Abstract
Principles underlying fungal classification have been outlined in Chap. 3, including a brief overview of the relevant divisions of the Kingdom Fungi and their principal methods of reproduction. Some further detailed information is necessary to assist in use of the keys which follow in this chapter. This chapter provides keys and descriptions of a wide range of fungal genera and species found in foods, but not covered by subsequent chapters. The chapter includes the major genus Fusarium, dematiaceus hyphomycetes including Alternaria, Bipolaris, and Curvularia, the heat resistant genus Byssochlamys, Chaetomium and related genera and a variety of others.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbas, H.K. and Bosch, U. 1990. Evaluation of trichothecene and nontrichothecene mycotoxins produced by Fusarium in soybeans. Mycotoxin Res. 6: 13–20.
Abbas, H.K. and Mirocha, C.J. 1988. Isolation and purification of a hemorrhagic factor (wortmannin) from Fusarium oxysporum (N17B). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 1268–1274.
Abbas, H.K. et al. 1988. Mycotoxins and Fusarium spp. associated with infected ears of corn in Minnesota. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 1930–1933.
Abbas, H.K. et al. 1989a. Mycotoxins produced by toxic Fusarium isolates obtained from agricultural and nonagricultural areas (Arctic) of Norway. Mycopathologia 105: 143–151.
Abbas, H.K. et al. 1989b. Production of trichothecene and non-trichothecene mycotoxins by Fusarium species isolated from maize in Minnesota. Mycopathologia 108: 55–58.
Abbas, H.K. et al. 1991. Production of zearalenone, nivalenol, moniliformin, and wortmannin from toxigenic cultures of Fusarium obtained from pasture soil samples collected in New Zealand. Mycotoxin Res. 7: 53–60.
Abbas, H.K. et al. 1992. Bioassay, extraction, and purification procedures for wortmannin, the hemorrhagic factor produced by Fusarium oxysporum N17B grown on rice. J. AOAC Int. 75: 474–480.
Abbas, H.K. et al. 1995. First report of fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 production by Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens. Plant Dis. 79: 968.
Abbott, S.P. et al. 1998. Microascus brevicaulis sp. nov., the teleomorph of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, supports placement of Scopulariopsis with the Microascaceae. Mycologia 90: 297–302.
Abdel-Hafez, S.I.I. and Saber, S.M. 1993. Mycoflora and mycotoxin of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) seeds in Egypt. Zentralbl. Mikrobiol. 148: 137–147.
Abdel-Kader, M.I.A. et al. 1979. Survey of the mycoflora of barley grains in Egypt. Mycopathologia 69: 143–147.
Abe, A. et al. 2004. Microflora and selected metabolites of potato pulp fermented with an Indonesian starter Ragi tape. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 42: 169–173.
Abramson, D. et al. 1987. Fusarium species and trichothecene mycotoxins in suspect samples of 1985 Manitoba wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67: 611–619.
Abramson, D. et al. 1993. Trichothecene production by Fusarium spp. isolated from Manitoba grain. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 15: 147–152.
Abramson, D. et al. 2001. Trichothecene and moniliformin production by Fusarium species from Western Canadian wheat. J. Food Prot. 64: 1220–1225.
Abramson, D. et al. 2004. HT-2 and T-2 toxins in barley inoculated with Fusarium sporotrichioides. Can. J. Plant Sci. 84: 1189–1192.
Adejumo, T.O. et al. 2007. Occurrence of Fusarium species and trichothecenes in Nigerian maize. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 116: 350–357.
Adeniji, M.O. 1970a. Fungi associated with storage decay of yam in Nigeria. Phytopathology 60: 590–592.
Adeniji, M.O. 1970b. Influence of moisture and temperature on yam decay organisms. Phytopathology 60: 1698–1699.
Adisa, V.A. 1983. Fruit rots of Capsicum annuum L. and C. frutescens L. in Nigeria. III. Effect of post-harvest infection by two fusaria species on a few nutrients. Nahrung 27: 669–674.
Agut, M. and Calvo, M.A. 2004. In vitro germination of Arthrinium areum and Arthrinium phaeospermum. Mycopathologia, 157: 363–367.
Ahammed, S.K. et al. 2005. Optimising nutritional conditions for mass multiplication of Chaetomium globosum Kunze, an efficient biocontrol agent of Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker. Indian J. Plant Protection 33: 90–93.
Ahammed, S.K. et al. 2006. Studies on seed mycoflora of soybean and its effect on seed and seedling quality. Legume Res. 29: 186–190.
Alasoadura, S.O. 1970. Culture studies on Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 42: 153–160.
Alcorn, J.L. 1983. Generic concepts in Drechslera, Bipolaris and Exserohilum. Mycotaxon 17: 1–86.
Alcorn, J.L. 1990. Additions to Cochliobolus, Bipolaris and Curvularia. Mycotaxon 39: 361–392.
Alderman, S.C. and Lacy, M.L. 1984. Influence of temperature and water potential on growth of Botrytis allii. Can. J. Bot. 62: 1567–1570.
Ali, S. et al. 2005. First report of Fusarium graminearum causing dry rot of potato in North Dakota. Plant Dis. 89: 105.
Alvarez-Rodriguez, M.L. et al. 2002. Cork taint of wines: role of the filamentous fungi isolated from cork in the formation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole by O methylation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 5860–5869.
Alves, A. et al. 2008. Morphological and molecular data reveal cryptic speciation in Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Fungal Diversity 28: 1–13.
Ancasi, E.G. et al. 2006. Moulds and yeasts in bottled water and soft drinks. Rev. Argentina Microbiol. 38: 93–96.
Andersen, B. and Frisvad, J.C. 2004. Natural occurrences of fungi and fungal metabolites in moldy tomatoes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52: 7507–7513.
Andersen, B. and Thrane, U. 1996. Secondary metabolites produced by Alternaria infectoria and their use as chemotaxonomic markers. Mycotoxin Res. 12: 54–60.
Andersen, B. et al. 1995. Metabolite profiles of common Stemphylium species. Mycol. Res. 99: 672–676.
Andersen, B. et al. 1996. Associated field mycobiota on malt barley. Can. J. Bot. 74: 854–858.
Andersen, B. et al. 2002. Chemical and morphological segregation of Alternaria arborescens, A. infectoria and A. tenuissima species-groups. Mycol. Res. 106: 170–182.
Andersen, B. et al. 2015. Characterization of Alternaria strains from Argentinian blueberry, tomato, walnut and wheat. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 196: 1–10.
Anon. 1967. Unusual heat resistance mould in apple juice. Food Ind. S. Afr. 19: 55–56.
Aoki, T. and O’Donnell, K. 1999a. Morphological and molecular characterization of Fusarium pseudograminearum sp. nov., formerly recognized as the Group 1 population of F. graminearum. Mycologia 91: 597–609.
Aoki, T. and O’Donnell, K. 1999b. Morphological characterization of Gibberella coronicola sp. nov., obtained through mating experiments of Fusarium pseudograminearum. Mycoscience 40: 443–453.
Ara, I. et al. 2020. First report of fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis from fresh water dry shrimp in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Zool. 48: 203–209.
Armolik, N. and Dickson, J.G. 1956. Minimum humidity requirements for germination of conidia associated with storage of grain. Phytopathology 46: 462–465.
Arsvoll, K. 1975. Fungi causing winter damage on cultivated grasses in Norway. Meld. Nor. Landbrukschoegsk. 54: 49pp.
Arya, A. 2004. Mycoflora associated with walnut fruit in Baroda. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 34: 128–129.
Asgari, B. et al. 2004. Hyphomycetous fungal community of barley phylloplane in East Azarbaijan Province with emphasis on new taxa for Iranian fungal flora. Rostaniha 5: 171–197.
Assawah, M.W. and Al-Zarari, A.J. 1984. Identification and study of fungi causing diseases and post-harvest rots of squash in Ninevah province, Iraq. Iraqi J. Agric. Sci. 2: 67–75.
Atanda, O.O. et al. 1990. Mycoflora of dry ‘tatase’ pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) stored for sale in Ibadan markets. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 10: 35–37.
Austwick, P.K.C. and Ayerst, G. 1963. Toxic products in groundnuts: groundnut microflora and toxicity. Chem. Ind. 1963: 55–61.
Aveskamp, M.M. et al. 2010. Highlights of the Didymellaceae: a polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera. Stud. Mycol. 65: 1–60.
Avila, C.F.et al. 2019. Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex associated with Brazilian rice: phylogeny, morphology and toxigenic potential. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 306: 2019, 108267. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108267.
Ayesha, F. and Viswanath, P. 2006. Byssochlamys spp in sugar cane juice and its significance. J. Food Sci. Tech. – Mysore 43: 407–409.
Azevedo, D.M.Q. et al. 2020. Diversity, prevalence and phylogenetic positioning of Botrytis species in Brazil. Fungal Biology 124: 940–957.
Bacon, C.W. and Nelson, P.E. 1994. Fumonisin production in corn by toxigenic strains of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum. J. Food Prot. 57: 514–521.
Bacon, C.W.et al. 1996. Production of fusaric acid by Fusarium species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 4039–4043.
Bainier, G. 1907a. Mycothece de l’École de Pharmacie. XI. Bull. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 23: 26–27.
Bainier, G. 1907b. Mycothece de l’École de Pharmacie. XIV. Bull. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 23: 98–105.
Bakan, B.et al. 2001. Toxigenic potential of Fusarium culmorum strains isolated from French wheat. Food Addit. Contam. 18: 998–1003.
Ballestra, P. and Cuq, J. 1998. Influence of pressurized carbon dioxide on the thermal inactivation of bacterial and fungal spores. Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol. 31: 84–88.
Barbosa, R.N. et al. 2017. Phylogenetic analysis of Monascus and new species from honey, pollen and nests of stingless bees. Stud. Mycol. 86: 29–51.
Barnes, G.L. 1971. Mycoflora of developing peanut pods in Oklahoma. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 45: 85–92.
Barnett, J.A. et al. 1990. The Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification, 2nd edn. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Barnett, J.A. et al. 2000. Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification, 3rd edn. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Barreto, D. et al. 2004. Occurrence and pathogenicity of Fusarium poae in barley in Argentina. Cereal Res. Comm. 32: 53–60.
Bayne, H.G. and Michener, H.D. 1979. Heat resistance of Byssochlamys ascospores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37: 449–453.
Beh, A.L. 2007. Investigation of yeasts and yeast-like fungi associated with Australian wine grapes using cultural and molecular methods. PhD thesis, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.
Belisario, A. et al. 1999. [Fusariosis of fruit, a disease of walnut]. Inf. Agrario 55: 51–52.
Beneke, E.S. et al. 1954. The incidence and proteolytic activity of fungi isolated from Michigan strawberry fruits. Appl. Microbiol. 2: 253–258.
Bengyella, L. et al. 2017. Upsurge in Curvularia infections and global emerging antifungal drug resistance. Asian J. Sci. Res. 10: 299–307.
Bensch, K. et al. 2010. Species and ecological diversity within the Cladosporium cladosporioides complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales). Stud. Mycol. 67: 1–94.
Bensch, K. et al. 2012. The genus Cladosporium. Stud. Mycol. 72: 1–401.
Bensch, K. et al. 2015. Common but different: the expanding realm of Cladosporium. Stud. Mycol. 82: 23–74.
Beuchat, L.R. 1981. Influence of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate on heat inactivation of Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium puberulum and Geotrichum candidum. J. Food Prot. 44: 450–454.
Beuchat, L.R. and Rice, S.L. 1979. Byssochlamys spp. and their importance in processed fruits. Adv. Food Res. 25: 237–288.
Bezuidenhout, S.C. et al. 1988. Structure elucidation of the fumonisins, mycotoxins from Fusarium moniliforme. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1988: 743–745.
Bigirwa, G. et al. 2007. Incidence and severity of maize ear rots and factors responsible for their occurrence in Uganda. J. Appl. Sci. 7: 3780–3785.
Birzele, B. et al. 2002. Epidemiology of Fusarium infection and deoxynivalenol content in winter wheat in the Rhineland, Germany. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108: 667–673.
Bisset, J. 1991a. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. II. Infrageneric classification. Can. J. Bot. 69: 2357–2372.
Bisset, J. 1991b. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. III. Section Pachybasium. Can. J. Bot. 69: 2373–2417.
Bissett, J. 1984. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. I. Section Longibrachiatum sect. nov. Can. J. Bot. 62: 924–931.
Biswal, P.K. et al. 2007. Management of fungi causing post harvest rotting of pineapples in Orissa. J. Plant Prot. Environ. 4: 103–105.
Blais, L.A. et al. 1992. Isolation and characterization of enniatins from Fusarium avenaceum DAOM 196490. Can. J. Chem. 70: 1281–1287.
Blanc, P.J. et al. 1995a. Production of various species of Monascus. Biotechnol. Lett. 17: 291–294.
Blanc, P.J. et al. 1995b. Characterization of monascidin A from Monascus as citrinin. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 27: 201–213.
Blancard, D. et al. 2006. Grape berry rot and aromatic defects: initial observations in vineyards. Phytoma 592: 32–36.
Blaney, B.J. and Dodman, R.L. 1988. Production of the mycotoxins zearalenone, 4-deoxynivalenol and nivalenol by isolates of Fusarium graminearum Groups 1 and 2 from cereals in Queensland. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 39: 21–29.
Blaney, B.J. and Dodman, R.L. 2002. Production of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and acetylated derivatives by Australian isolates of Fusarium graminearum and F. pseudograminearum in relation to source and culturing conditions. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 53: 1317–1326.
Blaney, B.J. et al. 1986. Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi in insect-damaged maize harvested during 1983 in Far North Queensland. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 37: 235–244.
Bokhary, H.A. et al. 1990. Some spoilage microflora of desert truffles ‘Al-Kamah’ of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J. Food Prot. 53: 779–781.
Bolkan, H.A. et al. 1979. Pineapple flowers as principal infection sites for Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans. Plant Dis. Rep. 63: 655–657.
Booth, C. 1971. The Genus Fusarium. Kew, Surrey: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
Boruah, P. et al. 2004. Fungal spoilage of banana in Eastern Sub-Himalayan region. Sci. Hort. 9: 27–36.
Bosch, U. and Mirocha, C.J. 1992. Toxin production by Fusarium species from sugar beets and natural occurrence of zearalenone in beets and beet fibers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58: 3233–3239.
Boshoff, W.H.P. et al. 1998. Fusarium species in wheat grown from head blight infected seed. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil 15: 46–47.
Bothast, R.J. et al. 1975. Scopulariopsis brevicaulis: effect of pH and substrate on growth. Europ. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1: 55–66.
Bottalico, A. and Logrieco, A. 1998. Toxigenic Alternaria species of economic importance. In Mycotoxins in Agriculture, eds K.K. Sinha and D. Bhatnagar. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 65–108.
Bottalico, A. and Perrone, G. 2002. Toxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with head blight in small-grain cereals in Europe. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108: 611–624.
Bottalico, A. et al. 1982. Effect of temperature on zearalenone production by isolates of Fusarium from cereals, in Italy. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 21: 79–82.
Bottalico, A. et al. 1995. Beauvericin and fumonisin B1 in preharvest Fusarium moniliforme maize ear rot in Sardinia. Food Addit. Contam. 12: 599–607.
Bourdages, J.V. et al. 2006. Diversity and prevalence of Fusarium species from Quebec barley fields. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 28: 419–425.
Bours, J. and Mossel, D.A.A. 1973. A comparison of methods for the determination of lipolytic properties of yeasts mainly isolated from margarine, moulds, and bacteria. Arch. Lebensmittelhyg. 24: 197–203
Boutrou, R. and Gueguen, M. 2005. Interests in Geotrichum candidum for cheese technology. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 102: 1–20.
Boutrou, R. et al. 2006. Contribution of Geotrichum candidum to the proteolysis of soft cheese. Int. Dairy J. 16: 775–783.
Boyd, M.R. and Wilson, B.J. 1972. Isolation and characterization of 4-ipomeanol, a lung toxic furanoterpenoid produced by sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). J. Agric. Food Chem. 20: 428–430.
Brinkmeyer, U. et al. 2005. Progression of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone concentrations in straw of wheat infected artificially with Fusarium culmorum. Mycotoxin Res. 21: 97–99.
Broad Institute. 2003. Fusarium graminearum database. The Institute, Cambridge, MA. http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/fusarium_graminearum/Home.html (accessed April 2008).
Bruce, V.R. et al. 1984. Incidence of toxic Alternaria species in small grains from the USA. J. Food Sci. 49: 1626–1627.
Bruton, B.D. et al. 1993. Postharvest decay of cantaloupe caused by Epicoccum nigrum. Plant Dis. 77: 1060–1062.
Burgess, L.W. and Summerell, B.A. 2000. Taxonomy of Fusarium: Fusarium armeniacum stat. & comb. nov. Mycotaxon 75: 347–348.
Burgess, L.W. et al. 1981. Fusarium diseases of wheat, maize and grain sorghum in Eastern Australia. In Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy, eds P.E. Nelson, T.A. Toussoun and R.J. Cook. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 64–76.
Burgess, L.W. et al. 1994. Laboratory Manual for Fusarium Research, 3rd edn. Sydney, N.S.W.: University of Sydney.
Butinar, L. et al. 2005. Melanized halophilic fungi are eukaryotic members of microbial communities in hypersaline waters of solar salterns. Botanic Marina, 48: 73–79.
Butler, E.E. 1960. Pathogenicity and taxonomy of Geotrichum candidum. Phytopathology 50: 665–672.
Butler, E.E. et al. 1965. Taxonomy, pathogenicity, and physiological properties of the fungus causing sour rot of citrus. Phytopathology 55: 1262–1268.
Butz, P. et al. 1996. High pressure inactivation of Byssochlamys nivea ascospores and other heat resistant moulds. Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol. 29: 404–410.
Cabañes, F.J. et al. 1997. Cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis caused by Fusarium solani in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta L.). J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 3343–3345.
Cabral, D. and Fernandez Pinto, V. E. 2002. Fungal spoilage of bottled mineral water. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 72: 73–76.
Camili, E. C. and Benato, E. A. 2005. Diseases of grapes. Informe Agropecuario 26(228): 50–55.
Cannon, P.F. et al. 2008. The typification of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Mycotaxon 104: 189–204.
Carels, M. and Shepherd, D. 1977. The effect of different nitrogen sources on pigment production and sporulation of Monascus species in submerged, shaken culture. Can. J. Microbiol. 23: 1360–1372.
Cartwright, P. and Hocking, A.D. 1984. Byssochlamys in fruit juices. Food Technol. Aust. 36: 210–211.
Casella, M.L.A. et al. 1990. Influence of age, growth medium, and temperature on heat resistance of Byssochlamys nivea ascospores. Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol. 23: 404–411.
Castellá, G. et al. 1999a. DNA fingerprinting of Fusarium solani isolates related to a cutaneous infection in a sea turtle. Med. Mycol. 37: 223–226.
Castellá, G. et al. 1999b. Effects of temperature, incubation period and substrate on production of fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM 2404. Nat. Toxins 7: 129–132.
Castillo, M.D. et al. 2004. Mycoflora and potential for mycotoxin production of freshly harvested black bean from the Argentinean main production area. Mycopathologia 158: 107–112.
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (2016) Fungal Collection database. https://wi.knaw.nl/page/Collection
Chabalier, C. et al. 1997. Contribution to the study of surface microflora on Cantral cheese. Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung. 44: 147–153.
Champaco, E.R. et al. 1993. Comparison of Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum as causal agents of fruit rot and root rot of muskmelon. HortScience 28: 1174–1177.
Chan, G.F. et al. 2011. Emergence of Aureobasidium pullulans as human fungal pathogen and molecular assay for future medical diagnosis. Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 56: 459–467.
Chandler, E.A. et al. 2003. Development of PCR assays to Tri7 and Tri13 trichothecene biosynthetic genes, and characterisation of chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium cerealis. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 62: 355–367.
Chapman, B. et al. 2007. Ascospores inactivation and germination by high pressure processing is affected by ascospore age. Innov. Food Sci. Emerging Technol. 8: 531–534.
Chapman, E.S. and Fergus, C.L. 1975. Germination of ascospores of Chaetomium globosum. Mycologia 67: 1048–1052.
Chaturbhuj, M. and Rai, P.K. 2005. Epidemiology of post harvest fruit rot of tomato by Fusarium pallidoroseum. Annals Agric. Res. 26: 8–12.
Chaturvedi, V.C. et al. 2003. Effect of temperature on growth and sporulation of some Fusarium species. Bioved 14: 33–35.
Chaverri, P. and Samuels, G.J. 2013. Evolution of habitat preference and nutrition mode in a cosmopolitan fungal genus with evidence of interkingdom host jumps and major shifts in ecology. Evolution 67: 2823–2837.
Chaverri, P. et al. 2015. Systematics of the Trichoderma harzianum species complex and the re-identification of commercial biocontrol strains. Mycologia 107: 558–590.
Chelkowski, J. et al. 1990. Moniliformin production by Fusarium species. Mycotoxin Res. 6: 41–45.
Chelkowski, J. et al. 2007. Occurrence of toxic hexadepsipeptides in preharvest maize ear rot infected by Fusarium poae in Poland. J. Phytopathol. 155: 8–12.
Chen, A.W. 1966. Soil physical factors and the ecology of fungi. 5. Further studies in relatively dry soils. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 49: 419–426.
Chen, W. et al. 2015. Edible filamentous fungi from the species Monascus: early traditional fermentations, modern molecular biology, and future genomics. Comp. Rev. Food Sci. Food Safety 14: 555–567.
Cherian, T.T. 2007. Effect of temperature, relative humidity and injury on development and spread of post harvest rot of banana (Musa paradisiaca L.). J. Plant Dis. Sci. 2: 187–189.
Choo, J.H. et al. 2016. Whole-genome de novo sequencing, combined with RNA-Seq analysis, reveals unique genome and physiological features of the amylolytic yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and its interspecies hybrid. Biotechnol. Biofuels 9: 246. doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0653-4.
Chorin, M. and Rotem, J. 1961. Experiments on the control of tip rot in banana fruits. Israel J. Agric. Res. 11: 185–188.
Cia, P. et al. 2007. Effects of gamma and UV-C irradiation on the postharvest control of papaya anthracnose. Postharvest Biol. Tech. 43: 366–373.
Cichowicz, S.M. and Eisenberg, W.V. 1974. Collaborative study of the determination of Geotrichum mold in selected canned fruits and vegetables. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 57: 957–960.
Clear, R.M. et al. 1989. Soybean seed discoloration by Alternaria spp. and Fusarium spp., effects on quality and production of fusariotoxins. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 11: 308–312.
Clear, R.M. et al. 2005. Prevalence of fungi and fusariotoxins on hard red spring and amber durum wheat seed from western Canada, 2000 to 2002. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 27: 528–540.
Cole, R.J. et al. 2003. Handbook of Toxic Fungal Metabolites. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Coleman, J.J. 2016. The Fusarium solani species complex: ubiquitous pathogens of agricultural importance. Molec. Plant Pathol. 17: 146–158.
Combrink, J.C. et al. 1985. Fungi associated with core rot of Starking apples in South Africa. Phytophylactica 17: 81–83.
Conner, R.L. et al. 1996. Fusarium proliferatum: a new causal agent of black point in wheat. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 18: 419–423.
Corpas-Hervias, C. et al. 2006. Characterization of isolates of Fusarium spp. obtained from asparagus in Spain. Plant Dis. 90: 1441–1451.
Cosic, J. et al. 2007. Pathogenicity of Fusarium species to wheat and barley ears. Cereal Res. Comm. 35: 529–532.
Crippin, T. et al. 2019. Comparing genotype and chemotype of Fusarium graminearum from cereals in Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE 14(5): e0216735. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216735.
Crippin, T. et al. 2020. Fusarium graminearum populations from maize and wheat in Ontario, Canada. World Mycotoxin J. 13: 355–366.
Crous, P.W. and Groenewald, J.Z. 2013. A phylogenetic re-evaluation of Arthrinium. IMA Fungus 4: 133–154.
Crous, P.W. et al. 2007. The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Stud. Mycol. 58: 1–253.
Cuero, R.G. et al. 1987. Interaction of water activity, temperature and substrate on mycotoxin production by Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium viridicatum and Fusarium graminearum on irradiated grains. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 89: 221–226.
Dakin, J.C. and Stolk, A.C. 1968. Moniliella acetoabutans: some further characteristics and industrial significance. J. Food Technol. 3: 49–53.
Dal Bello, G., 2008. First report of Trichothecium roseum causing postharvest fruit rot of tomato in Argentina. Aust. Plant Dis. Notes 3: pp.103–104.
Daly, N.M. et al. 1984. Growth of fungi on wine corks and its contribution to corky taints in wine. Food Technol. Aust. 36: 22–24.
De Hoog, G.S. 1979. Taxonomic review of Moniliella, Trichosporonoides and Hyalodendron. Stud. Mycol. (Baarn) 19: 1–36.
De Hoog, G.S. and Smith, M. Th. 2004. Ribosomal gene phylogeny and species delimitation in Geotrichum and its teleomorphs. Stud. Mycol. 50: 489–515.
De Hoog, G.S. and Smith, M. Th. 2011. Galactomyces Redhead & Malloch (1977). In: The Yeasts: a Taxonomic Study, eds. C. Kurtzman, J.W. Fell and T. Boekhout. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 413–420.
De Hoog, G.S. and Yurlova, N.A. 1994. Conidiogenesis, nutritional physiology and taxonomy of Aureobasidium and Hormonema. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65: 41–54.
De Hoog, G.S. et al. 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd edn. Utrecht: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
De Nijs, M. et al. 1996. Fusarium molds and their mycotoxins. J. Food Saf. 16: 15–58.
De Silva, N.I. et al. 2019. Phylogeny and morphology of Lasiodiplodia species associated with Magnolia forest plants. Sci. Rep. 9: 14355. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50804-x.
Demirci, A.S. and Arici, M. 2006. Isolation of heat resistant moulds in margarine and determination of their heat resistance. J. Tekirdag Agric. Fac. 3: 269–273.
Dennis, C. et al. 1979. The relative importance of fungi in the breakdown of commercial samples of sulphited strawberries. J. Sci. Food Agric. 30: 959–973.
Desjardains, A.E. 2006. Fusarium Mycotoxins. Chemistry, Genetics and Biology. St Paul, MN, The American Phytopathological Society. 260 pp.
Desjardins, A.E. and Busman, M. 2006. Mycotoxins in developing countries: a case study of maize in Nepal. Mycotox. Res. 22: 92–95.
Desjardins, A.E. et al. 1993. Trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium species: Chemistry, genetics and significance. Microbiol. Rev. 57: 595–604.
Desjardins, A.E. et al. 2000a. Fusarium species from Nepalese rice and production of mycotoxins and gibberellic acid by selected species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 1020–1025.
Desjardins, A.E. et al. 2000b. Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A and Fusarium subglutinans from teosinte species and maize from Mexico and Central America. Mycol. Res. 104: 865–872.
Desjardins, A.E. et al. 2006. Maize ear rot and moniliformin contamination by cryptic species of Fusarium subglutinans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54: 7383–7390.
Desjardins, A.E. et al. 2007. Wheat kernel black point and fumonisin contamination by Fusarium proliferatum. Food Addit. Contam. 24: 1131–1137.
Dharmaputra, O.S. and Retnowati, I. 1996. Fungi isolated from groundnuts in some locations of West Java. Biotropia (No. 9): 15–25.
Dijksterhuis, J. and Samson, R.A. 2006. Activation of ascospores by novel food preservation techniques. In: Advances in Food Mycology. A.D. Hocking, J.I. Pitt, R.A. Samson and U. Thrane eds. New York: Springer, pp: 247–260.
Dinolfo, M.I. et al. 2014. Characterization of a Fusarium poe world-wide collection by using molecular markers. Europ. J. Plant Pathol.140: 119–132.
Domsch, K.H. et al. 1980. Compendium of Soil Fungi, 2 vols. London: Academic Press.
Dodds, G.T., Brown, J.W. and Ludford, P.M., 1991. Surface color changes of tomato and other solanaceous fruit during chilling. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116: 482–490.
Doupnik, B. et al. 1971. Toxic Fusaria isolated from moldy sweet potatoes involved in an epizootic of atypical interstitial pneumonia in cattle. Phytopathology 61: 890.
Doveri, F. 2013. An additional update on the genus Chaetomium with descriptions of two coprophilous species, new to Italy. Mycosphere 4: 820–846.
Dragoni, I. and Cantoni, C. 1988. [Mould spoilage of modified atmosphere packaged ravioli.] Tec. Molitoria 39: 8–12.
Dragoni, I. et al. 1990. [The fungicidal action of microwaves]. Tec. Molitoria 41: 1035–1041.
Dufosse, L.et al. 2005. Microorganisms and microalgae as sources of pigments for food use: a scientific oddity or an industrial reality? Trends Food Sci. Technol. 16: 389–406.
Dugan, F.M. et al. 2003. First report of Fusarium proliferatum causing rot of garlic bulbs in North America. Plant Pathol. 52: 426.
Dugan, F.M. et al. 2007. Pathogenic fungi in garlic seed cloves from the United States and China, and efficacy of fungicides against pathogens in garlic germplasm in Washington State. J. Phytopathol. 155: 437–445.
Duncan, B. 1973. Nutrition and fat production in submerged cultures of a strain of Penicillium lilacinum. Mycologia 65: 211–214.
Ebenezer, P. et al. 2002. Effect of chemical environment on growth and sporulation in Pestalotiopsis spp. Indian J. Microbiol. 42: 303–307.
Echemendia, M. 2005. Searching of fungus diseases in Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. in different locations in Cuba. Rev. Prot. Vegetal 20: 32–38.
Echerenwa, M.C. and Umechuruba, C.I. 2004. Post-harvest fungal diseases of pawpaw (carca papaya L.) fruits and seeds in Nigeria. Global J. Pure Appl. Sci. 10: 69–73.
Edwards, D.G. 1993. The nutritional evaluation of myco-protein. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 44 (Suppl. 1): S37–S43.
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). 2011. Scientific opinion on the risks for animals and public health related to the presence of Alternaria toxins in foods. EFSA J. 9: 2407. www.cabi.org/cabidirect/FullTextPDF/2011/20113366007.pdf
Eisenberg, W.V. and Cichowicz, S.M. 1977. Machinery mold - indicator organism in food. Food Technol., Champaign 31: 52–56.
Ekundayo, J.A. and Daniel, T.M. 1973. Cassava rot and its control. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 61: 27–32.
Elad, Y. et al. 2004. Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control. Dortrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
El-Geddawy, M.A.H. 2005. Heat resistance and control measures of Byssochlamys fulva in some juices. Assiut J. Agric. Sci. 36: 1–8.
El-Hassan, K.I. et al. 2004. Interaction between non-pathogenic Fusarium isolates and Fusarium species causing dry rot of potato tubers. Ann. Agric. Sci. (Cairo) 49: 759–771.
Ellis, M.B. 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Kew, Surrey: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
El-Magraby, O.M.O. and El-Maraghy, S.S.M. 1988. Mycoflora and mycotoxins of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds in Egypt. III. Cellulose-decomposing and mycotoxin-producing fungi. Mycopathologia 104: 19–24.
Elmer, W.H. 1996. Fusarium root rot of pumpkin in Connecticut. Plant Dis. 80: 131–135.
Elmer, W.H. 2000. Incidence of infection of asparagus spears marketed in Connecticut by Fusarium spp. Plant Dis. 84: 831–834.
Engel, G. and Teuber, M. 1991. Heat resistance of ascospores of Byssochlamys nivea in milk and cream. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 12: 225–234.
Esfahani, M.N. 2006. Present status of Fusarium dry rot of potato tubers in Isfahan (Iran). Indian Phytopathol. 59: 142–147.
Etcheverry, M. et al. 1994. Effect of water activity and temperature on tenuazonic acid production by Alternaria alternata on sunflower seeds. Mycopathologia 126: 179–182.
Etcheverry, M. et al. 2002. In vitro control of growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum using antioxidants under different water availability and temperature regimes. J. Appl. Microbiol. 92: 624–632.
Evelyn and Silva, F.V.M. 2015. Inactivation of Byssochlamys nivea ascospores in strawberry puree by high pressure, power ultrasound and thermal processing. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 214: 129–136.
Fakhrunnisa, M.H. et al. 2006. Seedborne mycoflora of wheat, sorghum and barley. Pakistan J. Bot. 38: 185–192.
Farber, J.M. and Sanders, G.W. 1986. Production of fusarin C by Fusarium spp. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34: 963–966.
Fávaro, L.C.L. et al. 2011. Polyphasic analysis of intraspecific diversity in Epicoccum nigrum warrants reclassification into separate species. PLoS One 6(8): e14828. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014828.
Fisher, W.S. et al. 1978. Microbial diseases of cultured lobsters: a review. Aquaculture 14: 115–140.
Flannigan, B. 1969. Microflora of dried barley grain. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 53: 371–379.
Fleet, G.H. 2003. Yeasts in fruit and fruit products. In Yeasts in Food, eds T. Boekhout and V. Robert. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing. pp. 267–287.
Flesch, P. et al. 1986. Isolierung und Identifizierung von Trichothecenen und diterpenlactonen aus Kulturen des Pilzes Trichothecium roseum. Wein-Wiss. 41: 182–189.
Fogle, M.R. et al. 2007. Growth and mycotoxin production by Chaetomium globosum. Mycopathologia 164: 49–56.
Follstad, M.N. 1966. Mycelial growth rate and sporulation of Alternaria tenuis, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium herbarum, and Rhizopus stolonifer in low-oxygen atmospheres. Phytopathology 56: 1098–1099.
Francis, R.G. and Burgess, L.W. 1977. Characteristics of two populations of Fusarium roseum ‘Graminearum’ in Eastern Australia. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 68: 421–427.
Freire, S.V.P. et al. 1998. Morphological, cytological, and cultural aspects of Curvularia pallescens. Rev. Microbiol. 29(3). doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37141998000300010.
Galloway, L.D. 1935. The moisture requirements of mold fungi with special reference to mildew of textiles. J. Text. Inst. 26: 123–129.
Gams, W. 1971. Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Hyphomycetes). Stuttgart: G. Fischer.
Gargi and Roy, A.N. 1988. Prevention and control of some post harvest fungal diseases of garlic bulbs. Pesticides 22: 11–15.
Geiser, D.M. et al. 2013. One fungus, one name: defining the genus Fusarium in a scientifically robust way that preserves longstanding use. Phytopathology 103: 400–408.
Gelderblom, W.C.A. et al. 1988. Fumonisins - novel mycotoxins with cancer-promoting activity produced by Fusarium moniliforme. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 1806–1811.
Gherbawy, Y.A.M.H. et al. 2006. Seasonal variations of Fusarium species in wheat fields in Upper Egypt. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot. 39: 365–377.
Ghiasian, S.A. et al. 2004. Mycoflora of Iranian maize harvested in the main production areas in 2000. Mycopathologia 158: 113–121.
Ghiasian, S.A. et al. 2006. Incidence of Fusarium verticillioides and levels of fumonisins in corn from main production areas in Iran. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54: 6118–6122.
Ghosh, B.C. et al. 2006. Enzymatic studies on predominant micro-organisms of surface-ripened cheeses. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 61: 238–243.
Gill, C.O. and Lowry, P.D. 1982. Growth at sub-zero temperatures of black spot fungi on meat. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 52: 245–250.
Gill, C.O. et al. 1981. A note on the identities of organisms causing black spot spoilage of meat. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 51: 183–187.
Gilman, G.A. 1969. An examination of fungi associated with groundnut pods. Trop. Sci. 11: 38–48.
Gogoi, B. K. et al. 1987. Production, purification and characterization of an alpha-amylase produced by Saccharomycopsis fibuligera. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 63: 373–379.
González, H.H. et al. 1997. Fungi associated with sorghum grain from Argentina. Mycopathologia 139: 35–41.
Gonzalez, M. del C. 1995. [Fusarium solani is the causative agent of brown spot disease in captive wild broodstock of the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei]. Rev. Mex. Micol. 11: 175–178.
Gordon, T.R., and Martyn, R.D. 1997. The evolutionary biology of Fusarium oxysporum. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 35: 111–128.
Gossmann, M. et al. 2005. [Investigation on contamination of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) spears with Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg during main harvest]. Gesunde Pflanz. 57: 53–58.
Goyal, S.K. and Jain, M.P. 1998. Storage mycoflora of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) and their pathogenicity. Int. J. Trop. Plant Dis. 16: 195–202.
Gradel, A. and Müller, G. 1985. Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen des Schimmelpilzbefalls an Gärgutträgern in der Brötchen- und Spezial-Toast- Produktion. Bäker Konditor 33: 133–135.
Gräfenhan, T. et al. 2011. An overview of the taxonomy, phylogeny, and typification of nectriaceous fungi in Cosmospora, Acremonium, Fusarium, Stilbella, and Volutella. Stud. Mycol. 68: 79–113.
Griffin, D.M. 1963. Soil moisture and the ecology of soil fungi. Biol. Rev., Cambridge 38: 141–166.
Groenewald, M. and Smith, M. Th. 2010. Re-examination of strains formerly assigned to Hyphopichia burtonii, the phylogeny of the genus Hyphopichia, and the description of Hyphopichia pseudoburtonii sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60: 2675–2680.
Gros, J.B. et al. 2003. Selection of mould strains from the surface flora of French saucissons and study of their biocatalytic behaviour. Sci. Aliments 23: 150–153.
Gueguen, M. 1988. Moisissures responsables de defauts d’affinage en fromagerie (à l’exclusion des Mucoraceae). Microbiol., Aliments, Nutr. 6: 31–35.
Gunnell, P.S. and Gubler, W.D. 1992. Taxonomy and morphology of Colletotrichum species pathogenic to strawberry. Mycologia 84: 157–165.
Gunther, R. et al. 1989. Acute pathological effects on rats of orally administered wortmannin-containing preparations and purified wortmannin from Fusarium oxysporum. Food Chem. Toxicol. 27: 173–179.
Gutierrez, S.A. et al. 2002. Fungi isolated from rice seed in Argentina. Fitopatologia 37: 156–163.
Haapalainen, M. et al. 2016. Fusarium oxysporum, F. proliferatum and F. redolens associated with basal rot of onion in Finland. Plant Pathol. 65: 1310–1320.
Hajjaj, H. et al. 2000. Medium-chain fatty acids affect citrinin production in the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 1120–1125.
Hall, E.G. and Scott, K.J. 1977. Storage and Market Diseases of Fruit. Melbourne, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.
Hamid, M.I., Hussain, M., Ghazanfar, M.U., Raza, M. and Liu, X.Z., 2014. Trichothecium roseum causes fruit rot of tomato, orange, and apple in Pakistan. Plant Disease, 98: 1271–1271.
Hartill, W.F.T. and Broadhurst, P.G. 1989. Fusarium avenaceum as a pathogen of stonefruit in New Zealand. N.Z. J. Crop Hort. Sci. 17: 293–295.
Hartman, G.L. et al. 2019. Trichothecene-producing Fusarium species isolated from soybean roots in Ethiopia and Ghana and their pathogenicity on soybean. Plant Dis. 103: 2070–2075. doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-18-2286-RE.
Harwig, J. et al. 1979. Toxins of molds from decaying tomato fruit. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38: 267–274.
Hashmi, M.H. and Ghaffar, A. 1991. Seed-born mycoflora of Coriandrum sativum L. Pak. J. Bot. 23: 165–172.
Hashmi, M.H. and Thrane, U. 1990. Mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites in species of Fusarium isolated from seeds of capsicum, coriander and fenugreek. Pak. J. Bot. 22: 106–116.
Hasija, S.K. 1970. Physiological studies of Alternaria citri and A. tenuis. Mycologia 62: 289–295.
Hatcher, W.S. et al. 1979. Growth requirements and thermal resistance of fungi belonging to the genus Byssochlamys. J. Food Sci. 44: 118–122.
Hawksworth, D.L. and Pitt, J.I. 1983. A new taxonomy for Monascus based on cultural and microscopical characters. Aust. J. Bot. 31: 51–61.
He, D. et al. 2011. Pathogenic spectrum of fungal keratitis and specific identification of Fusarium solani. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Science 52: 2804–2808.
Heintzeler, I. 1939. Das Wachstum der Schimmelpilze in Abhangigkeit von der Hydraturverhaltnissen unter verschiedenen Aussenbedingungen. Arch. Mikrobiol. 10: 92–132.
Hermanides-Nijhof, E.J. 1977. Aureobasidium and allied genera. Stud. Mycol. (Baarn) 15: 141–177.
Hesseltine, C.W. 1965. A millennium of fungi and fermentation. Mycologia 57:49–197.
Hestbjerg, H. et al. 2002. Production of trichothecenes and other secondary metabolites by Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium equiseti on common laboratory media and a soil organic matter agar: an ecological interpretation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 7593–7599.
Hocking, A.D. 1990. Responses of fungi to modified atmospheres. In Fumigation and Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Grain, eds B.R. Champ, E. Highley and H.J. Banks. ACIAR Proceedings No 25. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. pp 70–82.
Hocking, A.D. and Faedo, M. 1992. Fungi causing thread mould spoilage of vacuum packaged Cheddar cheese during maturation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 16: 123–130.
Hocking, A.D. and Pitt, J.I. 1984. Food spoilage fungi. II. Heat resistant fungi. CSIRO Food Res. Q. 44: 73–82.
Hocking, A.D. et al. 1994. Water relations of Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Curvularia lunata and Curvularia pallescens. Mycol. Res. 98: 91–94.
Hofgaard, I.S. et al. 2016. Associations between Fusarium species and mycotoxins in oats and spring wheat from farmers’ fields in Norway over a six-year period. World Mycotoxin J. 9: 365–378.
Hong, S.K. et al. 2015. Diversity of mycotoxigenic Fusarium armeniacum isolated from rice grains at harvest time in Korea. Kor. J. Mycol. 43: 158–164.
Hope, R. and Magan, N. 2003. Two-dimensional environmental profiles of growth, deoxynivalenol and nivalenol production by Fusarium culmorum on a wheat-based substrate. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 37: 70–74.
Hope, R. et al. 2005. Comparison of environmental profiles for growth and deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum on wheat grain. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 40: 295–300.
Houbraken, J. et al. 2006. Byssochlamys: Significance of heat resistance and mycotoxin production. In: Advances in Food Mycology, eds A.D. Hocking, J.I. Pitt, R.A. Samson and U. Thrane. New York: Springer, pp: 211–224.
Houbraken J. et al. 2008. Sexual reproduction as the cause of heat resistance in the food spoilage fungus Byssochlamys spectabilis (anamorph Paecilomyces variotii). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 1613–1619.
Houbraken, J.A.M.P. and Samson, R. 2011. Phylogeny of Penicillium and the segregation of Trichocomaceae into three families. Studies in mycology, 70: 1–51.
Huang, L.H. and Hanlin, R.T. 1975. Fungi occurring in freshly harvested and in-market pecans. Mycologia 67: 689–700.
Huang, Y.-T. et al. 2019. Geosmithia species in southeastern USA and their affinity to beetle vectors and tree hosts. Fungal Ecol. 39: 168–183.
Hudec, K. 2007. Influence of harvest date and geographical location on kernel symptoms, fungal infestation and embryo viability of malting barley. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 113: 125–132.
Hull, R. 1939. Study of Byssochlamys fulva and control measures in processed fruits. Ann. Appl. Biol. 26: 800–822.
Hussaini, A.M. et al. 2009. Fungi and some mycotoxins found in mouldy sorghum in Niger state, Nigeria. World J. Agric. Sci. 5: 5–17.
Hussein, H.M. et al. 1991. Mycotoxin production by Fusarium species isolated from New Zealand maize fields. Mycopathologia 113: 35–40.
Hussein, H.M. et al. 2002. Occurrence and distribution of Fusarium species in maize fields in New Zealand. Mycopathologia 156: 25–30.
Ichinoe, M. et al. 1983. Chemotaxonomy of Gibberella zea with special reference to production of trichothecenes and zearalenone. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46: 1364–1369.
Inagaki, N. 1962. On some fungi isolated from foods. I. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Jpn 4: 1–5.
Ioos, R. et al. 2004. Occurrence and distribution of Microdochium nivale and Fusarium species isolated from barley, durum and soft wheat grains in France from 2000 to 2002. Mycopathologia 158: 351–362.
Ishrat, N. et al. 2005. Determination of suitable medium and optimum temperature required for the growth of seed borne fungi of sorghum. Int. J. Biol. Biotech. 2: 1013–1014.
Ismail, M.A. 2001. Deterioration and spoilage of peanuts and desiccated coconuts from two sub-Saharan tropical East African countries due to the associated mycobiota and their degradative enzymes. Mycopathologia 150: 67–84.
Ismail, M.E. and Abdalla, H.M. 2005. The fungus Chaetomium globosum a new pathogen to pear fruits in Egypt. Assiut J. Agric. Sci. 36: 177–188.
Jacobsen, B.J. et al. 1995. Occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins associated with field mold damaged soybeans in the midwest. Plant Dis. 79: 86–89.
Jain, B.L. 1975. Trichoconiella gen. nov. Kavaka 3: 37–39.
Jaklitsch, W.M. et al. 2006. Hypocrea rufa/Trichoderma viride: a reassessment, and description of five closely related species with and without warted conidia. Stud. Mycol. 56: 135–177.
Jarvis, W.R. 1977. Botryotinia and Botrytis species: taxonomy, physiology, and pathogenicity. Can. Dept Agric. Res. State, Harrow, Monogr. 15. 195.
Jayasiri, S.C. et al. 2017. Taxonomy and multigene phylogenetic evaluation of novel species in Boeremia and Epicoccumwith new records of Ascochyta and Didymella (Didymellaceae). Mycosphere 8: 1080–1101.
Jeewon, R. et al. 2004. Phylogenetic evaluation of species nomenclature of Pestalotiopsis in relation to host association. Fungal Diversity 17: 39–55.
Jennings, P. et al. 2004. Determination of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol chemotypes of Fusarium culmorum isolates from England and Wales by PCR assay. Plant Pathol. 53: 182–190.
Jiménez, M. et al. 1993. Occurrence and pathogenicity of Fusarium species in banana fruits. J. Phytopathol. 137: 214–220.
Jiménez, M. et al. 1997. Mycotoxin production by Fusarium species isolated from bananas. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 364–369.
Joffe, A.Z. 1962. Biological properties of some toxic fungi isolated from over-wintered cereals. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 16: 201–221.
Joffe, A.Z. 1969. The mycoflora of fresh and stored groundnut kernels in Israel. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 39: 255–264.
Joffe, A.Z. 1978. Fusarium poae and F. sporotrichioides as principal causal agents of alimentary toxic aleukia. In Mycotoxigenic Fungi, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicoses: an Encyclopedic Handbook, Vol. 3, eds T.D. Wyllie and L.G. Morehouse. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 21–86.
Johnson, G.I. et al. 1990. Control of stem end rot (Dothiorella dominicana) and other postharvest diseases of mangoes (cv. Kensington Pride) during short- and long-term storage. Trop. Agric. 67: 183–187.
Julian, A.M. et al. 1995. Fungal contamination and selected mycotoxins in pre- and post-harvest maize in Honduras. Mycopathologia 129: 5–16.
Jurjevic, Z. et al. 2007. Changes in fungi and mycotoxins in pearl millet under controlled storage conditions. Mycopathologia 164: 229–239.
Kakker, R.K. and Mehrotra, B.R. 1971. Studies on imperfect fungi. 3. Influence of temperature. Sydowia 26: 119–127.
Kalafatoglu, H. and Karapinar, M. 1991. [Spoilage microflora in two apple cultivars during storage]. Ege Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 26: 347–356.
Kamle, M. et al. 2013. Identification and phylogenetic correlation among Colletotrichum gloeosporioides pathogen of anthracnose for mango. Biocatalysis Agric. Biotechnol. 2: 285–287.
Kang, X.H. et al. 2002. Studies on disease of Agaricus bisporus infected by Fusarium pallidoroseum. Plant Prot. 28: 15.
Katta, S.K. et al. 1995. Mold content of commercial popcorn. J. Food Prot. 58: 1014–1017.
Kayali, H.A. and Tarhan, L. 2005. Role of pyruvate and ascorbate production in regulation of antioxidant enzymes and membrane LPO levels in Fusarium acuminatum. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 120: 15–27.
Khanna, K.K. and Chandra, S. 1975. A new disease of apple fruit. Plant Dis. Rep. 59: 329–330.
Kilpatrick, J.A. and Chilvers, G.A. 1981. Variation in the natural population of Epicoccum purpurascens. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 77: 497–508.
Kim, J.-C. and Lee, Y.-W. 1994. Sambutoxin, a new mycotoxin produced by toxic Fusarium isolates obtained from rotted potato tubers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 4380–4386.
Kim, J.-C.et al. 1993. Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (trichothecenes and zearalenone) in barley and corn in Korea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 3798–3802.
King, A.D. et al. 1969. Control of Byssochlamys and related heat-resistant fungi in grape products. Appl. Microbiol. 18: 166–173.
Klich, M.A. and Pitt, J.I. 1988. Differentiation of Aspergillus flavus from A. parasiticus and other closely related species. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 91: 99–108.
Kolarík, M. et al. 2004. Morphological and molecular characterisation of Geosmithia putterillii, G. pallida comb. nov. and G. flava sp. nov., associated with subcorticolous insects. Mycol. Res. 108: 1053–1069.
Kolarík, M. et al. 2017. Geosmithia associated with bark beetles and woodborers in the western USA: taxonomic diversity and vector specificity. Mycologia 109: 185–199.
Konishi, K. et al. 2003. Cancer preventive potential of trichothecenes from Trichothecium roseum. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 11: 2511–2518.
Kononeko, G.P. et al. 1993. Screening of Fusarium isolates as effective enniatin producers. Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 29: 23–27.
Kosiak, B. et al. 2003. The prevalence and distribution of Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals: a survey. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B 53: 168–176.
Kosiak, B. et al. 2004. Alternaria and Fusarium in Norwegian grains of reduced quality – a matched pair sample study. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 93: 51–62.
Kosiak, E.B. et al. 2005. Morphological, chemical and molecular differentiation of Fusarium equiseti isolated from Norwegian cereals. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 99: 195–206.
Kostecki, M. et al. 1999. The effects of cereal substrate and temperature on production of beauvericin, moniliformin and fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM-1434. Food Addit. Contam. 16: 361–365.
Kotzekidou P. 1997. Heat resistance of Byssochlamys nivea, Byssochlamys fulva and Neosartorya fischeri isolated from canned tomato paste. J. Food Sci. 62: 410–412.
Kouyeas, V. 1964. An approach to the study of moisture relations of soil fungi. Plant Soil 20: 351–363.
Kubicek, C.P., Steindorff, A.S., Chenthamara, K., Manganiello, G., Henrissat, B., Zhang, J., Cai, F., Kopchinskiy, A.G., Kubicek, E.M., Kuo, A. and Baroncelli, R. 2019. Evolution and comparative genomics of the most common Trichoderma species. BMC genomics, 20: 1–24.
Kuehn, H.H. and Gunderson, M.F. 1963. Psychrophilic and mesophilic fungi in frozen food products. Appl. Microbiol. 11: 352–356.
Kure, C.F. et al. 2004. Mould contamination in production of semi-hard cheese. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 93: 41–49.
Kurtzman, C.P. and Fell, J.W. 1998. The Yeasts, A Taxonomic Study, 4th edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Kurtzman, C.P., Fell, J.W. and Boekhout, T. eds., 2011. The yeasts: a taxonomic study. Elsevier.
Kusum, B. and Geeta, S. 1990. Note: new reports on diseases of sapodilla (Achras sapota L.) fruits. Philipp. Agric. 73: 359–363.
Kvashnina, E.S. 1976. (Physiological and ecological characteristics of Fusarium species Sect. Sporotrichiella). Mikol. Fitopatol. 10: 275–281.
Lahlali, R. et al. 2007. Predictive modelling of temperature and water activity (solutes) on the in vitro radial growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 114: 1–9.
Langseth, W. et al. 1998. Mycotoxin production and cytotoxicity of Fusarium strains isolated from Norwegian cereals. Mycopathologia 144: 103–113.
Lauren, D.R. et al. 1992. Trichothecene production by Fusarium species isolated from grain and pasture throughout New Zealand. Mycopathologia 120: 167–176.
Laurence, M.H. et al. 2014. Genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition in the Fusarium oxysporum species complex. Fungal Biol. 118: 374–384.
Laurence, M.H. et al. 2015. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. canariensis: evidence for horizontal gene transfer of putative pathogenicity genes. Plant Pathol. 64: 1068–1075.
Laurent, B. et al. 2017. Landscape of genomic diversity and host adaptation in Fusarium graminearum. BMC Genomics 18: 203. doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-3524-x.
Laurent, D. et al. 1989. Macrofusine et micromoniline: deux nouvelles mycotoxines isolees de mais infeste par Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. Microbiol., Alim., Nutr. 7: 9–16.
Lawrence, D.P. et al. 2013. The sections of Alternaria: formalizing species-group concepts. Mycologia 105: 530–546.
Le, V.K. et al. 2005. [Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Fusarium solani isolated from kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus with black gills]. Gyobyo Kenkyu (Fish Pathology) 40: 103–109.
Lee, U.-S. et al. 1986. Mycological survey of Korean cereals and production of mycotoxins by Fusarium isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52: 1258–1260.
Leonard, K.J. and Suggs, E.G. 1974. Setosphaeria prolata, the ascigerous state of Exserohilum prolatum. Mycologia 66: 281–297.
Leonov, A.N. et al. 1990. Production of DON-related trichothecenes by Fusarium graminearum Schw. from Krasnodarski krai of the USSR. Mycotoxin Res. 6: 54–60.
Leonov, A.N. et al. 1993. Production of fusarin C by fungi causing fusariosis of grain cultures. Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 29: 28–31.
Leslie, J.F. and Summerell, B.A. 2006. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing.
Leslie, J.F. et al. 2004. Species diversity of and toxin production by Gibberella fujikuroi species complex strains isolated from native prairie grasses in Kansas. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 2254–2262.
Leslie, J.F. et al. 2005. Toxicity, pathogenicity, and genetic differentiation of five species of Fusarium from sorghum and millet. Phytopathology 95: 275–283.
Lew, H. et al. 1991. Moniliformin and the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Mycotoxin Res. 7: 71–76.
Lim, W.H. 1983. Penicillium funiculosum isolates associated with fruit blemishes of pineapple (cv. Masmerah) in Peninsular Malaysia. MARDI Res. Bull. 11: 179–186.
Lin, C.-F. 1975. Studies on the Monascus isolated from the starter of kaoliang brandy. Chin. J. Microbiol. 8: 152–160.
Liu, C.L.., Xu, W.N., Liu, F.M. and Jiang, S.R. 2007. Fumonisins production by Fusarium proliferatum strains isolated from asparagus crown. Mycopathologia 164: 127–134.
Liu, X.-Z. et al. 2015. Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes. Stud. Mycol. 81: 85–147.
Llorens, A. et al. 2004a. Influence of the interactions among ecological variables in the characterization of zearalenone producing isolates of Fusarium spp. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 253–260.
Llorens, A. et al. 2004b. Influence of environmental factors on the biosynthesis of type B trichothecenes by isolates of Fusarium spp. from Spanish crops. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94: 43–54.
Logrieco, A. et al. 1988. Chemotaxonomic observations on zearalenone and trichothecene production by Gibberella zeae from cereals in southern Italy. Mycologia 80: 892–895.
Logrieco, A. et al. 1992. Cultural and toxigenic variability in Fusarium acuminatum. Mycol. Res. 96: 518–523.
Logrieco, A. et al. 1993a. Occurrence and toxicity of Fusarium subglutinans from Peruvian maize. Mycopathologia 122: 185–190.
Logrieco, A. et al. 1993b. Natural occurrence of beauvericin in preharvest Fusarium subglutinans infected corn ears in Poland. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 2149–2152.
Logrieco, A. et al. 1995. Occurrence and toxigenicity of Fusarium proliferatum from preharvest maize ear rot, and associated mycotoxins, in Italy. Plant Dis. 79: 727–731.
Logrieco, A. et al. 1998a. Beauvericin production by Fusarium species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 3084–3088.
Logrieco, A. et al. 1998b. Occurrence of fumonisin B1 and B2 in Fusarium proliferatum infected asparagus plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46: 5201–5204.
Logrieco, A. et al. 2002. Toxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with maize ear rot in Europe. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108: 597–609.
Logrieco, A. et al. 2003. Epidemiology of toxigenic fungi and their associated mycotoxins for some Mediterranean crops. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 109: 645–667.
Loiveke, H. et al. 2004. Microfungi in grain and grain feeds and their potential toxicity. Agronomy Res. 2: 195–205.
Lombard, L. et al. 2015. Generic concepts in Nectriaceae. Stud. Mycol. 80: 189–245.
Lombard, L. et al. 2019. Neotypification of Fusarium chlamydosporum – a reappraisal of a clinically important species complex. Fungal Syst. Evol. 4: 183–200.
Lopandic, K. et al. 2006. Identification of yeasts associated with milk products using traditional and molecular techniques. Food Microbiol. 23: 341–350.
Luangsa-ard, J. et al. 2004. The polyphyletic nature of Paecilomyces sensu lato based on 18S-generated rDNA phylogeny. Mycologia 96: 773–780.
Luangsa-ard, J. et al. 2011. Purpureocillium, a new genus for the medically important Paecilomyces lilacinus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 321: 141–149.
Lugauskas, A. et al. 2005. Micromycetes, producers of toxins, detected on stored vegetables. Annals Agric. Environ. Med. 12: 253–260.
Lugauskas, A. et al. 2006. Toxic micromycetes in grain raw material during its processing. Annals Agric. Environ. Med. 13: 147–161.
Lund, F. et al. 1995. Associated mycoflora of cheese. Food Microbiol. 12: 173–180.
Lutchmeah, R.S. 1993. Common field and post-harvest diseases of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) and the associated fungi in Mauritius. Rev. Agric. Sucr. Ile Maurice 72: 55–59.
Ma, L.J. et al. 2010. Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in Fusarium. Nature 464: 367–373.
Magan, N. and Lacey, J. 1984a. Effect of water activity, temperature and substrate on interactions between field and storage fungi. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 82: 83–93.
Magan, N. and Lacey, J. 1984b. Effects of gas composition and water activity on growth of field and storage fungi and their interactions. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 82: 305–314.
Magan, N. and Lacey, J. 1984c. Water relations of some Fusarium species from infected wheat ears and grain. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 83: 281–285.
Magan, N. et al. 1984. Effect of water activity and temperature on mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternata in culture and on wheat grain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47: 1113–1117.
Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N. et al. 2011. Pestalotiopsis – morphology, phylogeny, biochemistry and diversity. Fungal Diversity 50: 167–187.
Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N. et al. 2014. Pestalotiopsis revisited. Stud. Mycol. 79: 121–186.
Makun, H.A. et al. 2009. Fungi and some mycotoxins found in mouldy sorghum in Niger State, Nigeria. World J. Agric. Sci. 5: 5–17.
Manamgoda, D.S. et al. 2014. The genus Bipolaris. Stud Mycol. 79: 221–288.
Manamgoda, D.S. et al. 2015. A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-appraisal of the genus Curvularia (Pleosporaceae): human and plant pathogens. Phytotaxa 212(3). doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.212.3.1
Manandhar, K.L. and Apinis, A.E. 1971. Temperature relations in Monascus. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 57: 465–472.
Mandeel, Q.A. 2005. Fungal contamination of some imported spices. Mycopathologia 159: 291–298.
Manilal, V.B. et al. 1991. Cassava starch effluent treatment with concomitant SCP production. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7: 185–190.
Marasas, W.F.O. et al. 1978. Mycotoxicological investigations on Zambian maize. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 16: 39–45
Marasas, W.F.O. et al. 1979. Incidence of Fusarium species and the mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, in corn produced in esophageal cancer areas in Transkei. J. Agric. Food Chem. 27: 1108–1112.
Marasas, W.F.O. et al. 1984. Toxigenic Fusarium Species. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University.
Marasas, W.F.O. et al. 1986. Moniliformin production in Fusarium Section Liseola. Mycologia 78: 242–247.
Marin, D.H. et al. 1996. Pathogenicity of fungi associated with crown rot of bananas in Latin America on Grande Naine and disease-resistant hybrid bananas. Plant Dis. 80: 525–528.
Marín, P. et al. 2012. Phylogenetic analyses and toxigenic profiles of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium acuminatum isolated from cereals from Southern Europe. Food Microbiol. 31: 229–237.
Marín, S., Sanchis, V., Vinas, I., Canela, R. and Magan, N. 1995. Effect of water activity and temperature on growth and fumonisin B1 and B2 production by Fusarium proliferatum and F. moniliforme on maize grain. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 21: 298–301.
Marín, S. et al. 1996. Water and temperature relations and microconidial germination of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum from maize. Can. J. Microbiol. 42: 1045–1050.
Marín, S. et al. 1999. Two-dimensional profiles of fumonisin B1 production by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum in relation to environmental factors and potential for modelling toxin formation in maize grain. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 51: 159–167.
Marín, S. et al. 2007. Contamination of pine nuts by fumonisin produced by strains of Fusarium proliferatum isolated from Pinus pinea. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 44: 68–72.
Marin-Felix, Y. et al. 2017. Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 1. Stud Mycol. 86: 99–216.
Marin-Felix, Y. et al. 2019. Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 3. Stud Mycol. 94: 1–124.
Martelleto, L.A.P. et al. 1998. [Influence of incubation temperature on mycelial growth, sporulation and pathogenicity of Fusarium subglutinans, the causing agent of Fusarium wilt in the pineapple plant]. Summa Phytopathol. 24: 242–246.
Marziano, F. et al. 1992. [Fusarium solani and F. avenaceum as causal agents of a post harvest rot of carrots]. Inf. Fitopatol. 42: 57–63.
Matos, A.P. de et al. 2000. Effect of temperature and rainfall on the incidence of Fusarium subglutinans on pineapple fruits. Acta Hort. (No. 529): 265–272.
Matossian, M.K. 1989. Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Mawhinney, I. et al. 2008. Suspected sweet potato poisoning in cattle in the UK. Vet. Record 162: 62–63.
Maximay, S. et al. 1992. Internally seedborne fungi of pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] in Trinidad: isolation and occurrence. Trop. Agric. 69: 260–262.
Medina, A. et al. 2006. Survey of the mycobiota of Spanish malting barley and evaluation of the mycotoxin producing potential of species of Alternaria, Aspergillus and Fusarium. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 108: 196–203.
Melcion, D. et al. 1998. [Influence of temperature on fumonisin B1 production on maize grain by Fusarium proliferatum]. Sci. Aliments 18: 301–311.
Mercier, J. et al. 1991. Fusarium avenaceum, a pathogen of stored broccoli. Can. Plant Dis. Survey 71: 161–162.
Meyer, D. et al. 1986. Bëinflussung der Qualitaet von Weizen durch den Befall mit Fusarium culmorum. Getreide, Mehl Brot 40: 35–39.
Michener, H.D. and Elliott, R.P. 1964. Minimum growth temperatures for food-poisoning, fecal-indicator, and psychrophilic micro-organisms. Adv. Food Res. 13: 349–396.
Mielniczuk, E. 2001. The occurrence of Fusarium spp. on panicles of oat (Avena sativa L.). J. Plant Prot. Res. 41: 173–180.
Miller, D.D. and Golding, N.S. 1949. The gas requirements of molds. V. The minimum oxygen requirements for normal growth and for germination of six mold cultures. J. Dairy Sci. 32: 101–110.
Miller, J.D. and Trenholm, L.H., eds. 1994. Mycotoxins in Grain: Compounds other than Aflatoxins. St. Paul, Minnesota: Eagan Press.
Miller, J.D. et al. 1991. Trichothecene chemotypes of three Fusarium species. Mycologia 83: 121–130.
Mills, J.T. and Wallace, H.A.H. 1979. Microflora and condition of cereal seeds after a wet harvest. Can. J. Plant Sci. 59: 645–651.
Mirete, S. et al. 2004. Differentiation of Fusarium verticillioides from banana fruits by IGS and EF-1 alpha sequence analyses. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110: 515–523.
Mirocha, C.J. et al. 1989a. Mycotoxin production by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium sporotrichioides isolated from Baccaris sp. from Brazil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55: 254–255.
Mirocha, C.J. et al. 1989b. Variation in deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and zearalenone production by Fusarium graminearum isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55: 1315–1316.
Miyake, T. et al. 2008. Analysis of pigment compositions in various Monascus cultures. Food Sci. Technol. Res. 14: 194–197.
Mohamed, A.A. and Hussein, N.A. 2004. Proteolitic and lipolytic cativity of fungi isolated from luncheon meat and poultry in Assiut City. Assiut Vet. Med. J. 50: 100–113.
Molto, G.A. et al. 1997. Production of trichothecenes and zearalenone by isolates of Fusarium spp. from Argentinian maize. Food Addit. Contam. 14: 263–268.
Moolhuijzen, P. et al. 2018. Comparative genomics of the wheat fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis reveals chromosomal variations and genome plasticity. BMC Genomics 19: 279 (2018). doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4680-3.
Moore, R.T. 1980. Taxonomic proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts. Botanica Marina, 23: 361–373.
Moosawi-Jorf, S.A. et al. 2007. Study of Fusarium Head Blight of wheat in Khuzestan province in Iran and reporting of Fusarium xylaroides as a new causal agents for disease. J. Agron. 6: 212–215.
Morales-Rodriguez, I. et al. 2007. Biodiversity of Fusarium species in Mexico associated with ear rot in maize, and their identification using a phylogenetic approach. Mycopathologia 163: 31–39.
Moretti, A. et al. 1995. Beauvericin production by Fusarium subglutinans from different geographical areas. Mycol. Res. 99: 282–286.
Moretti, A. et al. 2002. Production of beauvericin by different races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, the Fusarium wilt agent of muskmelon. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108: 661–666.
Moretti, A. et al. 2004. Toxin profile, fertility and AFLP analysis of Fusarium verticillioides from banana fruits. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110: 601–609.
Morton, F.J. and Smith, G. 1963. The genera Scopulariopsis Bainier, Microascus Zukal and Doratomyces Corda. Mycol. Papers 86: 1–96.
Mtisi, E. and McLaren, N.W. 2003. Diseases of sorghum and pearl millet in some Southern African countries. In Sorghum and Millets Diseases, ed. J.F. Leslie. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. pp. 427–430.
Mubatanhema, W. et al. 1999. Prevalence of Fusarium species of the Liseola section on Zimbabwean corn and their ability to produce the mycotoxins zearalenone, moniliformin and fumonisin B1. Mycopathologia 148: 157–163.
Muhammad, S. et al. 2004. Survey of the market diseases and aflatoxin contamination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruits in Sokoto, northwestern Nigeria. Nutr. Food Sci. 34: 72–76.
Muniz, M. de F.S. et al. 2003. [Identification of fungi causal agents of postharvest diseases on commercialized fruits in Alagoas, Brazil]. Summa Phytopathol. 29: 38–42.
Muys, G.T. et al. 1966a. The determination and enumeration of the associative microflora of edible emulsions. Part I. Mayonnaise, salad dressings and tomato ketchup. Lab. Pract. 15: 648–652, 674.
Muys, G.T. et al. 1966b. The determination and enumeration of the associative microflora of edible emulsions. Part II. The microbiological investigation of margarine. Lab. Pract. 15: 975–984.
Nakayama, M. et al. 2016. Development of rapid identification and risk analysis of Moniliella spp. in acidic processed foods. Biocontrol Sci. 21: 73–80.
Nalim, F.A. 2004. Studies on molecular phylogenetics of Fusarium species. PhD thesis. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
Neish, G.A. et al. 1983. Observations on the occurrence of Fusarium species and their toxins in corn in eastern Ontario. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 5: 11–16.
Nelson, P.E. et al., eds. 1981. Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Nelson, P.E. et al. 1983. Fusarium Species. An illustrated Manual for Identification. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Nelson, P.E. et al. 1994. Fumonisin production by Fusarium species on solid substrates. J. AOAC Int. 77: 522–525.
Niessen, L. et al. 1991. Möglichkeiten einer verbesserten visuellen Beurteilung des mikrobiologischen Status von Malzen. Brauwelt 131: 1556–1560, 1562.
Niessen, L. et al. 1992. Mykologische Untersuchungen an Cerealien und Malzen im Zusammenhang mit dem Wildwerden (Gushing) des Bieres. Brauwelt 132: 702, 704–706, 709–712, 714.
Niessen, L. et al. 2004. The use of tri5 gene sequences for PCR detection and taxonomy of trichothecene-producing species in the Fusarium section Sporotrichiella. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95: 305–319.
Nirenberg, H. 1976. Untersuchungen über die morphologische und biologische Differenzierung in Die Fusarium - Sektion Liseola. Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land-Forstwirtsch., Berlin-Dahlem 169: 1–117.
Nirenberg, H.I. 1990. Recent advances in the taxonomy of Fusarium. Stud. Mycol. 32: 91–101.
Nirenberg, H.I. et al. 1995. Occurrence of Fusaria and some blackening moulds on durum wheat in Germany. 2. Incidence of some blackening moulds. Z. Pflanzenkrankh. Pflanzenschutz 102: 164–170.
Nogueira, M.S. et al. 2018. Natural contamination with mycotoxins produced by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium poae in malting barley in Argentina. Toxins 10: 78. doi: 10.3390/toxins10020078
Northolt, M.D. et al. 1980. Fungal growth and the presence of sterigmatocystin in hard cheese. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 63: 115–119.
Nyvall, R.F. et al. 1999. Fusarium head blight of cultivated and natural wild rice (Zizania palustris) in Minnesota caused by Fusarium graminearum and associated Fusarium spp. Plant Dis. 83: 159–164.
O’Donnell, K. et al. 1998a. Molecular phylogenetic, morphological, and mycotoxin data support reidentification of the Quorn mycoprotein fungus as Fusarium venenatum. Fungal Genetics Biol. 23: 57–67.
O’Donnell, K. et al. 1998b. Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Mycologia 90: 465–493.
O’Donnell, K. et al. 2004. Genealogical concordance between the mating type locus and seven other nuclear genes supports formal recognition of nine phylogenetically distinct species within the Fusarium graminearum clade. Fungal Genetics Biol. 41: 600–623.
O’Donnell, K. et al. 2009. A two-locus DNA sequence database for typing plant and human pathogens within the Fusarium oxysporum species complex. Fungal Genet. Biol. 46: 936–948.
O’Donnell, K. et al. 2013. Phylogenetic analyses of RPB1 and RPB2 support a middle Cretaceous origin for a clade comprising all agriculturally and medically important fusaria. Fungal Gen. Biol. 52: 20–31.
O’Donnell, K. et al. 2018. Marasas et al. 1984 “Toxigenic Fusarium Species: Identity and Mycotoxicology” revisited. Mycologia 110: 1058–1080.
O’Donnell, K. and Cigelnik, E. 1997. Two divergent intragenomic rDNA ITS2 types within a monophyletic lineage of the fungus Fusarium are nonorthologous. Molec. Phylogen. Evolution 7: 103–116
O’Neill, K. et al. 1991. Sensitivity of some common grain fungi to irradiation on grain and in phosphate-buffered saline. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 12: 180–183.
Odunfa, S.A. 1987. Microbial contaminants of carbonated soft drinks produced in Nigeria. Monatsschr. Brauwiss. 40: 220–222.
Ogawa, H. et al. 1997. Polyphyletic origins of species of the anamorphic genus Geosmithia and the relationships of the cleistothecial genera: evidence from 18S, 5S and 28S rDNA sequence analysis. Mycologia 89: 756–771.
Ogundana, S.K. 1972. The post-harvest decay of yam tubers and its preliminary control in Nigeria. In Biodeterioration of Materials. Vol. 2, eds A.H. Walters and E.H. Hueck-van der Plas. London: Applied Science Publishers. pp. 481–492.
Okoli, C.A.N. and Erinle, I.D. 1989. Factors responsible for market losses of tomato fruits in the Zaria area of Nigeria. J. Hortic. Sci. 64: 69–71.
Oliveira, A.C. et al. 2003. Cork stoppers industry: defining appropriate mould colonization. Microbiol. Res. 158: 117–124.
Oliveira, R.C. et al. 2017. Natural occurrence of tenuazonic acid and Phoma sorghina in Brazilian sorghum grains at different maturity stages. Food Chem. 230: 491–496.
Oliveira, R.C. et al. 2018. Epicoccum sorghinum in food: occurrence, genetic aspects and tenuazonic acid production. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 23: 44–48.
Oliveira, R.C. et al. 2019. Polyphasic characterization of Epicoccum sorghinum: a tenuazonic acid producer isolated from sorghum grain. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 292: 1–7.
Olliver, M. and Rendle, T. 1934. A new problem in fruit preservation. Studies on Byssochlamys fulva and its effect on the tissues of processed fruit. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., London 53: 166–172.
Olszak, M. 1994. Aetiology of sour cherry fungal diseases in Poland III. Pathogenicity of the isolated fungi. J. Fruit Ornamen. Plant Res. 2(4): 165–184.
Onyike, N.B.N. and Nelson, P.E. 1992. Fusarium species associated with sorghum grain from Nigeria, Lesotho and Zimbabwe. Mycologia 84: 452–458.
Orth, R. 1976. Wachstum und Toxinbildung von Patulin und Sterigmatocystin-bildung Schimmelpilzen unter kontrolieri Atmosphäre. Z. Lebensm.-Unters. Forsch. 160: 359–366.
Oyeniran, J.O. 1980. The role of fungi in the deterioration of tropical stored products. Occasional Paper Ser., Niger. Stored Prod. Res. Inst. 2: 1–25.
Pacin, A.M. et al. 2002. Fungi associated with food and feed commodities from Ecuador. Mycopathologia 156: 87–92.
Panagou, E.Z. et al. 2002. Heat resistance of Monascus ruber ascospores isolated from thermally processed green olives of the Conservolea variety. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 76: 11–18.
Panagou, E.Z. et al. 2003. Modelling the combined effect of temperature, pH and aw on the growth rate of Monascus ruber, a heat-resistant fungus isolated from green table olives. J. Appl. Microbiol. 94: 146–156.
Panagou, E.Z. et al. 2005. Use of gradient plates to study combined effects of temperature, pH and NaCl concentration on growth of Monascus ruber van Tieghem, as an ascomycete fungus isolated from green table olives. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 392–399.
Panagou, E.Z. et al. 2007. Modelling fungal growth using radial basis function neural networks: the case of the ascomycetous fungus Monascus ruber. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 117: 276–286.
Panasenko, V.T. 1967. Ecology of microfungi. Bot. Rev. 33: 189–215.
Park, H.G. et al. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of Monascus species inferred from the ITS and the partial beta-tubulin gene. Botan. Bull. Acad. Sinica 45: 325–330.
Park, J. and Chu, F.S. 1993. Immunochemical analysis of trichothecenes produced by various Fusaria. Mycopathologia 121: 179–192.
Patiño, B. et al. 2006. Characterization of Fusarium verticillioides strains by PCR-RFLP analysis of the intergenic spacer region of the rDNA. J. Sci. Food Agric. 86: 429–435.
Peckham, J.C. et al. 1972. Atypical interstitial pneumonia in cattle fed moldy sweet potatoes. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 160: 169–172.
Pegg, K.G. et al. 2019. The epidemiology of Fusarium wilt of banana. Front. Plant Sci., 20 December 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01395.
Pelhate, J. 1968. Inventaire de la mycoflore des blés de conservation. Bull. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 84: 127–143.
Penrose, L.J., Nicholls, M.R. and Koffmann, W. 1984. Apple fruit rot caused by Trichoderma harzianum. Australas. Plant Pathol. 13: 46–47.
Pereira, C.S. et al. 2006. Effect of fungal colonization on mechanical performance of cork. Int. Biodet. Biodeg. 57: 244–250.
Perelló, A. et al. 2008. Alternaria infectoria species-group associated with black point of wheat in Argentina. Plant Pathol. 57: 379.
Perkowski, J. et al. 1988. Deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and Fusarium species in winter triticale. Mycotoxin Res. 4: 97–101.
Peters, J.C. et al. 2008. Characterization of Fusarium spp. responsible for causing dry rot of potato in Great Britain. Plant Pathol. 57: 262–271.
Peters, R.D. et al. 2007. Dry rot of rutabaga caused by Fusarium avenaceum. HortScience 42: 737–739.
Petters, H.I. et al. 1988. Quantitative and qualitative studies of the microflora of barley malt production. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 65: 279–297.
Pieckova, E. et al. 2002. Moulds in yoghurts. Bull. Potravinarskeho Vyskumu, 41: 291–301.
Pitt, J.I. 1979. Geosmithia gen. nov. for Penicillium lavendulum and related species. Can. J. Bot. 57: 2021–2030.
Pitt, J.I. and Hocking, A.D. 1997. Fungi and Food Spoilage. 2nd edn. Blackie Academic and Professional, London.
Pitt, J.I. and Hocking, A.D. 2009. Fungi and Food Spoilage. 3rd edn. New York: Springer.
Pitt, J.I. et al. 1983. An improved medium for the detection of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 54: 109–114.
Pitt, J.I. et al. 1993. The normal mycoflora of commodities from Thailand. 1. Nuts and oilseeds. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 20: 211–226.
Pitt, J.I. et al. 1994. The normal mycoflora of commodities from Thailand. 2. Beans, rice, small grains and other commodities. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 23: 35–53.
Pitt, J.I. et al. 1998a. The mycoflora of food commodities from Indonesia. J. Food Mycol. 1, 41–60.
Pitt, J.I. et al. 1998b. The occurrence of Alternaria species and related mycotoxins in international wheat. J. Food Mycol. 1: 103–113.
Plaza, P. et al. 2003. Effect of water activity and temperature on germination and growth of Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum and Geotrichum candidum. J. Appl. Microbiol. 94: 549–554.
Plesken, C. et al. 2015. Botrytis pseudocinerea is a significant pathogen of several crop plants but susceptible to displacement by fungicide resistant B. cinerea strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 81: 7048–7056.
Pose, G.et al. 2004. Mycotoxin production by Alternaria strains isolated from tomatoes affected by blackmold in Argentina. Mycotox. Res. 20: 80–86.
Pozzi, C.R. et al. 2005. Mycoflora and occurrence of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in Brazilian sunflower from sowing to harvest. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53: 5824–5828.
Prakichaiwattana, C.J. et al. 2004. Application and evaluation of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to analyse the yeast ecology of wine grapes. FEMS Yeast Res. 4: 865–877.
Pratt, R.G., 2006. Enhancement of sporulation in species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, and Exserohilum by growth on cellulose-containing substrates. Mycopathologia, 162: 133–140.
Proctor, R.H. et al. 2004. Discontinuous distribution of fumonisin biosynthetic genes in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Mycol. Res. 108: 815–822.
Pryor, B.M. and Bigelow, D.M. 2003. Molecular characterization of Embellisia and Nimbya species and their relationship to Alternaria, Ulocladium and Stemphylium. Mycologia 95: 1141–1154.
Pryor, B.M. and Gilbertson, R.L. 2000. Molecular phylogenetic relationships amongst Alternaria species and related fungi based upon analysis of nuclear ITS and mt SSU rDNA sequences. Mycol. Res. 104: 1312–1321.
Puel, O. et al. 2007. The inability of Byssochlamys fulva to produce patulin is related to absence of 6-methylsalisalic acid synthase and isoepoxydon dehydrogenase genes. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 115: 131–139.
Punithalingam, E. 1976. Botryodiplodia theobromae. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria: 519.
Put, H.M.C. and Kruiswijk, J.T. 1964. Disintegration and organoleptic deterioration of processed strawberries caused by the mould Byssochlamys nivea. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 27: 53–58.
Quarta, A. et al. 2005. Assessment of trichothecene chemotypes of Fusarium culmorum occurring in Europe. Food Addit. Contam. 22: 309–315.
Quarta, A. et al. 2006. Multiplex PCR assay for the identification of nivalenol, 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol chemotypes in Fusarium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 259: 7–13.
Quintavalla, S. and Spotti, E. 1993. Heat resistance of Talaromyces flavus, Neosartorya fischeri and Byssochlamys nivea isolated from fresh fruits. Microbiol., Aliments, Nutr. 11: 335–341.
Rabie, C.J. et al. 1975. Onyalai - the possible involvement of a mycotoxin produced by Phoma sorghina in the aetiology. S. Afr. Med. J. 49: 1647–1650.
Ramakrishna, N. et al. 1993. Effect of water activity and temperature on the growth of fungi interacting on grain. Mycol. Res. 97: 1393–1402.
Ramakrishna, N. et al. 1996. The effects of fungal competition on colonization of barley grain by Fusarium sporotrichioides on T-2 toxin formation. Food Addit. Contam. 13: 939–948.
Ramirez, M.L. et al. 2006a. Temperature and water activity effects on growth and temporal deoxynivalenol production by two Argentinean strains of Fusarium graminearum on irradiated wheat grain. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 106: 291–296.
Ramirez, M.L. et al. 2006b. Vegetative compatibility and mycotoxin chemotypes among Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) isolates from wheat in Argentina. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 115: 139–148.
Ranganna, B. et al. 1998. Hot water dipping to enhance storability of potatoes. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 13: 215–223.
Rath, G.C. and Mohanty, G.N. 1986. Fusarium rot of stored garlic. Indian Phytopathol. 39: 614–615.
Ravichandran, V. and Sullia, S.B. 1983. Pathogenic fungi from sweet potato. Current Sci. 52: 1031.
Redhead, S.A. and Malloch, D.W., 1977. The Endomycetaceae: new concepts, new taxa. Can. J. Botan. 55: 1701–1711.
Reyes, A.A. 1990. Pathogenicity, growth, and sporulation of Mucor mucedo and Botrytis cinerea in cold or CA storage. HortScience 25: 549–552.
Reynoso, M.M. et al. 2004. Fusaproliferin, beauvericin and fumonisin production by different mating populations among the Gibberella fujikuroi complex isolated from maize. Mycol. Res. 108: 154–160.
Reynoso, M.M. et al. 2006. Biological species in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex isolated from maize kernels in Argentina. Plant Pathol. J. (Faisalabad) 5: 350–355.
Rheeder, J.P. et al. 1995. Fungal infestation and mycotoxin contamination of South African commercial maize harvested in 1989 and 1990. S. Afr. J. Sci. 91: 127–131.
Ribeiro, P.M., Jr and Dias, M.S.C. 2005. Diseases of passion fruit. Informe Agropecuario 26(228): 36–39.
Ribeiro, N.C.A. et al. 1986. [Mycobiota of cacao fermentation in Bahia State, Brazil.] Rev. Theobroma 16: 47–55.
Rice, S.L. 1980. Patulin production by Byssochlamys spp. in canned grape juice. J. Food Sci. 45: 485–488, 495.
Rice, S.L. et al. 1977. Patulin production by Byssochlamys spp. in fruit juices. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34: 791–796.
Richardson, K.C. 1965. Incidence of Byssochlamys fulva in Queensland grown canned strawberries. Queensl. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 22: 347–350.
Rifai, M.A. 1969. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Mycol. Papers 116: 1–56.
Rippon, L.E. 1980. Wastage of postharvest fruit and its control. CSIRO Food Res. Q. 40: 1–12.
Rohrbach, K.G. and Taniguchi, G. 1984. Effects of temperature, moisture, and stage of inflorescence development on infection of pineapple by Penicillium funiculosum and Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans. Phytopathology 74: 995–1000.
Roland, J.O. and Beuchat, L.R. 1984. Influence of temperature and water activity on growth and patulin production by Byssochlamys nivea in apple juice. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47: 205–207.
Roland, J.O. et al. 1984. Effects of sorbate, benzoate, sulfur dioxide and temperature on growth and patulin production by Byssochlamys nivea in grape juice. J. Food Prot. 47: 237–241.
Ross, P.F. et al. 1990. Production of fumonisins by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum isolates associated with equine leukoencephalomalacia and a pulmonary edema syndrome in swine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 3225–3226.
Rossman, A.Y. et al. 2013. Genera in Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) proposed for acceptance or rejection. IMA Fungus 4: 41–51.
Rossman, A.Y. et al. 2015. Recommended names for pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetes. IMA Fungus 6: 507–523.
Samapundo, S. et al. 2005a. Predictive modelling of the individual and combined effect of water activity and temperature on the radial growth of Fusarium verticilliodes and F. proliferatum on corn. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 105: 35–52.
Samapundo, S. et al. 2005b. Effect of water activity and temperature on growth and the relationship between fumonisin production and the radial growth of Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum on corn. J. Food Prot. 68: 1054–1059.
Samapundo, S. et al. 2007a. The influence of modified atmospheres and their interaction with water activity on the radial growth and fumonisin B1 production of Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum on corn. Part I: The effect of initial headspace carbon dioxide concentration. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 114: 160–167.
Samapundo, S. et al. 2007b. The influence of modified atmospheres and their interaction with water activity on the radial growth and fumonisin B1 production of Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum on corn. Part II: The effect of initial headspace oxygen concentration. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 113: 339–345.
Samapundo, S. et al. 2007c. Interaction of water activity and bicarbonate salts in the inhibition of growth and mycotoxin production by Fusarium and Aspergillus species of importance to corn. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 116: 266–274.
Sampietro, D.A. et al. 2013. Toxigenic potential of Fusarium graminearum isolated from maize of northwest Argentina. Brazil J. Microbiol. 44: 417–422.
Samson, R.A. 1974. Paecilomyces and some allied Hyphomycetes. Stud. Mycol. 6: 1–119.
Samson, R.A. et al. 2009. Polyphasic taxonomy of the heat resistant ascomycete genus Byssochlamys and its Paecilomyces anamorphs. Persoonia 22: 14–27.
Samuels, G.J. 2006. Trichoderma: systematics, the sexual state, and ecology. Phytopathology 96: 195–206.
Sandoval-Denis, M. and Crous, P.W. 2018. Removing chaos from confusion: assigning names to common human and animal pathogens in Neocosmospora. Persoonia. 41: 109–129.
Sangalang, A.E. et al. 1995. Mycogeography of Fusarium species in soils from tropical, arid and Mediterranean regions of Australia. Mycol. Res. 99: 523–528.
Scauflaire, J. et al. 2011. Fusarium temperatum sp. nov. from maize, an emergent species closely related to Fusarium subglutinans. Mycologia 103: 586–597.
Schémaeza, B. et al. 2013. Effects of temperature and pH on mycelium growth of Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boerema Dorenbosch and Van Kesteren in vitro. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 16: 2054–2057.
Scherm, B. et al. 2013. Fusarium culmorum: causal agent of foot and root rot and headblight on wheat. Molec. Plant Pathol. 14: 323–341.
Schmidt, H. et al. 2004. An integrated taxonomic study of Fusarium langsethiae, Fusarium poae and Fusarium sporotrichioides based on the use of composite datasets. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95: 341–349.
Schneider, R. 1954. Untersuchungen über Feuchtigkeitsanspruche parasitischer Pilze. Phytopathol. Z. 21: 63–78.
Schol-Schwarz, M.B. 1959. The genus Epicoccum. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 42: 149–173.
Schroers, H.-J. et al. 2016. Epitypification of Fusisporium (Fusarium) solani and its assignment to a common phylogenetic species in the Fusarium solani species complex. Mycologia 108: 806–819.
Schubert, K. et al. 2007. Biodiversity in the Cladosporium herbarum complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales), with standardisation of methods for Cladosporium taxonomy and diagnostics. Stud. Mycol. 58: 105–156.
Scott, P.M. et al. 1987. Formation of moniliformin by Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium culmorum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53: 196–197.
Seefelder, W.et al. 2002. Analysis of fumonisin B1 in Fusarium proliferatum-infected asparagus spears and garlic bulbs from Germany by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 2778–2781.
Seemüller, E. 1968. Untersuchungen über die morphologische und biologische differenzierung in der Fusarium-Sektion Sporotrichiella. Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land-Forstwirtsch., Berlin-Dahlem 127: 1–93.
Segers, F.J.J. et al. 2015. Xerotolerant Cladosporium sphaerospermum are predominant on indoor surfaces compared to other Cladosporium species. PLoS One 10(12): e0145415. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145415
Seifert, K. et al. 2011. The Genera of Hyphomycetes. Utrecht, Netherlands: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre.
Seifert, K.A. et al. 2003. The name Fusarium moniliforme should no longer be used. Mycol. Res. 107: 643–644.
Sempere, F. and Santamarina, M. P. 2006. Microscopic and macroscopic study of the interaction between Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch. Annal. Microbiol. 56: 101–107.
Sensidoni, A. et al. 1994. Presence of an off-flavour associated with the use of sorbates in cheese and margarine. Ital. J. Food Sci. 6: 237–242.
Seo, J.A. et al. 1996. Isolation and characterization of two new type C fumonisins produced by Fusarium oxysporum. J. Nat. Prod. 59: 1003–1005.
Sepitkova, J. and Jesenska, Z. 1986. [Analysis of the mycoflora of malting barley and malt.] Bulletin Potravinarskeho Vyskumu 25: 241–253.
Serra, R. et al. 2005. Mycotoxin-producing and other fungi isolated from grapes for wine production, with particular emphasis on ochratoxin A. Res. Microbiol. 156: 515–521.
Sewram, V. et al. 1999. Determination of the mycotoxin moniliformin in cultures of Fusarium subglutinans and in naturally contaminated maize by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatog. A 848: 185–191.
Shabbir, S.M. and Rajasab, A.H. 2004. Diversity of Fusarium species on sorghum grain. Indian Phytopathol. 57: 450–453.
Shahnaz, D. and Ghaffar, A. 1991. Detection of the seedborne mycoflora of sunflower. Pak. J. Bot. 23: 173–178.
Sharma, R.B. et al. 2002. Fungal spores over fields of fruits and vegetables. Adv. Plant Sci. 15: 619–620.
Sharma, R.L. and Shukla, A. 2003. Effect of different packagings on soft rot (Fusarium spp.) of bell pepper in storage. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 33: 134–135.
Sharma, R.R. et al. 2009. Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables by microbial antagonists: a review. Biol. Control 50: 205–221.
Shephard, G.S. et al. 1991. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of tenuazonic acid and related tetramic acids. J. Chromatogr. 566: 195–205.
Shephard, G.S. et al. 1993. Isolation and determination of AAL phytotoxins from corn cultures of the fungus Alternatia alternata f. sp. lycopercici. J. Chromatog. 641: 95–100.
Shephard, G.S. et al. 1999. Production of the mycotoxins fusaproliferin and beauvericin by South African isolates in the Fusarium section Liseola. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 5111–5115.
Shephard, G.S. et al. 2007. Exposure assessment for fumonisins in the former Transkei region of South Africa. Food Addit. Contam. 24: 621–629.
Shoemaker, R.A. 1959. Nomenclature of Drechslera and Bipolaris, grass parasites segregated from ‘Helminthosporium’. Can. J. Bot. 37: 879–887.
Shukla, A. and Sharma, R.L. 2000. Incidence of soft rot of bell pepper in Himachal Pradesh. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 30: 107–109.
Siler, D.J. and Gilchrist, D.G. 1983. Properties of host specific toxins produced by Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici in culture and in tomato plants. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 23: 265–274.
Simmons, E.G. 1967. Typification of Alternaria, Stemphylium and Ulocladium. Mycologia 59: 67–92.
Simmons, E.G., 1969. Perfect states of Stemphylium. Mycologia, 61: 1–26.
Simmons, E.G., 1985. Perfect states of Stemphylium. II. Sydowia 38: 284–293
Simmons, E.G. 1986. Alternaria themes and variations (22-26). Mycotaxon 25: 287–308.
Simmons, E.G. 2007. Alternaria: an Identification Manual. Utrecht, Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
Simoncini, N. et al. 2007. Dynamics and characterization of yeasts during ripening of typical Italian dry-cured ham. Food Microbiol. 24: 577–584.
Sinha, K.K. et al. 1988. Incidence of aflatoxins in mustard crop in Bihar. Indian Phytopathol. 41: 434–437.
Sinha, R.N. et al. 1988. Fungal volatiles associated with moldy grain in ventilated and nonventilated bin-stored wheat. Mycopathologia 101: 53–60.
Sivanesan, A. 1987. Graminicolous species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, Exserohilum and their teleomorphs. Mycol. Papers 158: 1–261.
Skirdal, I.M. and Eklund, T. 1993. Microculture model studies on the effect of sorbic acid on Penicillium chrysogenum, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Ulocladium atrum at different pH levels. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 74: 191–195.
Skou, J.P. 1969. The effect of temperature on the growth and survival of Aureobasidium pullulans and of the radulasporic stage of Guignardia fulvida and Sydowia polyspora. Friesia 9: 226–236.
Slavin, M. et al. 2015. Invasive infections due to filamentous fungi other than Aspergillus: epidemiology and determinants of mortality. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 21: 490, e1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.12.021.
Smoot, J.J. and Segall, R.H. 1963. Hot water as a postharvest treatment of mango anthracnose. Plant Dis. Rep. 47: 739–742.
Snow, D. 1949. Germination of mould spores at controlled humidities. Ann. Appl. Biol. 36: 1–13.
Snowdon, A.L. 1990. A Colour Atlas of Post-harvest Diseases and Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables. 1. General Introduction and Fruits. London: Wolfe Scientific.
Snowdon, A.L. 1991. A Colour Atlas of Post-harvest Diseases and Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables. 2. Vegetables. London: Wolfe Scientific.
Somani, A.K. 2004. Potato tuber rots and associated incitants. Potato J. 31: 201–204.
Somma, S. et al. 2014. Phylogenetic analyses of Fusarium graminearum strains from cereals in Italy, and characterisation of their molecular and chemical chemotypes. Crop Pasture Sci. 65: 52–60
Sørensen, J.L. et al. 2007. Analysis of moniliformin in maize plants using hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55: 9764–9768.
Souheil, H. et al. 1999. Pathogenic and toxic effects of Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht.) on survival and osmoregulatory capacity of Penaeus japonicus (Bate). Aquaculture 178: 209–224.
Spicher, G. 1984. Die Erreger der Schimmelbildung bei Backwaren. I. Die auf verpackten Schnittbroten aufretenden Schimmelpilze. Getreide, Mehl Brot 38: 77–80.
Spicher, G. 1985. Die Erreger der Schimmelbildung bei Backwaren. I. Weitere Untersuchungen über die auf verpackten Schnittbroten aufretenden Schimmelpilze. Dtsch. Lebensm.-Rundsch. 81: 16–20.
Spicher, G. 1986. Neue Erkenntnisse über die Erreger der ‘Kreidekrankheit’ des Brotes und Möglichkeiten zur Wachstumsverhinderung. Brot Backwaren 34: 208–213.
Spicher, G. and Isfort, G. 1987. Die Erreger der Schimmelbildung bei Backwaren. IX. Die auf vorgebackenen Brötchen, Toast- und Weichbrötchen auftretenden Schimmelpilze. Dtsch. Lebensm.-Rundsch. 83: 246–249.
Spicher, G. and Isfort, G. 1988. Die Erreger der Schimmelbildung bei Backwaren. X. Monascus ruber, ein nicht alltäglicher Schimmelerreger des Brotes. Getreide, Mehl Brot 42: 176–181.
Splittstoesser, D.F. et al. 1971. Incidence of heat-resistant molds in Eastern orchards and vineyards. Appl. Microbiol. 21: 335–337.
Stankovic, S. et al. 2007. Pathogenicity and mycotoxin production by Fusarium proliferatum isolated from onion and garlic in Serbia. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 118: 165–172.
Steenkamp, E.T. et al. 2002. Cryptic speciation in Fusarium subglutinans. Mycologia 94: 1032–1043.
Stenglein, S.A. et al. 2014. Fusarium poae pathogenicity and mycotoxin accumulation on selected wheat and barley genotypes at a single location in Argentina. Plant Dis. 98: 1733–1738.
Stenwig, H. and Liven, E. 1988. Mycological examination of improperly stored grains. Acta Agric. Scand. 38: 199–205.
Stępień, L. et al. 2011. Genetic and phenotypic variation of Fusarium proliferatum isolates from different host species. J. Appl. Genet. 52: 487–496.
Steyaert, R.H. 1949. Contribution à l’étude monographique de Pestalotia et Monochaetia (Truncatella gen. nov. et Pestalotiopsis gen. nov.). Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat. Brux. 19: 285–354.
Stolk, A.C. and Dakin, J.C. 1966. Moniliella, a new genus of Moniliales. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 32: 399–409.
Subden, R.E. et al. 2003. Autochthonous microbial population in a Niagara Peninsula icewine must. Food Res. Int. 36: 747–751.
Sugiura, Y. et al. 1990. Occurrence of Gibberella zeae strains that produce both nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 3047–3051.
Sugiura, Y. et al. 1999. Physiological characteristics and mycotoxins of human clinical isolates of Fusarium species. Mycol. Res. 103: 1462–1468.
Suhr, K.I. and Nielsen, P.V. 2005. Inhibition of fungal growth on wheat and rye bread by modified atmosphere packaging and active packaging using volatile mustard essential oil. J. Food Sci. 70: M37–M44.
Summerbell, R.C. et al. (2011). Acremonium phylogenetic overview and revision of Gliomastix, Sarocladium, and Trichothecium. Stud. Mycol. 68: 139–162.
Summerell, B.A. 2019. Resolving Fusarium: current status of the genus. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 57: 323–339.
Susuri, L. and Doda-Gashi, N. 2003. Alfafa seed microflora and some characteristics of obtained isolates. Fragmenta Phytomed. Herbol. 28: 81–88.
Sutton, B.C. 1980. The Coelomycetes: Fungi Imperfecti with Pycnidia, Acervuli and Stromata. Kew, Surrey: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
Sutton, B.C. 1992. The genus Glomerella and its anamorph Colletotrichum. In Colletotrichum: biology, pathology and control, eds. J.A. Bailey and M.I. Jeger. Wallingford, UK: CABI International. pp. 1–26.
Suzuki, T. et al. 1980. [Production of trichothecene mycotoxins of Fusarium species in wheat and barley harvested in Saitama prefecture]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi (J. Food Hyg. Soc. Japan) 21: 43–49.
Suzuki, T. et al. 1981. [Trichothecenes-producing fungi of Fusarium species]. Maikotokishin (Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol.) 13: 34–36.
Sydenham, E.W. et al. 1990. Natural occurrence of some Fusarium mycotoxins in corn from low and high esophageal cancer prevalence areas of the Transkei, Southern Africa. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 1900–1903.
Sydenham, E.W. et al. 1991. Production of mycotoxins by selected Fusarium graminearum and F. crookwellense isolates. Food Addit. Contam. 8: 31–41.
Tagele, S.B. et al. 2019. Aggresiveness and fumonisins production of Fusarium subglutinans and Fusarium temperatum on Korean maize cultivars. Agronomy 9(2): 88. doi:org/10.3390/agronomy9020088.
Tan, M.K. and Niessen, L.M. 2003. Analysis of rDNA ITS sequences to determine genetic relationships among, and provide a basis for simplified diagnosis of, Fusarium species causing crown rot and head blight of cereals. Mycol. Res. 107: 811–821.
Tan, M.K. et al. 2004. Occurrence of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in southern NSW in 2000: identification of causal fungi and determination of putative chemotype of Fusarium graminearum isolates by PCR. Australas. Plant Pathol. 33: 385–392.
Taniwaki, M.H. 1995. Growth and mycotoxin production by fungi under modified atmospheres. Ph.D. thesis. Kensington, N.S.W.: University of New South Wales.
Taniwaki, M.H. et al. 2001a. Growth of fungi and mycotoxin production on cheese under modified atmospheres. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 68: 125–133.
Teixeira, H. et al. 2005. Water restriction technique: effect on Acremonium strictum, seeds protrusion and obtaining of maize seeds infected. Fitopatologia Brasileira 30: 109–114.
Tekauz, A. et al. 2004. Fusarium head blight of oat - current status in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 26: 473–479.
Thanh, V.N. et al. 2012. Moniliella carnis sp. nov. and Moniliella dehoogii sp. nov., two novel species of black yeasts isolated from meat processing environments. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62: 3088–3094.
Thanh, V.N. et al. 2018. Moniliella sojae sp. nov., a species of black yeasts isolated from Vietnamese soy paste (tuong), and reassignment of Moniliella suaveolens strains to Moniliella pyrgileucina sp. nov., Moniliella casei sp. nov. and Moniliella macrospora emend. comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 68: 1806–1181.
Theron, D.J. and Holz, G. 1990. Effect of temperature on dry rot development of potato tubers inoculated with different Fusarium spp. Potato Res. 33: 109–117.
Thrane, U. 1988. Screening for fusarin C production by European isolates of Fusarium species. Mycotoxin Res. 4: 2–10.
Thrane, U. 2001. Developments in the taxonomy of Fusarium species based on secondary metabolites. In Fusarium: Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium, eds B.A. Summerell, J.F. Leslie, D. Backhouse, W.L. Bryden and L.W. Burgess. St Paul, MN: APS Press. pp. 29–49.
Thrane, U. et al. 2004. Diversity in metabolite production by Fusarium langsethiae, Fusarium poae, and Fusarium sporotrichioides. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95: 257–266.
Tindale, C.R. et al. 1989. Fungi isolated from packaging materials: their role in the production of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole. J. Sci. Food Agric. 49: 437–447.
Toit, L.J. du et al. 2003. Fusarium proliferatum pathogenic on onion bulbs in Washington. Plant Dis. 87: 750.
Torkar, K.G. and Vengust, A. 2008. The presence of yeasts, moulds and aflatoxin M-1 in raw milk and cheese in Slovenia. Food Control 19: 570–577.
Torp, M. and Nirenberg, H.I. 2004. Fusarium langsethiae sp. nov. on cereals in Europe. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95: 247–256.
Torres, A.M. et al. 2001. Fusarium species (section Liseola) and its mycotoxins in maize harvested in northern Argentina. Food Addit. Contam. 18: 836–843.
Tournas, V.H. 2005. Spoilage of vegetable crops by bacteria and fungi and related health hazards. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 31: 33–44.
Tournas, V.H. and Katsoudas, E. 2005. Mould and yeast flora in fresh berries, grapes and citrus fruits. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 105: 11–17.
Tresner, H.D. and Hayes, J.A. 1971. Sodium chloride tolerance of terrestrial fungi. Appl. Microbiol. 22: 210–213.
Triest, D. and Hendrickx, M. 2016. Postharvest disease of banana caused by Fusarium musae: a public health concern? PLoS Pathol. 12(11): e1005940. doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005940.
Trinci, A.P.J. 1994. Evolution of the Quorn myco-protein fungus, Fusarium graminearum A3/5. Microbiology 140: 2181–2188.
Tripathi, M.N. et al. 1999. Effect of hydrogen-ion concentration on the growth and development of Fusarium spp. Bioved 10: 31–37.
Tseng, T.C. and Tu, J.C. 1997. Mycoflora and mycotoxins in adzuki and mung beans produced in Ontario, Canada. Microbios 90 (363): 87–95.
Tseng, T.C. et al. 1996. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in Fusarium-infected beans. Microbios 84: 21–28.
Tsuyoshi, N. et al. 2005. Identification of yeast strains isolated from marcha in Sikkim, a microbial starter for amylolytic fermentation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 99: 135–146.
Udagawa, S. and Suzuki, S. 1994. Talaromyces spectabilis, a new species of food-borne ascomycetes. Mycotaxon 50: 81–88.
Uduebo, A.E., 1974. Effect of high temperature on the growth, sporulation, and pigment production of Botryodiplodia theobromae. Can. J. Botan. 52: 2631–2634.
Uhlig, S. et al. 2007. Fusarium avenaceum – the North European situation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 119: 17–24.
Usha, C.M. et al. 1994. Mycoflora of developing sorghum grains with special reference to Aspergillus flavus. Trop. Sci. 34: 353–360.
Utkhede, R.S. and Mathur, S. 2004. Internal fruit rot caused by Fusarium subglutinans in greenhouse sweet peppers. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 26: 386–390.
Vaamonde, G. et al. 1987. Zearalenone production by Fusarium species isolated from soybeans. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 4: 129–133.
Valletrisco, M. and Niola, I. 1983. [Possible effect of fungal diseases on apple juice quality]. Ind. Bevande 12: 457–462.
Van der Riet, W.B. 1976. Studies on the mycoflora of biltong. S. Afr. Food Rev. 3: 105, 107, 109, 111.
Van der Riet, W.B. and Pinches, S.E. 1991. Control of Byssochlamys fulva in fruit juices by means of intermittent treatment with dimethyldicarbonate. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 24: 501–503.
Van der Riet, W.B. and van der Walt, W.H. 1985. Effect of ionizing radiation on ascospores of three strains of Byssochlamys fulva in apple juice. J. Food Prot. 48: 1016–1018.
Van der Riet, W.B. et al. 1989. The effect of dimethyldicarbonate on vegetative growth and ascospores of Byssochlamys fulva suspended in apple juice and strawberry nectar. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 8: 95–102.
Van der Walt, A.M. et al. 2006. Fumonisin-producing Fusarium strains and fumonisins in traditional African vegetables (morogo). S. Afr. J. Sci. 102: 151–155.
Van Dyk, K. 2004. Fungi associated with root and crown rot of wheat and barley in Tanzania. Afr. Plant Prot. 10: 117–124.
Van Hove, F. et al. 2011. Gibberella musae (Fusarium musae) sp. nov., a recently discovered species from banana is sister to F. verticillioides. Mycologia 103: 570–585.
Vanheule, A. et al. 2017. Genetic divergence and chemotype diversity in the Fusarium head blight pathogen Fusarium poae. Toxins 9: 255. doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090255.
Venter, S.L. and Steyn, P.J. 1998. Correlation between fusaric acid production and virulence of isolates of Fusarium oxysporum that causes potato dry rot in South Africa. Potato Res. 41: 289–294.
Vesonder, R.F. et al. 1995. Fusarium species associated with banana fruit and their potential toxicity. Mycotoxin Res. 11: 93–98.
Villani, A. et al. 2019. Variation in secondary metabolite production potential in the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex revealed by comparative analysis of 13 genomes. BMC Genomics 20:314. doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-5567-7/.
Villa-Rojas, R. et al. 2012. Thermal inactivation of Botrytis cinerea conidia in synthetic medium and strawberry puree. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 155: 269–272.
Visconti, A. and Doko, M.B. 1994. Survey of fumonisin production by Fusarium isolated from cereals in Europe. J. AOAC Int. 77: 546–550.
Visconti, A. et al. 1990. Mycotoxins in corn ears naturally infected with Fusarium graminearum and F. crookwellense. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 12: 187–189.
Vismer, H.F. et al. 2019. Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium proliferatum and F. pseudonygamai on maize, sorghum and pearl millet grains in vitro. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 296: 31–36.
Von Arx, J.A. 1957. Die Arten der Gattung Colletotrichum. Phytopathol. Z. 29: 413–468.
Von Arx, J.A. 1977. Notes on Dipodascus, Endomyces and Geotrichum with the description of two new species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 43: 333–340.
Von Arx, J.A. 1981a. On Monilia sitophila and some families of Ascomycetes. Sydowia 34: 13–29.
Von Arx, J.A. 1981b. The Genera of Fungi Sporulating in Pure Culture, 3rd edn. Vaduz, Germany: J. Cramer.
Von Arx, J.A. et al. 1986. The Ascomycete Genus Chaetomium. Berlin: J. Cramer.
Vrany, J. et al. 1989. Fusarium on surface of tubers of selected potato varieties. Zentralbl. Mikrobiol. 144: 399–404.
Wade, N.L. et al. 1993. Effects of modified atmosphere storage on banana postharvest diseases and the control of bunch main-stalk rot. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 3: 143–154.
Waghray, S. et al. 1988. Seed mycoflora and aflatoxin contamination in rice. Indian Phytopathol. 41: 492–494.
Wallbridge, A. 1981. Fungi associated with crown-rot disease of boxed bananas from the Windward Islands during a two-year survey. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 77: 567–577.
Wang, C.W.et al. 2015. Fusarium acuminatum: a new pathogen causing postharvest rot on stored kiwifruit in China. Plant Dis. 99: 1644.
Wang, M. et al. 2017. Phylogenetic reassessment of Nigrospora: ubiquitous endophytes, plant and human pathogens. Persoonia 39: 118–142.
Wang, X.-W. et al. 2014. Phylogenetic assessment of Chaetomium indicum and allied species, with the introduction of three new species and epitypification of C. funicola and C. indicum. Mycol. Progr. 13: 719–732.
Wang, X.-W. et al. 2016. Diversity and taxonomy of Chaetomium and chaetomium-like fungi from indoor environments. Stud. Mycol. 84: 145–224.
Wang, Y. and Guo, L.-D. 2004. Morphological and molecular identification of an endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum. Mycosystema 23: 474–479.
Wang, Y.-Z. et al. 2005. The variability of citrinin production in Monascus type cultures. Food Microbiology 22: 145–148.
Webb, T.A. and Mundt, J.O. 1978. Molds on vegetables at the time of harvest. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35: 655–658.
Weber, Z. et al. 2006. Fusarium species colonizing spears and forming mycotoxins in field samples of asparagus from Germany and Poland. J. Phytopathol. 154: 209–216.
Webley, D.J. et al. 1997. Alternaria toxins in weather damaged wheat and sorghum in the 1995-1996 Australian harvest. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 48: 1249–1255.
Weir, B.S. et al. 2012. The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex. Stud. Mycolog. 73: 115–180.
Wells, J.M. and Uota, M. 1970. Germination and growth of five fungi in low-oxygen and high-carbon dioxide atmospheres. Phytopathology 60: 50–53.
Wells, J.M. et al. 1981. Curvularia lunata, a new source of cytochalasin B. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41: 967–971.
Wheeler, K.A. and Hocking, A.D. 1988. Water relations of Paecilomyces variotii, Eurotium amstelodami, Aspergillus candidus and Aspergillus sydowii, xerophilic fungi isolated from Indonesian dried fish. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 7: 73–78.
Wheeler, K.A., Hocking, A.D., Pitt, J.I. and Anggawati, A. 1986. Fungi associated with Indonesian dried fish. Food Microbiol. 3: 351–357.
Wheeler, K.A. et al. 1991. Influence of pH on the growth of some toxigenic species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 12: 141–150.
Whitfield, F.B. et al. 1991. Effect of relative humidity and incubation time on the O-methylation of chlorophenols in fibreboard by Paecilomyces variotii. J. Sci. Food Agric. 55: 19–26.
Wiebe, M.G. 2004. QuornTM myco-protein - overview of a successful fungal product. Mycologist 18: 17–20.
Will, F. et al. 1992. Charakterisierung einer gelartigen Truebung aus Himbeersaft. Fluess. Obst 59: 352–353.
Williams, K.C. et al. 1992. Assessment for animal feed of maize kernels naturally-infected predominantly with Fusarium moniliforme and Diplodia maydis. Aust. J. Agric. Sci. 43: 773–782.
Wilson, B.J. et al. 1970. Toxicity of mould-damaged sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). Nature (London) 227: 521–522.
Wilson, J.P. 2002. Fungi associated with the stalk rot complex of pearl millet. Plant Dis. 86: 833–839.
Wilson, J.P. et al. 1993. Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of pearl millet grain in response to environmental conditions in Georgia. Plant Dis. 77: 121–124.
Wing, N. et al. 1993. Toxigenicity of Fusarium species and subspecies in section Gibbosum from different regions of Australia. Mycol. Res. 97: 1441–1446.
Wojcik-Stopczynska, B. 2006. [Microbiological characteristic of cacao beans, products of its processing and of the processing environment]. Rozprawy - Akademia Rolnicza w Szczecinie (No.238). 113 pp. (in Polish)
Wollenweber, H.W. and Reinking, O.A. 1935. Die Fusarien, ihre Beschreibung, Schadwirkung und Kekampfung. Berlin: Paul Parey.
Woudenberg, J.H.C. et al. 2013. Alternaria redefined. Stud. Mycol. 75: 171–212.
Woudenberg, J.H.C. et al. 2017. Stemphylium revisited. Stud. Mycol. 87: 77–103.
Wu, W. et al. 1997. Case study of bovine dermatitis caused by oat straw infected with Fusarium sporotrichioides. Vet. Rec. 140: 399–400.
Xia, J-W. et al. 2019. Numbers to names – restyling the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex. Persoonia 43. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.05.
Xu, G. et al. 2003. HPLC fluorescence method for determination of citrinin in Monascus cultures. Archive fur Lebensmittelhygiene. 54: 82–84.
Yamada, Y. et al. 1996. The phylogeny of species of the genus Saccharomycopsis Schiönning (Saccharomycetaceae) based on the partial sequences of 18S and 26S ribosomal RNAs. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 60: 1303–1307.
Yli-Mattila, T. et al. 2004. Molecular and morphological diversity of Fusarium species in Finland and northwestern Russia. Eur J. Plant Pathol. 110: 573–585.
Yoder, J.A. et al. 2003. Effects of salt and temperature on the growth rate of a tick-associated fungus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis Bainier (Deuteromycota). Int. J. Acarol. 29: 265–269.
Zalar, P. et al. 2007. Phylogeny and ecology of the ubiquitous saprobe Cladosporium sphaerospermum, with descriptions of seven new species from hypersaline environments. Stud. Mycol. 58: 157–183.
Zare, R. and Ershad, D. 1997. Fusarium species isolated from cereals in Gorgan area. Iran. J. Plant Pathol. 33: 1–14 (Pe), 1–4 (En).
Zhang, H.Y.et al. 2007. Biological control of postharvest diseases of peach with Cryptococcus laurentii. Food Control 18: 287–291.
Zhang, J.B. et al. 2007. Determination of the trichothecene mycotoxin chemotypes and associated geographical distribution and phylogenetic species of the Fusarium graminearum clade from China. Mycol. Res. 111: 967–975.
Zhang, Y. et al. 2017. Polyphasic characterisation of Chaetomium species from soil and compost revealed high number of undescribed species. Fungal Biol. 121: 21–43.
Zitter, T.A. and Wien, H.C. 1984. Outbreak of Alternaria alternata causing fruit rot of tomatoes in upstate New York. Plant Dis. Reptr 68: 628.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pitt, J.I., Hocking, A.D. (2022). Primary Keys and Miscellaneous Fungi. In: Fungi and Food Spoilage. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85640-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85640-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85638-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85640-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)