Abstract
This chapter gives an overview on (1) lichen-forming fungi, lichen photobionts and peculiarities of lichen symbiosis such as gains and losses of lichenization, species concepts, specificity, morphodemes and morphotype pairs, non-lichen mutualistic fungal interactions with unicellular algae and cyanobacteria and mycophycobioses; (2) the mycobiont–photobiont interface, water relations and gas exchange, mycobiont-derived secondary metabolites and the accumulation of heavy metals or radionuclides; (3) the microbiome of lichen thalli, i.e. the bacteriome (epi- and endolichenic bacteria), lichenicolous and endolichenic fungi, lichenicolous lichens and the virome of lichens and their allies; (4) fossil lichens and their microbiome; (5) lichen–animal interactions such as the micro- and mesofauna of lichen thalli, lichenivory in invertebrates and vertebrates, endo-and epizoochory; (6) lichenomimesis in animals and flowering plants.
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Acknowledgements
My sincere thanks are due to Prof. Dianne Edwards for fruitful collaboration on fossils, William Bruzgul, Paul Diederich and Robert Lücking for valuable informations, to Andreas Valls for IT support, to Erik Adams, Andrea Bernecker, Joël Boustie, Paul Diedrich, Pierre Le Pogam, Fabio Nodari, Jim Petranka, David Weiller and Erich Zimmermann for permission to include their photos, to Prof. Ueli Grossniklaus, director of the Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology of the University of Zurich, for access to the infrastructure of the institute far beyond my retirement, IT support by Stefan Roffler included. Last but not least, I thank Barry Scott and Carl Mesarich, editors of this volume, for their kind interest, patience and help.
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Honegger, R. (2023). Lichens and Their Allies Past and Present. In: Scott, B., Mesarich, C. (eds) Plant Relationships. The Mycota, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16503-0_6
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