Abstract
Immunotherapy has been a long wish among immunologists. In the late 19th century, the first proof of immunotherapy was probably the successful treatment of diphtheria by Emil von Behring, using serum (Behring and Kitasato 1890). In 1952, Ogden Bruton showed that patients devoid of immunoglobulins (X-linked agammaglobulinemia) can successfully be treated with plasma containing polyclonal antibodies (Bruton et al. 1952). In 1981, Paul Imbach and colleagues demonstrated that polyclonal antibody preparations can be used to treat immune-mediated disease (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)) (Imbach et al. 1981).
Declaration COI: Tim Niehues is receiving honoraria from Up2date.com as a reviewer and author.
Abbreviations
- Abs:
-
Antibodies
- ACR:
-
American College of Rheumatology
- ADAs:
-
Anti-drug antibodies
- ADCC:
-
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
- ADCP:
-
Antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis
- AEs:
-
Adverse events
- AML:
-
Acute myeloid leukemia)
- APC:
-
Antigen-presenting cell
- BRM:
-
Biological response modifiers
- CDC :
-
Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity
- CDCC:
-
Complement Dependent Cell mediated Cytotoxicity
- CDCP:
-
Complement Dependent Cell mediatedPhagocytosis
- CDRs:
-
Complementarity determining regions
- CMC:
-
Complement dependent cytotoxicity
- CSA:
-
Ciclosporine A
- DAMP:
-
Damage-associated molecular pattern
- EGFR (synonymserbb1, HER1):
-
Epithelial growth factor receptors
- ESR:
-
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- EULAR:
-
European League against Rheumatism
- Fab:
-
Variable region of antibody, antigen-binding fragment
- FAEs:
-
Fatal adverse events
- Fc:
-
Constant region of antibody, crystalizable fragment
- FcR:
-
Fc receptors
- FcRn:
-
Neonatal FC receptor
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration (USA)
- GD2:
-
Glykolipiddisialoganglioside
- GMCSF:
-
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
- HAMAs:
-
Human anti-mouse antibodies
- HAT:
-
Medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine
- HER-2:
-
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- IBD:
-
Inflammatory bowel disease
- Ig:
-
Immunoglobulin
- irAEs:
-
Immune related adverse events
- ITP:
-
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- IVIG:
-
Intravenous immunoglobulins
- JAK:
-
Janus Kinase
- JC virus:
-
John Cunningham virus
- JiA:
-
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- mAbs:
-
Monoclonal antibodies
- MAC:
-
Membrane attack complex
- MS:
-
Multiple sclerosis
- MTX:
-
Methotrexate
- NSAIDS:
-
Non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory drugs
- PAMP:
-
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PDGFR:
-
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- PJP:
-
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
- PIGF:
-
Placental growth factor
- PML:
-
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- PRRs:
-
Pathogen recognition receptors
- RA:
-
Rheumatoid arthritis
- RANK:
-
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB
- RANKL:
-
Receptor activator of NFκb ligand
- SIRs:
-
Standard infusion reactions
- sJIA:
-
Systemic onset JIA
- SLE:
-
Systemic lupus erythematosus
- SYK:
-
Spleen tyrosine kinases
- TAA:
-
Tumor associated antigens
- TCR:
-
T-cell receptor
- TDM:
-
Therapeutic drug monitoring
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- Tregs:
-
T-regulatory cells
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
References
Anderson C. Measuring what works in health care. Science. 1994;263(1080):1082.
Anonymous. WHO Expert committee on biological standardization guidelines on evaluation of similar biotherapeutic products. In: WHO technical report series no. 977. Geneva; 2009.
Anonymous Monoclonal Antibodies. In: Association AM (ed) USAN Naming Guidelines for monoclonal antibodies; https://www.ama-assn.org/about/monoclonal-antibodies
Ballow M. ximab this and -zumab that! Has the magic bullet arrived in the new millennium of medicine and science? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:738–43.
Batlevi CL, Matsuki E, Brentjens RJ, et al. Novel immunotherapies in lymphoid malignancies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016;13:25–40.
Beck A, Wurch T, Bailly C, et al. Strategies and challenges for the next generation of therapeutic antibodies. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:345–52.
Behring E, Kitasato S. Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-Immunität und der Tetanus-Immunität bei Thieren. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1890;16:1113–4.
Boyman O, Comte D, Spertini F. Adverse reactions to biologic agents and their medical management. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10:612–27.
Bradshaw MJ, Mobley BC, Zwerner JP, et al. Autopsy-proven demyelination associated with infliximab treatment. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2016;3:e205.
Bruton OC, Apt L, Gitlin D, et al. Absence of serum gamma globulins. AMA Am J Dis Child. 1952;84:632–6.
Burmester GR, Pope JE. Novel treatment strategies in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2017;389:2338–48.
Burmester GR, Feist E, Dorner T. Emerging cell and cytokine targets in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10:77–88.
Chan AC, Carter PJ. Therapeutic antibodies for autoimmunity and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:301–16.
Chen DS, Mellman I. Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point. Nature. 2017;541:321–30.
Chingcuanco F, Segal JB, Kim SC, et al. Bioequivalence of biosimilar tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors compared with their reference biologics: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165:565–74.
Cholapranee A, Hazlewood GS, Kaplan GG, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: comparative efficacy of biologics for induction and maintenance of mucosal healing in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45:1291–302.
Davies R, Gaynor D, Hyrich KL, et al. Efficacy of biologic therapy across individual juvenile idiopathic arthritis subtypes: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017;46:584–93.
Davis BP, Ballas ZK. Biologic response modifiers: indications, implications, and insights. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139:1445–56.
De Benedetti F, Brunner HI, Ruperto N, et al. Randomized trial of tocilizumab in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2385–95.
Dotan I, Ron Y, Yanai H, et al. Patient factors that increase infliximab clearance and shorten half-life in inflammatory bowel disease: a population pharmacokinetic study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:2247–59.
Ecker DM, Jones SD, Levine HL. The therapeutic monoclonal antibody market. MAbs. 2015;7:9–14.
Eisenberg R. Immune compromise associated with biologics. In: Stiehm ER, Sullivan KE, editors. Stiehm’s immune deficiencies. London: Elsevier; 2014. p. 889–904.
Fagraeus A. The plasma cellular reaction and its relation to the formation of antibodies in vitro. J Immunol. 1948;58:1–13.
Feldman SR. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of psoriasis. In: Dellavalle R, editor; 2017.
Fonollosa A, Artaraz J, Les I, et al. Sarcoid intermediate uveitis following etanercept treatment: a case report and review of the literature. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2012;20:44–8.
Golay J, Semenzato G, Rambaldi A, et al. Lessons for the clinic from rituximab pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. MAbs. 2013;5:826–37.
Gomez-Garcia F, Ruano J, Aguilar-Luque M, et al. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses on psoriasis: role of funding sources, conflict of interest and bibliometric indices as predictors of methodological quality. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176:1633–44.
Hendriks D, Choi G, De Bruyn M, et al. Antibody-based cancer therapy: successful agents and novel approaches. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2017;331:289–383.
Her M, Kavanaugh A. Alterations in immune function with biologic therapies for autoimmune disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137:19–27.
Imbach P, Barandun S, D'apuzzo V, et al. High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Lancet. 1981;1:1228–31.
Jones PT, Dear PH, Foote J, et al. Replacing the complementarity-determining regions in a human antibody with those from a mouse. Nature. 1986;321:522–5.
Kay J. Editorial: biosimilars: new or Deja Vu? Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:1049–52.
Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature. 1975;256:495–7.
London NJ, Garg SJ, Moorthy RS, et al. Drug-induced uveitis. J Ophtha Inflamm Infect. 2013;3:43.
Majzner RG, Simon JS, Grosso JF, et al. Assessment of programmed death-ligand 1 expression and tumor-associated immune cells in pediatric cancer tissues. Cancer. 2017.
Martin-Liberal J, Ochoa De Olza M, Hierro C, et al. The expanding role of immunotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017;54:74–86.
Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:222–33.
Molinelli E, Campanati A, Ganzetti G, et al. Biologic therapy in immune mediated inflammatory disease: basic science and clinical concepts. Curr Drug Saf. 2016;11:35–43.
Moreland LW. General principles of management of rheumatoid arthritis in adults. In: O’Dell JR, editor. uptodate; 2016.
Morrison SL, Johnson MJ, Herzenberg LA, et al. Chimeric human antibody molecules: mouse antigen-binding domains with human constant region domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984;81:6851–5.
Nam JL, Takase-Minegishi K, Ramiro S, et al. Efficacy of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review informing the 2016 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:1113–36.
Niehues T. Optimizing treatment in paediatric rheumatology--lessons from oncology. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11:493–9.
Olek MJ. Disease-modifying treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in adults. In: González-Scarano F, editor; 2017.
Oosting SF, Brouwers AH, Van Es SC, et al. 89Zr-bevacizumab PET visualizes heterogeneous tracer accumulation in tumor lesions of renal cell carcinoma patients and differential effects of antiangiogenic treatment. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med. 2015;56:63–9.
Oude Munnink TH, Henstra MJ, Segerink LI, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory and malignant disease: translating TNF-alpha experience to oncology. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016;99:419–31.
Parren P, Carter PJ, Pluckthun A. Changes to international nonproprietary names for antibody therapeutics 2017 and beyond: of mice, men and more. mAbs. 2017:1–9.
Patterson H, Nibbs R, Mcinnes I, et al. Protein kinase inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014;176:1–10.
Picard M, Galvao VR. current knowledge and management of hypersensitivity reactions to monoclonal antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5:600–9.
Ramanan AV, Dick AD, Jones AP, et al. Adalimumab plus Methotrexate for Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1637–46.
Rovin BH, Furie R, Latinis K, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis: the Lupus Nephritis Assessment with Rituximab study. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:1215–26.
Ruperto N, Brunner HI, Quartier P, et al. Two randomized trials of canakinumab in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2396–406.
Sanz-Cabanillas JL, Ruano J, Gomez-Garcia F, et al. Author-paper affiliation network architecture influences the methodological quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of psoriasis. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0175419.
Shoushtari AN, Wolchok J, Hellman M. Principles of cancer immunotherapy. In: Atkins MB, editor; 2017.
Singh JA, Hossain A, Mudano AS, et al. Biologics or tofacitinib for people with rheumatoid arthritis naive to methotrexate: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;5:CD012657.
Smith CH, Jabbar-Lopez ZK, Yiu ZZ, et al. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for biologic therapy for psoriasis 2017. Br J Dermatol. 2017.
Suntharalingam G, Perry MR, Ward S, et al. Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1018–28.
Weiner GJ. Building better monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015;15:361–70.
Windeler J. No new Insights. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2014;111:646.
Wu P, Nielsen TE, Clausen MH. FDA-approved small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015;36:422–39.
Yarur AJ, Jain A, Sussman DA, et al. The association of tissue anti-TNF drug levels with serological and endoscopic disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease: the ATLAS study. Gut. 2016;65:249–55.
Young L, Czarnecki D. The rapid onset of multiple squamous cell carcinomas in two patients commenced on ustekinumab as treatment of psoriasis. Australas J Dermatol. 2012;53:57–60.
Acknowledgement
Without the careful and skillful help of Andrea Groth the preparation of this manuscript would not have been possible. I thank Kathrin Siepermann, Gregor Dückers, and Antje Ballauff for discussing interesting cases of treatment with biologics within our team at the HELIOS Children’s Hospital in Krefeld, Germany. I thank Ina Bruins for her additional help in manuscript preparation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Niehues, T. (2018). Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies as Immunomodulators and Anti-Cancer Agents: Development, Evidence of Efficacy, Mechanisms of Actions, Adverse Effects. In: Imbach, P. (eds) Antibody Therapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68038-5_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68038-5_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-68037-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-68038-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)