Abstract
Chronic respiratory disorders (CRDs) have been a key threat globally to the public health system. An estimated 545 million cases worldwide could cause long-term disability, multi-morbidity, and premature mortality. However, limited research funding has hampered the opportunity to proliferate research in respiratory diseases. Despite the recent advancement in respiratory treatments, the use of medicinal mushrooms observes an increasing interest. It spurs the effort to bridge the unaddressed pathways of action within the treatment algorithms. In this book chapter, we provide a comprehensive, evidence-based discussion of a collection of medicinal mushrooms that are beneficial in promoting respiratory health and potentially reducing COVID-19 symptoms in newly diagnosed patients and those who have recovered. Apart from tackling the CRDs through the immunomodulatory pathways, the discussion in this book chapter focuses on the potential bronchodilation effects of the medicinal mushrooms that are crucial in improving respiratory functions. These bioactive components in medicinal mushrooms, predominantly beta-glucans, are further reviewed to understand their roles in alleviating respiratory symptoms. Medicinal mushrooms are functional food requiring further quality, safety, and efficacy assessments. The requirements for these assessments are also highlighted to promote the future development and application of these medicinal mushrooms for better respiratory health.
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Abbreviations
- 3’UTRs:
-
3’ Untranslated Regions
- ACE-2:
-
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- ADCC:
-
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
- AHR:
-
Airway Hyperresponsiveness
- ARDS:
-
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- ASHMI:
-
Anti-asthmatic Herbal Medicine Intervention
- ASM:
-
Airway Smooth Muscle
- CAE:
-
Cryptoporic Acid E
- CAM:
-
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- CD:
-
Cluster of Differentiation
- CFS:
-
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- COPD:
-
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- COVID-19:
-
Coronavirus
- CRD:
-
Chronic Respiratory Disorder
- EFSA:
-
European Food Safety Authority
- EMA:
-
European Medicines Agency
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration
- ICS:
-
Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Ig :
-
Immunoglobulin
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- IND:
-
Investigational New Drug
- INF-γ:
-
Interferon-gamma
- LABA:
-
Long-acting β2-Agonist
- LAMA:
-
Long-acting Muscarinic Agonist
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- LTRA:
-
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
- MART:
-
Maintenance and Reliever Therapy
- MERS:
-
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- miR:
-
MicroRNAs
- MMP-9:
-
Matrix Metallopeptidase 9
- mRNA:
-
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid
- Mw:
-
Molecular Weight
- NF-kB:
-
Nuclear Factor kappa B
- NK:
-
Natural Killer
- PAMP:
-
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern
- PKC:
-
Protein Kinase C
- PLC:
-
Phospholipase C
- PSK:
-
Polysaccharide K
- PSP:
-
Polysaccharopeptide
- SARS:
-
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
- SARS-CoV-2:
-
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- STAT3:
-
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3
- Th-1:
-
T helper 1
- Th-2:
-
T helper 2
- TLR-2:
-
Toll-like Receptor 2
- TMPRSS2:
-
Type 2 Transmembrane Serine Protease
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
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Acknowledgments
Han Ni Booi is a Ph.D. scholarship recipient sponsored by the University of Nottingham Malaysia and the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) Malaysia (Grant code: FRGS/1/2020/SKK0/UNIM/01/2). LiGNO Biotech is the sponsor of the fruiting body powder used in our research. (Project title: Elucidating the relaxant effects of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) on airways and bladder smooth muscles to substantiate its traditional uses).
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Booi, H.N., Lee, M.K., Ting, K.N., Fung, S.Y. (2023). Medicinal Mushrooms for Respiratory Health. In: Agrawal, D.C., Dhanasekaran, M. (eds) Mushrooms with Therapeutic Potentials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9550-7_2
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