Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Phoma as an Infectious Pathogen in Medical Practice

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Phoma: Diversity, Taxonomy, Bioactivities, and Nanotechnology

  • 469 Accesses

Abstract

Currently, human infection with Phoma spp. becomes more and more frequent. Opportunistic infections are manifested in the form of subcutaneous mycoses; onychomycosis; damage to the lungs, paranasal sinuses, or brain; sinusitis; and eye infections. There are 33 cases of phaeohyphomycosis caused by Phoma spp., which proceeded in a superficial form or in the form of disseminated infection in patients with weakened immunity. Analysis of the literature revealed a lack of professional medical information about clinical signs and main symptom complexes in human diseases caused by Phoma spp. and the absence of standard treatment methods. This section provides information based on the known medical cases of infection with the representatives of Phoma spp. The authors provide information containing a discussion of the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of diseases caused by fungi of the Phoma genus. The concepts of phaeogyphomycosis and the spectrum of diseases caused by Phoma spp. are presented in an accessible form. The biological features of Phoma spp. are described, which will speed up the diagnosis. A separate chapter reveals a list of necessary diagnostic measures for making a reliable diagnosis. As a rule, the diagnosis is based on histopathological examination of clinical specimens and the classical laboratory diagnosis of mycoses. Additionally, sequencing is recommended for identification. The final chapter of this section provides information on therapeutic measures and drugs to achieve a complete cure for opportunistic mycoses caused by Phoma spp. This can be important for diagnosing various manifestations of phaeohyphomycosis, as well as for choosing the strategy and tactics of treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AgNPs:

Silver nanoparticles

AR:

Agglutination reaction

AuNPs:

Gold nanoparticles

BSL:

Biosafety level

CAR:

Coagglutination reaction

CFR:

Complement fixation reaction

CID:

Counter immunodiffusion reaction

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DPR:

Diffusion precipitation reaction

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

IDR:

Immunodiffusion reaction

IEP:

Immunoelectrophoresis

IFR:

Immunofluorescence reaction

ITS :

Internal transcribed spacer regions

KOH:

Potassium hydroxide

LA:

Latex agglutination

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PHAR:

Passive hemagglutination reaction

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

References

  • Al-Abdely H, Alkhunaizi A, Al-Tawfiq J (2005) Successful therapy of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Ramichloridium mackenziei with new triazole, posaconazole. Med. Mycol 43:91–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Aidaroos A, Bin-Hussain I, El Solh H (2007) Invasive Chaetomium infection in two immunocompromised pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26:456–458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Tawfiq JA, Boukhamseen A (2011) Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Rhinocladiella mackenziei (formerly Ramichloridium mackenziei): case presentation and literature review. J Infect Public Health 4:96–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aly R (1996) Microbial Infections of Skin and Nails. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston 4th edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Araújo AJG, Bastos OM., Souza MAJ, Oliveira JC (2003) Onychomycosis caused by emergent fungi: clinical analysis, diagnosis and revision. An. Bras. Dermatol 78:445–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arenas R (2011) Micología Médica Ilustrada. México City: McGraw-Hill-Interamericana 4th edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrese JE, Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE (1997) Unusual mould infection of the human stratum corneum. J. Med. Vet. Mycol 35:225–227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Attapattu MC (1997) Chromoblastomycosis – a clinical and mycological study of 71 cases from Sri Lanka. Mycopathologia 137:145–151.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aveskamp MM, de Gruyter J, Woudenberg JHC, Verkley GJM, Crous PW (2010) Highlights of the Didymellaceae: a polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera. Stud Mycol 65:1–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baker JG, Salkin IF, Forgacs P, Haines JH, Kemna ME (1987) First Report of Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis of the Foot Caused by Phoma Minutella. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25:2395–2397.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bakerspigel A (1970) The isolation of Phoma hibernica from a lesion on a leg. Sabouraudia 7:261–264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakerspigel A, Lowe D, Rostas A (1981) The isolation of Phoma eupyrena from a human lesion. Arch Dermatol 117:362–363.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balis E, Velegraki A, Fragou A, Pefanis A, Kalabokas T, Mountokalakis T (2006) Lung mass caused by Phoma exigua. Scand. J. Infect. Dis 38:552–555.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baran R, Kaoukhov A (2005) Topical antifungal drugs for the treatment of onychomycosis: an overview of current strategies for monotherapy and combination therapy. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol 19:21–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman DS, Smith CD (1975) Comparison of immunodiffusion and complement fixation tests in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2:77–80.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett A, Ponder MM, Garcia-Diaz J (2018) Phoma Infections: Classification, Potential Food Sources, and Its Clinical Impact. Microorganisms 6(3):58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bloomfield N, Gordon MA, Elmendorf DF (1963) Detection of Cryptococcus neoformans antigen in body fluid by latex particle agglutination. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 114:64–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boerema GH, J de Gruytere, Noordeloos ME, Hamers MEC (2004) Phoma identification manual. Differentiation of specific and infra-specific taxa in culture. Cabi Publishing 470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borges MC Jr, Warren S, White W, Pellettiere EV (1991) Pulmonary phaeohyphomycosis due to Xylohypha bantiana. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115:627–629.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter E, Boudreaux C (2004) Fatal cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Curvularia lunata in an immunocompetent patient. J Clin Microbiol 42:5419–5423.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chang X, Li R, Yu J, Bao X, Qin J (2009) Phaeohyphomycosis of the central nervous system caused by Exophiala dermatitidis in a 3-year-old immunocompetent host. J Child Neurol 24:342–345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhary A, Meis JF, Guarro J, de Hoog GS, Kathuria S, Arendrup MC, Arikan-Akdagli S, Akova M, Boekhout T, Caira M (2014) ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of systemic phaeohyphomycosis: Diseases caused by black fungi. Clin. Microbiol. Infect 20:47–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole RJ, Jarvis BB, Schweikert MA (2003) Handbook of Secondary Fungal Metabolites. Academic Press: Amsterdam 3rd edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crous PW, Shivas RG, Quaedvlieg W, van der Bank M, Zhang Y, Summerell BA, Guarro J, Wingfield MJ, Wood AR, Alfenas AC, Braun U, Cano-Lira JF, García D, Marin-Felix Y, Alvarado P, Andrade JP, Armengol J, Assefa A, den Breeÿen A, Camele I, Groenewald JZ (2014) Fungal Planet description sheets: 214-280. Persoonia 32:184–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Davies SF, Sarosi GA (1987) Serodiagnosis of histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. American Review of Respiratory Disease 136: 254–255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson CO, Lepper AWD (1970) Peyronellaea glomerata infection of the ear pinna in gots. Sabouraudia 8:145–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Hoog GS, Guarro J, Gene J, Figueras MJ (2000) Atlas of clinical fungi. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures. Virgili 2nd edition 645–668.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Repentigny L (1989) Serological techniques for diagnosis of fungal infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 8(4):362–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delfino D, De Hoog S, Polonelli L (2006) Survival of a neglected case of brain abscess caused by Cladophialophora bantiana. Med Mycol 44:651–654.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebright JR, Chandrasekar PH, Marks S, Fairfax MR, Aneziokoro A, McGinnins MR (1999) Invasive sinusitis and cerebritis due to Curvularia clavata in an immunocompetent adult. Clin Infect Dis 28:687–689.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elinav H, Izhar U, Benenson S (2009) Invasive Scytalidium dimidiatum infection in an immunocompetent adult. J Clin Microbiol 47:1259–1263.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • English MP (1980) Infection of the finger-mail by Pyrenochaeta unguis-hominis. J. Derm 103:91–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Errera MH, Barale PO, Nourry H (2008) Usefulness of voriconazole in treatment of Phoma glomerata after penetrating injury. J Fr Ophtalmol 31:62–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esterre P, Andriantsimahavandy A, Ramarcel ER, Pecarrere JL (1996) Forty years of chromoblastomycosis in Madagascar: a review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55:45–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Everett JE, Busick NP, Sielaff T, Wahoff DC, Dunn DL (2003) A deeply invasive Phoma species infection in a renal transplant recipient. Transplant Proc 35:1387–1389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fader RC, McGinnis MR (1998) Infections caused by dematiaceous fungi: Chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. Infect. Dis. Clin. North. Am 2:925–938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faggi E, Pini G, Campisi E, Bertellini C, Difonzo E, Mancianti F (2001) Application of PCR to distinguish common species of dermatophytes. J. Clin. Microbiol 39(9):3382–3385.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Faisal M, Elsayed E, Fitzgerald SD, Silva V, Mendoza L (2007) Outbreaks of phaeohyphomycosis in the chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) caused by Phoma herbarum. Mycopathologia 163(1):41–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filizzola MJ, Martinez F, Rauf SJ (2003) Phaeohyphomycosis of the central nervous system in immunocompetent hosts: report of a case and review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis 7:282–286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan KL, Bryceson AD (1997) Disseminated infection due to Bipolaris australiensis in a young immunocompetent man: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 25:311–313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George DB, Lambert RS, Bruce MJ, Pickering TW, Wolcott RM (1981) Radioimmunoassay: a sensitive screening test for histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. American Review of Respiratory Disease 124:407–410.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghannoum MA, Hajjeh RA, Scher R (2000) A large-scale North American study of fungal isolates from nails: the freguency of onychomycosis, fungal distribution, and antifungal susceptibility patterns. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 43(4):641–648.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gopinathan U, Garg P, Fernandes M, Sharma S, Athmanathan S, Rao GN (2002) The epidemiological features and laboratory results of fungal keratitis: a 10-year review at a referral eye care center in South India. Cornea 21:555–559.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon MA, Salkin IF, Stone WB (1975) Phoma (Peyronellaea) as zoopathogen. Sabouraudia 13:329–333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gower EW, Keay LJ, Oechsler RA, Iovieno A, Alfonso EC, Jones DB, Colby K, Tuli SS, Patel SR, Lee SM, Irvine J, Stulting RD, Mauger TF, Schein OD (2010) Trends in fungal keratitis in the United States, 2001 to 2007. Ophthalmology 117(12):2263–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberger P A, Patterson R (1982) Application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 99: 288–293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greig JR, Khan MA, Hopkinson NS, Marshall BG, Wilson PO, Rahman SU (2001) Pulmonary infection with Scedosporium prolificans in an immunocompetent individual. J Infect 43:15–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guarner J, Brandt ME (2011) Histopathologic diagnosis of fungal infections in the 21st century. Clin Microbiol Rev 24(2):247–280.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gurta AK, Gurta MA, Summerbell RC (2000) The epidemiology of onychomycosis: possible role of smoking and peripheral arterial disease. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol 14(6)466–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hay RJ (2008) Deep fungal infections. In: Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, editors. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine 7th edition. New York: Mc Graw Hill 1833–1835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Hernández F, Vargas-Arzola J, Ríos-Cruz OP, Córdova-Martínez E, Manzano-Gayosso P, Segura-Salvador A (2018) First case of chromoblastomycosis due to Phoma insulana. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin 36:95–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsh AH, Schiff TA (1996) Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by an unusual pathogen: Phoma species. J Am Acad Dermatol 34:679–680

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollingsworth JW, Shofer S, Zaas A (2007) Successful treatment of Ochroconis gallopavum infection in an immunocompetent host. Infection 35:367–369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hospenthal DR (2014) Agents of chromoblastomycosis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janke D (1956) About a human-pathogenic new species of Peyronellaea bred from lung changes. Mycopathologia 7:229–240.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones MDM, Forn I, Gadelha C, Egan MJ, Bass D, Massana R, Richards TA (2011) Discovery of novel intermediate forms redefines the fungal tree of life. Nature 474:200–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalyani M, Ranjitham M, Sekar UP (2006) Subcutaneous infection by Phoma species in a renal allograft, recipient a case report. Indian J Practising Doctor 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kardjeva V (2006) Forti-eight-hour diagnosis of onychomycosis with subtyping of Trichophyton rubrum strains. J. Clin. Microbiol 44(4):1419–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur R, Kashyap B, Bhalla P (2008) Onychomycosis – epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 26(2):108–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keay LJ, Gower EW, Iovieno A, Oechsler RA, Alfonso EC, Matoba A, Colby K, Tuli SS, Hammersmith K, Cavanagh D, Lee SM, Irvine J, Stulting RD, Mauger TF, Schein OD (2011) Clinical and microbiological characteristics of fungal keratitis in the United States, 2001-2007: a multicenter study. Ophthalmology 118(5):920–926.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiran Kumar K, Kaveri Kalleker (2008) Phaeohyphomycosis. Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol 51:556–558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkness CM, Seal DV, Clayton YM, Punithalingam E (1991) Sphaeropsis subglobosa keratomycosis-first reported case. Cornea 10(1):85–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kozel TR, Wickes B (2014) Fungal diagnostics. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 4(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kukhar E, Smagulova A, Kiyan V (2020) Biological properties of Phoma macrostoma related to non-dermatophyte onychomycosis. Medical Mycology Case Reports 27:55–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Thomas S, Papagiannuli E, Hardman SC, Jenkins D, Prydal J (2015) A case of Phoma fungal keratitis in a contact lens user. JRSM Open 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert RS, George RB (1987) Evaluation of enzyme immuno-assay as a rapid screening test for histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. American Review of Respiratory Disease 136:316–319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lastoria C, Cascina A, Bini F (2009) Pulmonary Cladophialophora boppii infection in a lung transplant recipient: case report and literature review. J Heart Lung Transplant 28:635–637.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lease ED, Alexander BD (2011) Fungal diagnostics in pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 32(6):663–672.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lever WF, Schaumburg-Lever L (1983) Hystopathology of the Skin. Lippincott compani. Philadelphia 6 edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu D, Pearce L, Lilleu G, Coloe S, Baird R, Pedersen J (2002) Identification of dermatophytes fungi Trichophyton rubrum, T. soudanense and T. gourvilii. J. Med. Microbiol 51:117–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez Martinez R, Mendez Tovar LJ (2007) Chromoblastomycosis. Clin. Dermatol 25:188–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lugauskas A, Raila A, Railiene M, Raudoniene V (2006) Toxic micromycetes in grain raw material during its processing. Ann. Agric. Environ 13:147–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marier R, Smith W, Jansen M, Andriole VT (1979) A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of antibody to Aspergillus in invasive aspergillosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 140:771–779.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markinson BC, Elewski B (2007) Onychomycosis: diagnosis and definition of cure. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 56(6):939–944.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElnea E, Farrell S, Lynch B, Bishop K, Mullen D, Borman A, Higgins G (2015) A rare case of fungal keratitis: Diagnosis and management. JMM Case Rep.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesa A, Henao J, Gil M, Durango G (1999) Phaeohyphomycosis in kidney transplant patients. Clinical Transplantation 13(3):273–276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milam CP, Fenske NA (1989) Chromoblastomycosis. Derm. Clin 7:219–225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirhendi H, Fatemi MJ, Bateni H (2013) First case of disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in an immunocompetent individual due to Alternaria malorum. Med Mycol 51:196–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra D, Singal M, Rodha MS, Subramanian AJ (2011) Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis of foot in an immunocompetent host. A. J. Lab. Physicians 3(2):122–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris JT, Beckius ML, Jeffery S, Longfeld RN, Heaven RF, Baker WJ (1995) Lung mass caused by Phoma species. Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract 4:58–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullane K, Toor AA, Kalnicky C, Rodriguez T, Klein J, Stiff P (2007) Posaconazole salvage therapy allows successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with refractory invasive mold infections. Transpl Infect Dis 9:89–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oh CK, Kwon KS, Lee JB, Jang HS, Chung TA, Suh SB (1999) Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Phoma species. Int. J. Dermatol 38:874–876.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira RC, Goncalves SS, Oliveira MS, Dilkin P, Mallmann CA, Freitas RS, Bianchi P, Correa B (2017) Natural occurrence of tenuazonic acid and Phoma sorghina in Brazilian sorghum grains at different maturity stages. Food Chem 230:491–496.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ono M, Nishigori C, Tanaka C, Tanaka S, Tsuda M, Miyachi Y (2004) Cutaneous alternariosis in an immunocompetent patient: analysis ofthe internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA and Brm2 of isolated Alternaria alternata. Br J Dermatol 150:773–775.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padhye AA, Davis MS, Baer D (1998) Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Phaeoacremonium inflatipes. J. Clin. Microbiol 36:2763–2765.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Parr CS, Wilson N, Leary P, Schulz KS, Lans K, Walley L, Hammock JA, Goddard A, Rice J, Studer M et al. (2014) The Encyclopedia of Life. Providing Global Access to Knowledge about Life on Earth. Biodivers. Data J. 2:e1079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereiro M Jr, Pereiro Ferreiros MM, De Hoog GS, Toribio J (2004) Cutaneous infection caused by Alternaria in patients receiving tacrolimus. Med Mycol 42:277–282.,

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfavayi LT, Sibanda EN, Mutapi F (2020) The Pathogenesis of Fungal-Related Diseases and Allergies in the African Population: The State of the Evidence and Knowledge Gaps. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 181:257–269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Punithalingam E (1976) Phoma oculohominis sp. nov. from corneal ulcer. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc 67:142–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Punithalingam E (1979) Sphaeropsidales in culture from humans. Nova Hedwig 31:119–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Queiroz-Telles F, Esterre P, Perez-Blanco M (2009) Chromoblastomycosis: an overview of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Med. Mycol 47:3–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rai MK (1989) Phoma sorghina infection in human being. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 105:167–170.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rai M K, Tiwari VV, Irinyi L, Kövics GJ (2014). Advances in taxonomy of genus phoma: polyphyletic nature and role of phenotypic traits and molecular systematics. Indian journal of microbiology 54(2):123-128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Restrepo A, Gonzalez A, Gomez I, Arango M, de Bedout C (1988) Treatment of chromoblastomycosis with itraconazole. Ann N Y Acad Sci 544:504–516.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Revankar SG (2006) Phaeohyphomycosis. Infect. Dis. Clin. North. Am 20:609–620.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Revankar SG (2011) Cladophialophora bantiana brain abscess in an immunocompetent patient. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 22:149–150.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Revankar SG, Sutton DA (2010) Melanized fungi in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 23:884–928.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson M, Page I (2018) Role of Serological Tests in the Diagnosis of Mold Infections. Curr Fungal Infect Rep 12:127–136.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rishi K, Font RL (2003) Keratitis caused by an unusual fungus, Phoma species. Cornea 22:166–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roehm CE, Salazar JC, Hagstrom N, Valdez TA (2012) Phoma and Acremonium invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in congenital acute lymphocytic leukemia and literature review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 76(10):1387–1391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen T, Rinaldi MJ, Tschen JA, Stern JK, Cernoch P (1996) Cutaneous lesions due to Pleurophoma (Phoma) complex. South Med J 89:431–433.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salgado CG, da Silva MB, Yamano SS, Salgado UI, Diniz JA, da Silva JP (2009) Cutaneous localized annular chromoblastomycosis. J. Cutan. Pathol 36(2):257–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schell WA, Esterre P (2005) Chromoblastomycosis. In: Hay RJ, editor. Topley and Wilson’s microbiology and microbial infections 10th edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schieffelin JS, Garcia-Diaz JB, Loss GE, Jr, Beckman EN, Keller RA, Staffeld-Coit C, Garces JC, Pankey GA (2014) Phaeohyphomycosis fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients: Clinical presentation, pathology, and treatment. Transpl. Infect. Dis 16:270–278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott EN, Muchmore HG, Felton FG (1980) Comparison of enzyme immunoassay and latex agglutination methods for detection of Cryptococcus neoformans antigen. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 73:790–794.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla NP, Rajak RK, Agarwasl GP, Gupta D (1984) Phoma minutispora as a human pathogen. Mykosen 27:255–258.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silveira F, Nucci M (2001) Emergence of black moulds in fungal disease: epidemiology and therapy. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis 14:679–684.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon-Nobbe B, Denk U, Pöll V, Rid R, Breitenbach M (2008) The Spectrum of Fungal Allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 145:58–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sudduth EJ, Crumbley AJ, Farrar WE (1992) Phaeohyphomycosis due to Exophiala species: clinical spectrum of disease in humans. Clin. Infect. Dis 15(247):639–644.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suh MK (2005) Phaeohyphomycosis in Korea. Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 46:67–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG, Sanche SE (2009) Dematiaceous fungi. In Clinical Mycology. Churchill Livingstone (Elsevier) 2nd edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweet GH, Cimprich RS, Cook AC, Sweet DE (1979) Antibodies in histoplasmosis detected by use of yeast and mycelial antigens in immunodiffusion and electroimmunodiffusion. American Review of Respiratory Disease 120:441–449.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas PA (2003) Fungal infections of the cornea. Eye 17:852–862.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas PA, Kaliamurthy J (2013) Mycotic keratitis: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Clin Microbiol Infect 19:210–220.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuft SJ, Tullo AB (2009) Fungal keratitis in the United Kingdom 2003-2005. Eye (Lond) 23(6):1308–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuli SS (2011) Fungal keratitis. Clin Ophthalmol 5:275–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tullio V, Banche G, Allizond V, Roana J, Mandras N, Scalas D, Panzone M, Cervetti O, Valle S, Carlone N, Cuffini AM (2010) Non-dermatophyte moulds as skin and nail foot mycosis agents: Phoma herbarum, Chaetomium globosum and Microascus cinereus. Fungal Biol 114(4):345–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela-Lopez N, Sutton DA, José F. Cano-Lira, Katihuska P, Nathan W, Josep G, Alberto MS (2017) Coelomycetous Fungi in the Clinical Setting: Morphological Convergence and Cryptic Diversity. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55(2):552–567.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela-Lopez N, Cano-Lira JF, Guarro J, Sutton DA, Wiederhold N, Crous PW, Stchigel AM (2018) Coelomycetous Dothideomycetes with emphasis on the families Cucurbitariaceae and Didymellaceae. Stud. Mycol. 90:1–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasoo S, Yong LK, Sultania-Dudani P, Scorza ML, Sekosan M, Beavis KG, Huhn GD (2011) Phaeomycotic cysts caused by Phoma species. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis 70:531–533.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veer P, Patwardhan NS, Damle AS (2007) Study of onychomycosis: prevailing fungi and pattern of infection. Indian J. Med. Microbiol 25:53–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Virella G (1997) Microbiology and infectious Diseases. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 3rd edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visconti A, Logrieco A, Vurro M, Bottalico A (1987) Tenuazonic acid in blackmold tomatoes: Occurrence, production by associated Alternaria species, and phytotoxic properties. Phytopathol. Mediterran 26:125–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weidenbörner M (2001) Pine nutes: The mycobiota and potential mycotoxins. Can. J. Microbiol 47:460–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JE, Murphy R, Standard PG, Phair JP (1981) Serologic response in blastomycosis: diagnostic value of double immunodiffusion assay. American Review of Respiratory Disease 123:209–212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woo PC, Lau SK, Ngan AH, Tse H, Tung ET, Yuen KY (2008) Lasiodiplodia theobromae pneumonia in a liver transplant recipient. J Clin Microbiol 46:380–384.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yekeler H, Bitmis K, Özcelik N, Doymaz MZ, Metin C (2001) Analysis of toxic effects of Alternaria toxins on esophagus of mice by light and electron microscopy. Toxicol. Pathol 29:492–497.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young NA, Kwon-chung KJ, Freeman J (1973) Subcutaneous abscess caused by Phoma sp. resembling Pyrenochaeta romeroi: Unique fungal infection occurring in immunosuppressed recipient of renal allograft. Am. J. Clin. Pathol 59:810–816.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaias N, Rebell G (1996) Chronic dermatophytosis syndrome due to Trichophyton rubrum. Int. J. Dermatol 35(9):614–617.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaitz C, Heins-Vaccari EM, de Freitas RS, Arriagada GL, Ruiz L, Totoli SA (1997) Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Phoma cava. Report of a case and review of the literature. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paolo 39: 43–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Platform of Agricultural Biotechnology, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan

    Yelena V. Kukhar & Vladimir S. Kiyan

Authors
  1. Yelena V. Kukhar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vladimir S. Kiyan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India

    Mahendra Rai

  2. Department of Plant Protection Institute of Plant Pathology and Mycology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin Lublin, Lubelskie, Poland

    Beata Zimowska

  3. Plant Protection Institute, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    György János Kövics

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kukhar, Y.V., Kiyan, V.S. (2022). Phoma as an Infectious Pathogen in Medical Practice. In: Rai, M., Zimowska, B., Kövics, G.J. (eds) Phoma: Diversity, Taxonomy, Bioactivities, and Nanotechnology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81218-8_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation