Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Current Insights into Phylloplane Fungal Species Diversity in the Western Ghats and Its Perspective

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Microbial Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Ecosystem Sustainability

  • 328 Accesses

Abstract

The tropical forests on earth play a vital role in ensuring highest biological diversity and the Western Ghats represents as one of the great diversity centers of the world. One important part of microbial diversity is phylloplane fungi, which includes rusts, smuts, powdery mildews, black mildews, tar spots, etc. Phylloplane fungi (leaf infecting micro fungi) are ectophytic obligate biotrophs infecting a wide range of flowering plants and produce black colonies on the leaf surface. They are distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Black mildews shows more abundance than other groups of fungi. These black colony-forming organisms belong to different taxonomic groups, viz. Meliolales, Asterinales, Schiffnerulales, Hyphomycetous fungi, etc. This chapter deals with the diversity, distribution and host range of phylloplane fungi with respect to black mildews in the Western Ghats.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996) Introductory Mycology, 4th edn. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Aliyarukunju S, Haridas B, Sugathan S (2020) Evaluation of phylloplane fungal flora and host plants in the Southern Western Ghats. In: Sharma VK, Shah MP, Parmar S, Kumar A (eds) Fungi bio-prospects in sustainable agriculture, environment and nano-technology volume 1: fungal diversity of sustainable agriculture. Elsevier, Academic Press, pp 17–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Almeida F, Rodrigues ML, Coelho C (2019) The still underestimated problem of fungal diseases worldwide. Front Microbiol 10:article 214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JPE, Domsch KH (1978) A physiological method for the quatitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils. Soil Biol. Biochem., 10:215-221. Fungal Divers 98:77–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony P, Holtum J, Jackes B (2002) Shade acclimation of rainforest leaves to colonization by lichens. Funct Ecol 16:808–816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bacon C, White J (2000) Microbial endophytes. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Basset Y, Samuelson GA, Miller SE (1996) Similarities and contrasts in the local insect faunas associated with ten forest tree species of New Guinea. Pac Sci 50:157–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Batista AC, Maia H (1960) Cirsosia Arn. Novas Especis. Revista de Biologia (Lisbon) 2:115–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Beeli M (1920) Bulletin du Jardin botanique de I’Etat a Bruxelles, vol 7, pp 80–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Behrendt U, Stauber T, Muller T (2004) Microbial communities in the phyllosphere of grasses on fenland at different intensities of management. Grass Forage Sci 59:169–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bezerra JL (2004) Taxonomia de ascomicetos: revisão da ordem Asterinales. Revista Annual de Patologia de Plantas 12:91–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhise MR, Patil CR, Salunkhe CB (2014) Three new black mildew fungi from Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra, India. Int J Life Sci 2(4):304–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhise MR, Patil CR, Salunkhe CC (2016) Some new records of black mildew fungi from Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra State, India. Int J Life Sci Scienti Res 2(5):559–565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell M, Hibbett DS, Taylor JW, Spatafora JW (2006) Research coordination Networks: a phylogeny for kingdom Fungi (Deep Hypha). Mycologia 98:829–837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen GD, Rovira AD (1999) The rhizosphere and its management to improve plant growth. Adv Agron 66:1–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carris LM, Little CR, Stiles CM (2012) Introduction to fungi. The plant health instructor. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHI-I-2012-0426-01

  • Carroll FE, Muller E, Sutton BC (1977) Preliminary studies on the incidence of needle endophytes in some European conifers. Sydowia 29:87–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Chethana KWT, Jayawardena RS, Zhang W, Zhou YY et al (2019) Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of fungal taxa associated with cherry leaf spot disease. Mycosphere 10:490–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ciferri R (1954) Meliolae of Santo Domingo (W.I.). Mycopathol Mycol Appl 7:81–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deighton FC (1969) Microfungi. IV. Some hyperparasitic hyphomycetes, and a note onCercosporellauredinophilaSacc. Mycol Pap 118:1–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Deighton FC, Pirozynski KA (1972) Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycol Pap 128:1–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis MB (1971) Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, p 608

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis MB (1976) More dematiaceous hphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, p 506

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Elsen A, Declerck S, De Waele D (2001) Effect of Glomus intraradices on the reproduction of the burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) in dixenic culture. Mycorrhiza 11:49–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam AK, Avasthi S (2016) Prillieuxinacitricola sp. nov. from Himachal Pradesh, India. Curr Res Environ Appl Mycology 6(4):288–292. https://doi.org/10.5943/ream/6/4/6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (1986) Progress and headaches in endomycorrhiza biotechnology. Symbiosis 2:139–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert GS, Reynolds DR, Bethancourt A (2007) The patchiness of epifoliar fungi in tropical forests: host range, host abundance, and environment. Ecology 88:575–581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman RN, Király Z, Wood KR (1986) The Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Disease. University of Missouri Press, Colombia

    Google Scholar 

  • GovindaRajulu MB, Thirunavukkarasu N, Babu AG, Aggarwal A, Suryanarayanan TS, Reddy MS (2013) Endophytic Xylariaceae from the forests of Western Ghats, southern India: distribution andbiological activities. Mycology 4:29–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansford CG (1946) The foliicolous Ascomycetes, their parasites and associated fungi. Mycol Pap 15:1–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansford, C.G. 1961. The Meliolineae. A Monograph. Sydowia. Beih2: 1–806

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley JL, Smith SE (1983) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, London, p 1485

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth DL (2004) Fungal diversity and its implications for genetic resource collections. Studies in Mycoloo 50:9–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth DL, Lucking R (2017) Fungal diversity revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 million species. Microbiol. Spectrum 5(4) FUNK-0052-2016. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0052-2016

  • Hawskworth DL, Rossman AY (1997) Where are all the undescribed Fungi? Phytopatholov 87:888–891

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE, Huhndorf S, James T, Kirk PM, Lücking R, Thorsten Lumbsch H, Lutzoni F, Matheny PB, McLaughlin DJ, Powell MJ, Redhead S, Schoch CL, Spatafora JW, Stalpers JA, Vilgalys R, Aime MC, Aptroot A, Bauer R, Begerow D, Benny GL, Castlebury LA, Crous PW, Dai Y-C, Gams W, Geiser DM, Griffith GW, Gueidan C, Hawksworth DL, Hestmark G, Hosaka K, Humber RA, Hyde KD, Ironside JE, Kõljalg U, Kurtzman CP, Larsson K-H, Lichtwardt R, Longcore J, Miadlikowska J, Miller A, Moncalvo J-M, Mozley-Standridge S, Oberwinkler F, Parmasto E, Reeb V, Rogers JD, Roux C, Ryvarden L, Sampaio JP, Schüßler A, Sugiyama J, Thorn RG, Tibell L, Untereiner WA, Walker C, Wang Z, Weir A, Weiss M, White MM, Winka K, Yao Y-J, Zhang N (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycol Res 111:509–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hina M. & Jacob T. (2020) Asteridiella micheliifolia var. macrospora var. nov. from Vagamon hills, Kerala, India. Kavaka 54: 55–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirata K (1972) Host range and geographic distribution of Erysiphaceae as viewed from the families of Angiosperms, and comparison with Meliolineae. Sydowia 25:100–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann TA, Piepenbring M (2008) New species and records of Asterina from Panama. Mycol Prog 7:87–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holliday P (1998) A Dictionary of Plant Pathology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Hongsanan S, Tian Q, PerÅ¡oh D, Zeng XY, Hyde KD, Chomnunti P, Boonmee S, Bahkali AH, Wen TC (2015) Meliolales. Fungal Divers 74(1):91–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0344-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB (1996) Meliolales of India. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, p 363

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB (2002) Key to species of the genus Meliolina. Zoos Print J 17:786–787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB (2010) Notes on the genera Asterolibertia and Cirsosia. J Threatened Taxa 2(9):1153–1157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB (2012) Asterinales of India. Mycosphere 2(5):617–852. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/3/5/9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB (2013) New and noteworthy black mildews from the Western Ghats of Peninsular India. Plant Pathol Quar 3(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.5943/ppq/3/1/1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB (2013a) My contribution to the fungal knowledge of India. J Threatened Taxa 5(8):4129–4344. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3470.4129-344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB (2013b) New and noteworthy black mildews from the Western Ghats of Peninsular India. Plant Pathol Quarantine 3(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.5943/ppq/3/1/1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB, Abraham TK (2000) A list of Asterina Lev. species based on the literature. J Econ Taxon Bot 24:557–587

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB, Divya B (2013) Additions to black mildews. Int J Biol Phar Allied Sci 2:430–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB, Fathima B (2013) Novel taxa of black mildews from Kerala State. Asian J Sci Technol 4:006–008

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB, Riju MC (2013) Foliicolous fungi of Silent Valley National Park, Kerala, India. J ThreatenTaxa 5:3701–3788

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB, Sabeena A (2012) New fungi from Western Ghats. Ind Plant Pathol Quarant 2:10–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB, Sabeena A (2013) New black mildews (Ascomycetes) from Kerala State, India. J Threatened Taxa 5(5):3977–3980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB, Thomas S (2013) Asterina drypetigena a new species of fungus from Shivamogga, Karnataka, India. J Threatened Taxa 5(9):4420–4421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB, Abraham TK, Krishnan PN, Vijayakumar K (1997) Biochemical changes in the leaves of ebony tree affected with black mildew. Indian Phytopathol 50:439–440

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB, Archana GR, Khaleel KM, Ramya P (2012) Two interesting black mildews from Kannur, Kerala. J Sci Trans Environ Technov 6(1):1–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB, Jagath Thimmaiah C, Jayashankara M, Sabeena A (2013a) Black mildews (Ascomycetes) from southern Western Ghats of Peninsular India with description of 14 new species. J. Threatened Taxa 5(2):3661–3669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosagoudar VB, Sabeena A, Mathew SP (2013b) Additions to Asterinaceous (Ascomycetes) fungi in India. J Threatened Taxa 5(2):3670–3672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes SJ (1987) Pleomorphy in some hyphopodiatefungi. In: Sugiyama Y (ed) Pleomorphic Fungi, The diversityand its taxonomic implications, vol Tokyo. Kodansa & Elsevier, pp 103–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes SJ (1993) Meliolina and its excluded species. Mycol Pap 166:1–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde KD, Al-Hatmi AMS, Andersen B, Boekhout T et al (2018) The worlds’ ten most feared fungi. Fungal Divers 93:161–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde KD, Nilsson RH, Alias SA, Ariyawansa HA et al (2014) One stop shop: backbones tree for important phytopathogenic genera: I. Fungal Divers 67:21–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD, Jeewon R, Ghobad-Nejhad et al (2019a) One stop shop II: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 26–50 (2019). Fungal Divers 94:41–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Jeewon R et al (2019b) One stop shop III: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 51–75. Fungal Diversity 98(1):77–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayawardena RS, Purahong W, Zhang W, Wubet T et al (2018) Biodiversity of fungi on Vitis vinifera L. revealed by traditional and high-resolution culture-independent approaches. Fungal Divers 90:1–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katumoto K (1977) Some hyperparasitic fungi on the black mildews from Japan. Trans mycol Soc. japan 17:280–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Katumoto K (1983) Hyperparasitic species of Spiropes in Japan. Trans Mycol Soc Japan 24:249–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Katznelson H, Peterson EA, Rouatt JW (1962) Phosphate dissolving microorganisms on seed and the root zone of plants. Can JBot 40:1181–1186

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinkel LL (1997) Microbial population dynamics on leaves. Annu Rev Phytopathol 35:327–347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjoller A, Struwe S (1982) Microfungi in ecosystems: fungal occurrence and activities in litter and soil. Oikos 39:391–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lini KM, Neeta NN, Swapna S (2017) Amazonia atlantiicola sp. nov. (Ascomycetes, Meliolales) from Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala State. India Studies in Fungi 2(1):14–16. https://doi.org/10.5943/sif/2/1/2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lonkar S, Patil C, Salunkhe C (2018) Two New Black Mildew Fungi From Bhimashankar, Maharashtra, India. Int J Life Sci Res 6(4):53–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas J, Knights I (1987) Spores on leaves: endogenous and exogenous control of development. In: Pegg GF, Ayres PG (eds) Fungal Infections of Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 45–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Manoharachary C, Sridhar K, Singh R, Adholeya A, Suryanarayanan TS, Rawat S, Johri BN (2005) Fungal biodiversity: distribution, conservation and prospecting of fungi from India. Curr Sci 89:1

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathew KL, Nair NN, Swapna S (2017) Cirsosiahumboldtigena sp. nov. (Lembosiaceae, Ascomycetes) on Humboldtiavahliana from Kerala, India. Plant Pathology & Quarantine 7(1):60–63. https://doi.org/10.5943/ppq/7/1/7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May RM (1988) How many species are there on Earth? Science 241:1441–1449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May RM (1991) A fondness for fungi. Nature 352:475–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin DJ, Hibbett DS, Lutzoni F, Spatafora JW, Vilgalys R (2009) The search for the fungal tree of life. Trends Microbiol 17:488–497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell AM, Strobel GA, Hess WM, Vargas PN, Ezra D (2008) Muscodor crispans, a novel endophyte from Anans ananassoides in the Bolivian Amazon. Fungal Divers 31:37–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittermeier RA, Myers N, Gil PR, Mittermeier CG (2000) Hotspots: Earth’s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. Cemex Conservation International, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller E, Arx JAV (1962) Die Gattungen der didymosporen Pyrenomyceten. BeitrKryptogamenfl Schweiz 11:1–922

    Google Scholar 

  • Murali TS, Suryanarayanan TS, Geeta R (2006) Endophytic Phomopsis species: host range and implications for diversity estimates. Can J Microbiol 52:673–680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nair NN, Mathew KL, Swapna S (2015) Schiffnerula dioscoriae sp. nov. from Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. Curr Resear Environ Appl Mycol 5(1):16–19. https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/5/1/3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordén B, Appelqvist T (2001) Conceptual problems of ecological continuity and its bioindicators. Biodivers Conserv 10(5):779–791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novotny V, Drozd P, Miller SE, Kulfan M, Janda M, Basset Y, Weiblen GD (2006) Why are there so many species of herbivorous insects in tropical rainforests? Science 313:1115–1118. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1129237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Old KM, Wingfield MJ, Yuan ZQ (2003) A manual of diseases of Eucalyptus in South–East Asia. CIFOR

    Google Scholar 

  • Osono T, Mori A (2004) Distribution of phyllosphere fungi within the canopy of giant dogwood. Mycoscience 45:161–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey AK, Reddy MS, Suryanarayanan TS (2003) ITS-RFLP and ITS sequence analysis of a foliarendophyticPhyllosticta from different tropical trees. Mycol Res 107:439–444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parfitt D, Hun J, Dockrell D, Rogers HJ, Boddy L (2010) Do all trees carry the seeds of their own destruction? PCR reveals numerous wood decay fungi latently present in sapwood of a wide range of angiosperm trees. Fungal Ecol 3:338–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao VG (1969) Fungi on citrus from India. Sydowia 23:215–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez Justavino D, Piepenbring M (2007) Two new species of Appendiculella (Meliolaceae) from Panama. Mycologia 99:544–552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabeena A, Hosagoudar VB (2018a) Diversity and distribution of the genus schiffnerula and its synanamorphs in India. Int J Develop Res 8(05):20425–20429

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabeena A, Hosagoudar VB (2018b) Two novel black mildew fungi from Kerala, India. Int J Develop Res 8(06):20999–21001

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabeena A, Biju H, Dhanusha SS, Shiburaj S (2020) A new foliar mycobiont of Asterinagordoniae. Phytotaxa 441(2)

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenz GS, Taylor JW (1999) Phylogenetic relationships of Meliola and Meliolina inferred from nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Mycol Res 103:1049–1056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakalidis ML, Hardy GESJ, Burgess TI (2011) Endophytes as potential pathogens of the baobab species Adansoniagregorii: a focus on the Botryosphaeriaceae. Fungal Ecol 1:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santamaría J, Bayman P (2005) Fungal epiphytes and endophytes of coffee leaves (Coffea arabica). Microb Ecol 50(1):1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz B, Boyle C, Draeger S, Römmert AK, Krohn K (2002) Endophytic fungi: a source of novel biologically active secondary metabolites. Mycol Res 106(9):996–1004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone JK, Polishook JD, White JF Jr (2004) Endophytic fungi. In: Muller GM, Bills GF, Foster MS (eds) Biodiversity of fungi: inventory and monitoring methods. Elsevier and Academic Press, pp 241–270

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian CV (1982) Tropical mycology: future needs and developments. Curr Sci 51:321–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudhakara Reddy, M., Murali, T. S., Suryanarayanan, T.S., GovindaRajulu, M.B. and Thirunavukkarasu.N. 2016. Pestalotiopsis species occur as generalist endophytes in trees of Western Ghats forests of southern India. Fungal Ecol24: 70–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Suryanarayanan TS (2011) Diversity of fungal endophytes in tropical trees. In: Pirttilä AM, Carolin F (eds) Endophytes of tropical trees, Forestry Sciences Series, vol 80. Springer

    Google Scholar 

  • Suryanarayanan TS, Murali TS, Thirunavukkarasu N, GovindaRajulu MB, Venkatesan G, Sukumar R (2011) Endophytic fungal communities in woody perennials of three tropical forest types of the Western Ghats, southern India. Biodivers Conserv 20:913–928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sydow H, Sydow P (1914) Nova Fungorum species-XIII. Ann Mycol 12:195–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvia DM, Williams SE (1992) Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae and environmental stress. In: Bethlenfalvay GJ, Linder man R.G. (eds) Mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture. ASA Special Publication, Madison, WI

    Google Scholar 

  • Talley SM, Coley PD, Kursar TA (2002) The effects of weather on fungal abundance and richness among 25 communities in the Intermountain West. BMC Ecology 2:7. http://bmc.ub.uni-potsdam.de/1472-6785-2-7/text.htm

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tedersoo L, May TW, Smith ME (2010) Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza 20:217–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas J, Elizabeth T, Riya (2013) Meliola Marthomaensis Sp. Nov. an Addition to Meliolaceae from Western Ghat Region in Kerala State, India. Universal J Plant Sci 1(3):100–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theissen F (1913) Die Gattung Asterina. Bibl Mycol 10:1–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitoria NS, Bezerra JL, Gramacho KP (2010) A simplified DNA extraction method for PCR analysis of Camarotella spp. Braz Arch Biol Technol 53:249–252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellman FL (1972) Tropical American plant disease. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeilinger S, Gupta VK, Dahms TE, Silva RN et al (2015) Friends or foes? Emerging insights from fungal interactions with plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 40:182–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng XY, Zhao JJ, Hongsanan S, Chomnunti P, Boonmee S, Wen TC (2017) A checklist for identifying Meliolales species. Mycosphere 8(1):218–359. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/8/1/16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao ZW, Wang GH, Yang L (2003) Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, southwest China. Fungal Divers 13:233–242

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research, Institute (KSCSTE-JNTBGRI), Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    Sabeena Aliyarukunju, Biju Haridas & Shiburaj Sugathan

  2. Department of Botany, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    Shiburaj Sugathan

Authors
  1. Sabeena Aliyarukunju
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Biju Haridas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shiburaj Sugathan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico

    Cristóbal Noé Aguilar

  2. Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Kannur, Kerala, India

    Sabu Abdulhameed

  3. School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico

    Raul Rodriguez-Herrera

  4. Department of Botany, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    Shiburaj Sugathan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Aliyarukunju, S., Haridas, B., Sugathan, S. (2023). Current Insights into Phylloplane Fungal Species Diversity in the Western Ghats and Its Perspective. In: Aguilar, C.N., Abdulhameed, S., Rodriguez-Herrera, R., Sugathan, S. (eds) Microbial Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Ecosystem Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4336-2_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation