Checklist
Lithospermum L.
EOL Text
Lithospermum officinale Linnaeus subsp. erythrorhizon (Siebold & Zuccarini) Handel-Mazzetti.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019086 |
Meadows on slopes. SE Gansu, N Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan [Japan, Korea, E Russia]
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019086 |
Lithospermum erythrorhizon, the purple gromwell, red-root gromwell, 紫草 zicao (Pinyin: zǐcǎo), 紫草 murasaki・sō (Japanese) is a plant species in the genus Lithospermum.
The dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (lithospermum root or Lithospermi Radix, Kanji: 紫根, Katakana: シコン, Pinyin: zǐ gēn, Traditional Chinese: 紫根, Simplified Chinese: 紫根) is a Chinese herbal medicine with various antiviral and biological activities, including inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).[1][2]
Biochemistry[edit]
The enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate geranyltransferase utilizes geranyl diphosphate and 4-hydroxybenzoate to produce 3-geranyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and diphosphate. Biosynthetically, alkannin is produced in plants from the intermediates 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and geranyl pyrophosphate. This enzyme is involved in shikonin biosynthesis.
The enzyme geranylhydroquinone 3''-hydroxylase uses geranylhydroquinone, NADPH, H+ and O2 to produce 3-hydroxygeranylhydroquinone, NADP+ and H2O.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Chen, X., et al. (2003). Shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits chemokine receptor function and suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47(9), 2810-16.
- ^ Gao, H., et al. (2011). Anti-adenovirus activities of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 34(2) 197-202.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithospermum_erythrorhizon&oldid=605886661 |
The roots are used in Chinese medicine.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019086 |
Foodplant / gall
Brachycaudus helichrysi causes gall of leaves (terminal) of Lithospermum
Foodplant / gall
larva of Dasineura lithospermi causes gall of shoot tip of Lithospermum
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Lithospermum.htm |
Lithospermum (gromwell (forb/shrub)) is prey of:
Bos taurus
Calcarius mccownii
Calamospiza melanocorys
Based on studies in:
USA: California, Cabrillo Point (Grassland)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- L. D. Harris and L. Paur, A quantitative food web analysis of a shortgrass community, Technical Report No. 154, Grassland Biome. U.S. International Biological Program (1972), from p. 17.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Cynthia Sims Parr, Joel Sachs, SPIRE |
Source | http://spire.umbc.edu/fwc/ |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:107
Specimens with Sequences:69
Specimens with Barcodes:55
Species:21
Species With Barcodes:19
Public Records:35
Public Species:16
Public BINs:0
Lithospermum is a genus of plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae. The genus is distributed nearly worldwide, but most are native to the Americas and the center of diversity is in the southwestern United States and Mexico.[1] Species are known generally as gromwells or stoneseeds.
Some species, such as Lithospermum arvense, are sometimes classified in the genus Buglossoides, but that genus is subsumed into Lithospermum by works such as the Flora of China.[2] In addition, a 2010 molecular study showed that the genus Onosmodium should be included within Lithospermum.[1]
The dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon is a Chinese herbal medicine with various antiviral and biological activities, including inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).[3][4]Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum is native to Japan, where it has been traditionally been used to make a purple dye.
Lithospermum leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the moth Ethmia pusiella which has been recorded on L. officinale.
Diversity[edit]
There are about 50[2] to 60[5] species in the genus.
- Lithospermum arvense (syn. Buglossoides arvensis) - field gromwell, corn gromwell
- Lithospermum azuayensis[8]
- Lithospermum bejariense - western marbleseed
- Lithospermum bolivariensis[8]
- Lithospermum californicum - California stoneseed
- Lithospermum calycosum - Chinati stoneseed
- Lithospermum canescens - hoary puccoon, Indian-paint
- Lithospermum caroliniense - Carolina gromwell, hairy puccoon
- Lithospermum cobrense - smooththroat stoneseed
- Lithospermum confine - Arizona stoneseed
- Lithospermum cuzcoensis[8]
- Lithospermum erythrorhizon - purple gromwell, red-root gromwell, 紫草 zicao (Pinyin: zǐcǎo), 紫草 murasaki・sō (Japanese)
- Lithospermum hancockianum
- Lithospermum incisum - narrowleaf stoneseed, fringed gromwell
- Lithospermum latifolium - American stoneseed
- Lithospermum leymebambensis[8]
- Lithospermum macbridei
- Lithospermum matamorense - rough stoneseed
- Lithospermum mirabile - San Antonio stoneseed
- Lithospermum molle
- Lithospermum multiflorum - manyflowered stoneseed
- Lithospermum obtusifolium - roundleaf stoneseed
- Lithospermum officinale - European stoneseed
- Lithospermum parksii - Parks' stoneseed
- Lithospermum prostratum
- Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum (syn. Buglossoides purpurocaerulea) - purple gromwell
- Lithospermum rodriguezii[8]
- Lithospermum ruderale - western stoneseed, Columbia puccoon, wayside gromwell, whiteweed
- Lithospermum tuberosum - southern stoneseed, tuberous gromwell
- Lithospermum viride - green stoneseed
References[edit]
- ^ a b Cohen, J. I. and J. I. Davis. (2009). Nomenclatural changes in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and related taxa following a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships. Brittonia 61(2), 101-11.
- ^ a b c "Lithospermum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 132. 1753.". Flora of China.
- ^ Chen, X., et al. (2003). Shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits chemokine receptor function and suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47(9), 2810-16.
- ^ Gao, H., et al. (2011). Anti-adenovirus activities of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 34(2) 197-202.
- ^ Cohen, J. I., (2012). Comparative floral development in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and implications for the evolution and development of heterostyly. American Journal of Botany 99(5), 797-805.
- ^ GRIN Species Records of Lithospermum. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
- ^ Lithospermum. USDA PLANTS: North American species.
- ^ a b c d e Weigend, M., et al. (2010). Five new species of Lithospermum L.(Boraginaceae tribe Lithospermeae) in Andean South America: another radiation in the Amotape-Huancabamba zone. Taxon 59(4), 1161-79.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithospermum&oldid=653978805 |
Herbs perennial. Roots dark red, with a copious purple dye. Stems usually 1-3, erect, appressed or spreading, branching distally, 40-90 cm tall, short strigose; branches ascending, frequently slightly curved. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 3-8 × 0.7-1.7 cm, short strigose, base attenuate, apex acuminate; veins prominent abaxially, more densely strigose. Inflorescences terminal, 2-6 cm, elongated in fruit; bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Calyx lobes linear, ca. 4 mm, to 9 mm in fruit, short strigose outside. Corolla white, 7-9 mm, sparsely pubescent outside; tube ca. 4 mm; throat appendages semiglobose, glabrous; limb ca. as long as tube; lobes spreading, broadly ovate, 2.5-3 mm, margin entire or subundulate, apex sometimes retuse. Stamens inserted slightly above middle of corolla tube; filaments ca. 0.4 mm; anthers 1-1.2 mm. Style 2.2-2.5 mm. Nutlets white or pale yellowish brown, ovoid, ca. 3.5 mm, smooth, shiny, concave adaxially with center line forming a longitudinal groove. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 28.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019086 |