rubiaceae, Seychelles, Silhouette Island, Pteris lidgatei, Pteridaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Maui, Moloka’i, Pyrenaria buisanensis, Theaceae, Taiwan, Pingtung County in Taiwan, Pyrenaria cherrapunjeana, Theaceae, India, Meghalaya, Khasi Hills, Pyrus gergerana, Rosaceae, Armenia, Ger Ger village, Rafetus swinhoei, Trionychidae, Vietnam, Hoan Kiem Lake and Dong Mo Lake, Rafflesia magnifica, Rafflesiaceae, Philippines, Mindanao Island, Ramosmania rodriguesii, Rubiaceae, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Rapanea seychellarum, Myrsinaceae, Seychelles, Mahé Silhouette and Praslin, Ravenea beentjei, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Vondrozo, Ravenea delicatula, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Andilamena, Ravenea hypoleuca, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Vondrozo and Tsitongambarika, Ravenea lakatra, Arecaceae, Madagascar, between Masoala and Vangaindrano, Ravenea louvelii, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Andasibe, Rhamnus lojaconoi, Rhamnaceae, Italy, Sicily, Ribes sardoum, Grossulariaceae, Italy, Sardinia, Nuoro Province, Risiocnemis seidenschwarzi, Platycnemididae, Philippines, Cebu Island, Kawasan River, Romulea antiatlantica, Iridaceae, Morocco, Anti Atlas Mts., Romulea villaretii, Iridaceae, Morocco, Anti Atlas Mts., Rorippa valdes-bermejoi, Brassicaceae, Spain, Huelva Parque Nacional, Rosa dolichocarpa, Rosaceae, Russia, Federation Stavropol Krai, Rubus rugulosus, Rosacea, Sweden, Halland around Rydet Onsala, Saintpaulia ulugurensis, Gesneriaceae, Tanzania, North Uluguru Mts., Saintpaulia watkinsii, Gesneriaceae, Tanzania, North Uluguru Mts., Sanicula mariversa, Apiaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Santamartamys rufodorsalis, Echimyidae, Colombia, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta el dorade Nature Reserve, Sarcolaena isaloensis, Sarcolaenaceae, Madagascar, Isalo National Parc, Saribus jeanneneyi, Arecaceae, New Caledonia, Grande Terre, Scalesia atractyloides, Asteraceae, Ecuador, Galápagos Islands, Santiago Island, Schiedea adamantis, Caryophyllaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Schiedea kaalae, Caryophyllaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Schiedea membranacea, Caryophyllaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Schiedea nuttallii, Caryophyllaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Sclerotheca viridiflora, Campanulaceae, Cook Islands, Rarotonga, Semperdon xyleborus, Charopidae, Palau, Senecio lamarckianus, Asteraceae, Mauritius, Serratorotula acarinata, Hygromiidae, Portugal, Madeira, Ilhéu de Baixo Rede de Áreas Marinhas, Silene alexandri, Caryophyllaceae, Hawaii, Moloka’i, Simirestis klaineana, Celastraceae, Gabon, Province de l’Estuaire, Sinapidendron rupestre, Brassicaceae, Portugal, Madeira, Sitta insularis, Sittidae, Bahamas, Grand Bahama Island, Solanum incompletum, Solanaceae, Hawaii, Hawai’i, mountain range, Solenanthus reverchonii, Boraginaceae, Spain, Cabrilla, Sonneratia hainanensis, Lythraceae, China, Hanan, Wenchang County, Sorbus acutiserrata, Rosaceae, Hungary, Gánt Vértes Mts., Sorbus adamii, Rosaceae, Hungary, Gánt Vértes Mts., Sorbus algoviensis, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Sorbus arvonensis, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, Wales Strait, Sorbus atrimontis, Rosaceae, Slovakia, Carpathian Mountain chain Veľká Natura 2000, Sorbus avonensis, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, Avon, Sorbus bakonyensis, Rosaceae, Hungary, Bakony Mts., Sorbus borosiana, Rosaceae, Hungary, Vértes Mts., Sorbus busambarensis, Rosaceae, Italy, Sicily, Rocca Busambra, Sorbus cheddarensis, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, England, Sorbus dracofolia, Rosaceae, Hungary, Gánt, Vértes Mts., Sorbus eminentoides, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, England, Sorbus evansii, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, England, Gloucestershire, Sorbus eystettensis, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Sorbus gauckleri, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Sorbus greenii, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, England, Sorbus harziana, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Sorbus herbipolitana, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Sorbus hohenesteri, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Leutenbach, Sorbus holubyana, Rosaceae, Slovakia, Malé, Karpatý Mts. Čachtické Hills, Sorbus kmetiana, Rosaceae, Slovakia, Malé, Karpatý Mts. Čachtické Hills, Sorbus leyana, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, Wales, Sorbus lonetalensis, Rosaceae, Germany, Bissingen, Sorbus meierottii, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Wellheim, Sorbus mergenthaleriana, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Regensburg, Sorbus milensis, Rosaceae, Czech Republic, Central Bohemian, Uplands České středohoří, Sorbus parviloba, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, England Gloucestershire, Sorbus pauca, Rosaceae, Czech Republic, N Doksy region, Sorbus perlonga, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Würzburg, Sorbus pontis-satanae, Rosaceae, Czech Republic, Brno, Moravian Karst, Sorbus portae-bohemicae, Rosaceae, Czech Republic, České středohoří Mts., Sorbus pseudomeinichii, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, Scotland, Arran Glen Catacol, Sorbus pulchra, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Sorbus pyricarpa, Rosaceae, Hungary, Vértes Mts., Sorbus richii, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, England Estuary, Sorbus rupicoloides, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, England, Sorbus salatin, Rosaceae, Slovakia, Nízke Tatry Mts., Sorbus saxicola, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, Wales, England, Sorbus scannelliana, Rosaceae, Ireland, Island Killarney, Sorbus scepusiensis, Rosaceae, Slovakia, Volovské vrchy, Sorbus schnizleiniana, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Neukirchen/Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Sorbus schuwerkiorum, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Sorbus schwarziana, Rosaceae, Germany, Bavaria, Sorbus seyboldiana, Rosaceae, Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Sorbus spectans, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, England, Gorge, Sorbus stirtoniana, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, Wales, Breidden, Sorbus thayensis, Rosaceae, Austria, Czech Republic, Dyje River, Sorbus tobani, Rosaceae, Hungary, Bakony Mts., Sorbus ujhelyii, Rosaceae, Hungary, Transdanubian Mts., Sorbus vallerubusensis, Rosaceae, Hungary, Vértes Mts., Sorbus vexans, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, England, Sorbus whiteana, Rosaceae, UK, Great Britain, England, Valley Avon Gorge, Sorbus zertovae, Rosaceae, Slovakia, Malé, Karpaty Mountains, Trnava Senica District, Stenocereus chacalapensis, Cactaceae, Mexico, Oaxaca, Stenogyne kealiae, Lamiaceae, Hawaii, Kaua’i, Styrax portoricensis, Styracaceae, Puerto Rico, Caribbean National Forest, Syagrus werdermannii, Arecaceae, Brazil, state of Bahia Caetité, Syzygium guehoi, Myrtaceae, Mauritius, Magenta Mt., Tahina spectabilis, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Analalava district, Tambourissa cocottensis, Monimiaceae, Mauritius, Montagne cocotte, Tambourissa pedicellata, Monimiaceae, Mauritius, Mt. Lagrave Macchabee Bassin, Tanacetum oshanahanii, Asteraceae, Spain, Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria de Guayedra, Tarenna hutchinsonii, Rubiaceae, Guinea, and Liberia, Guinea Forestiére, Ternstroemia bullata, Pentaphylacaceae, Jamaica, Clarendon, Ternstroemia glomerata, Pentaphylacaceae, Jamaica, Clarendon, Ternstroemia luquillensis, Pentaphylacaceae, Puerto Rico, Ternstroemia subsessilis, Pentaphylacaceae, Puerto Rico, Caribbean National Forest Rivera, Tetrataxis salicifolia, Lythraceae, Mauritius, Cascade Cinq Cent Pieds Le Pouce, Teucrium abutiloides, Lamiaceae, Portugal, Madeira, Thamnobryum angustifolium, Neckeraceae, UK, Great Britain, England, Carlisle and Peak District, Thamnobryum cataractarum, Neckeraceae, UK, Great Britain, England, Yorkshire, Thlaspi zangezuricum, Brassicacea, Armenia, Zangezur and Megri floristic, Tinadendron noumeanum, Rubiaceae, New Caledonia, Noumea Tina Bay, Toxostoma guttatum, Mimidae, Mexico, Cozumel Island, Trichilia triacantha, Meliaceae, Puerto Rico, Guanica Forest and Boqueron, Trilepisium gymnandrum, Moraceae, Seychelles, Silhouette National Park, Trochetiopsis ebenus, Malvaceae, Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha, Turbina inopinata, Convolvulaceae, New Caledonia, Paita Pouembout, Ulmus gaussenii, Ulmaceae, China, Anhui, Urera kaalae, Urticaceae, Hawaii, O’ahu, Waianae Mts., Vangueriopsis shimbaensis, Rubiaceae, Kenya, Shimba Hills National reserve, Varronia bellonis, Cordiaceae, Puerto Rico, Maricao, Río Abajo Ciales and Utuado, Vateriopsis seychellarum, Dipterocarpaceae, Seychelles, Morne, Seychellois National Park, Verbascum transcaucasicum, Scrophulariaceae, Turkey, Anatolia, Kars, Vicia ferreirensis, Fabaceae, Portugal, Madeira, Porto Santo Island, Vicia menziesii, Fabaceae, Hawaii, Hawai’i, Mauna Loa, Videna pumila, Trochomorphidae, Palau, Peleliu Island, Voanioala gerardii, Arecaceae, Madagascar, Bay of Antongil, Warneckea ngutiensis, Melastomataceae, Cameroon, Nguti Banyang Mbo forest, Weberocereus frohningiorum, Cactaceae, Costa Rica, San José, Weinmannia exigua, Cunoniaceae, Fiji, Vanua Levu, Wikstroemia villosa, Thymelaeaceae, Hawaii, Maui, Xylopia amplexicaulis, Annonaceae, Mauritius, Macchabe, Mare Longue, Plateau Brise Fer Ridge, Xylopia lamarckii, Annonaceae, Mauritius, Macchabe, Longue, Xylosma crenatum, Salicaceae, Hawaii, Nualolo Trail, Kokee, State Park Napalikona Forest Reserve, Zamia restrepoi, Zamiaceae, Colombia, Cordoba Urra, Zeuxine rolfiana, Orchidaceae, India, Andaman, Nicobar Islands, Zoogoneticus tequila, Goodeidae, Mexico, Rio Ameca drainage, Teuchitlan River, Zornia vaughaniana, Fabaceae, Mauritius, Ilot Sanchot, Riviere des Gallets, Zosterops nehrkorni, Zosteropidae, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Sangihe.