Abstract
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp hybrid) is grown across the continents, principally for white sugar and bioethanol. It is a C4 plant, generates highest amount of biomass among the cultivated crops, and meets nearly 80% of the global white sugar requirement. The modern cultivated sugarcane is a derivative of Saccharum officinarum (noble canes) and the wild relative, S. spontaneum. Worldwide, breeding strategies have improved sugarcane yield till 1970s and later cane yield remained static across the countries. Many biotic constraints seriously affect productivity of the crop which is specific to cane growing countries. Among the diseases, smut, ratoon stunting, yellow leaf and mosaic are the major constraints in most of the countries. The diseases like red rot and wilt seriously affect cane production in South and South East Asian countries with many historic red rot epiphytotics causing huge crop losses in India. Similarly, the phytoplasma diseases, grassy shoot and white leaf are serious constraints in Asian region. Recently, the diseases like rusts, pokkah boeng, red stripe etc. emerged as major diseases in different countries. Among the insect pests, stalk borers are ubiquitous in nature with serious economic losses and each country or region has unique group of borer pests. Apart from the borer pests, many sucking pests and root grub are also of serious concern to sugarcane cultivation. Among the management strategies, host resistance is successfully exploited against various diseases and healthy seed, heat treatment, and chemicals are the other management strategies adopted in tandem. In case of insect pests, an integrated management is followed with more emphasis on biological control and chemicals depending on the pests and the location. Though remarkable gains were achieved through breeding strategies, complex polyploidy hinders genetic advancements for various traits in sugarcane. Recently, various genomic tools, especially transcriptomics were applied to understand gene functions and molecular markers are partially successful. Although, genetic transformation was successful in developing many transgenic lines against various biotic constraints, application of genome editing is in nascent stage due to multiple alleles. Overall, the various biotic constraints are managed through host resistance and other strategies in an integrated approach. Genomic applications have helped to understand genomes of the crop and pathogens/insects and, host resistance and genetic engineering supports trait improvement.
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The authors are grateful to the Director, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India for the support and encouragement.
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Viswanathan, R. et al. (2022). Genomic Designing for Biotic Stress Resistance in Sugarcane. In: Kole, C. (eds) Genomic Designing for Biotic Stress Resistant Technical Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09293-0_9
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