Pseudocercospora angolensis (leaf spot of Citrus spp.)
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Pseudocercospora angolensis (T. de Carvalho & O. Mendes) Crous & U. Braun 2003
- Preferred Common Name
- leaf spot of Citrus spp.
- Other Scientific Names
- Cercospora angolensis T. de Carvalho & O. Mendes 1953
- Phaeoramularia angolensis (T. de Carvalho & O. Mendes) P.M. Kirk 1986
- Pseudophaeoramularia angolensis (T. de Carvalho & O. Mendes) U. Braun 1999
- International Common Names
- EnglishCercospora fruit and leaf spotcercosporiose of citrusfruit and leaf spot of citrusPhaeoramularia fruit and leaf spot
- FrenchCercosporiose des agrumes
- Local Common Names
- GermanyBlattfleckenkrankheit: Zitrus
- PortugalCercosporiose em Citrinos
- EPPO code
- CERCAN (Phaeoramularia angolensis)
Pictures
Distribution
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Host | Host status | References |
---|---|---|
Citropsis tanakae | Wild host | |
Citrus | Unknown | Brentu et al. (2013) |
Citrus aurantiifolia (lime) | Main | |
Citrus aurantium (sour orange) | Main | |
Citrus deliciosa (mediterranean mandarin) | Main | |
Citrus jambhiri (rough lemon) | Main | |
Citrus latifolia (tahiti lime) | Main | |
Citrus limon (lemon) | Main | |
Citrus maxima (pummelo) | Main | |
Citrus medica (citron) | Main | |
Citrus reticulata (mandarin) | Main | Harling et al. (2010) |
Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) | Main | |
Citrus unshiu (satsuma) | Main | |
Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit) | Main | |
Fortunella japonica (round kumquat) | Other |
Symptoms
On leaves, the fungus produces circular, mostly solitary spots, which often coalesce, up to 10 mm in diameter, with a light-brown or greyish centre when dormant and non-sporulating during the dry season, but becoming black with sporulation after the onset of the rainy season (Sief and Hillocks, 1993). The lesions are usually surrounded by a dark-brown margin and a prominent yellow halo; occasionally the centre of the lesion falls out, creating a shot-hole effect. At first glance, the young lesions appear similar to those of canker (caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri), but differ in being flat or shrunken. Leaf spots, especially on younger leaves, often coalesce and together cause generalized chlorosis, followed by premature abscission and defoliation of the affected tree. Young leaves and fruit appear to be more susceptible than older mature leaves (Sief and Hillocks, 1999), but whether the leaves or fruit are more affected varies with the host species and variety (Bella-Manga et al., 1999) and location (Derso, 1999).
On fruit, the spots are circular to irregular, discrete or coalescent, and mostly up to 10 mm in diameter. On young fruits, infection often results in hyperplasia, producing raised tumour-like growths surrounded by a yellow halo; these develop central necrosis and collapse (Kuate, 1998). Lesions on mature fruit are normally flat, but sometimes have a slightly sunken brown centre. Diseased fruits ripen prematurely and drop or dry up and remain on the tree (Kuate, 1998). Infection by the fungus seems to predispose the fruit to secondary infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (De Carvalho and Mendes, 1952; Seif and Kungu, 1990); it is common to find a dark-brown to black sunken margin of anthracnose around the fruit spots.
Stem lesions are not frequent and mostly occur as an extension of lesions on the petiole. Occurrence of several such lesions at the stem tip results in dieback; those on other parts of the stem coalesce, become corky, and crack. At the base of the dead stem there is usually a profuse growth of secondary shoots (Menyonga, 1971).
List of Symptoms/Signs
Symptom or sign | Life stages | Sign or diagnosis |
---|---|---|
Plants/Fruit/abnormal shape | ||
Plants/Fruit/lesions: black or brown | ||
Plants/Fruit/mummification | ||
Plants/Fruit/premature drop | ||
Plants/Inflorescence/lesions; flecking; streaks (not Poaceae) | ||
Plants/Leaves/abnormal colours | ||
Plants/Leaves/abnormal leaf fall | ||
Plants/Leaves/fungal growth | ||
Plants/Leaves/necrotic areas | ||
Plants/Leaves/yellowed or dead | ||
Plants/Stems/dieback | ||
Plants/Stems/discoloration of bark | ||
Plants/Stems/witches broom |
Prevention and Control
SPS Measures
Prevention of the transport of infected trees and fruit from contaminated areas is an important measure for inhibiting the spread of the pathogen in and from Africa (Kuate, 1998). The most significant citrus production in Africa, near the Mediterranean in North Africa and in the Republic of South Africa, occurs in countries currently outside of the range of distribution of P. angolensis (Sief and Hillocks, 1993). Vicent and Garcia-Jimenez (2008) suggest that the relative aridity of the Mediterranean climate may make it unsuitable for wind-disseminated pathogens such as P. angolensis; the periods of interrupted leaf wetness provided by dew in Spain might be sufficient for infection. This fungus is an A1 level restricted organism for Europe (EPPO, 2009).
Cultural Control and Sanitary Measures
The following disease management methods have been recommended (Seif and Kungu, 1989):
- Collection and destruction by burying and/or burning of all fallen fruit and leaves in affected orchards. This may drastically reduce the inoculum pressure in the field.
- Planting of windbreaks around the citrus orchards to minimize the impact of wind, which is the primary dispersal agent for spores.
- Discouraging inter-planting in affected orchards composed of mature producing trees, fostering a microclimate of relatively cool temperatures and high relative humidity (RH), thus preventing disease development.
- Judicious pruning of shoots, particularly those that have died back, to allow light penetration into and free aeration within the tree canopy, thus making the environment in the phyllosphere less conducive to disease development, i.e. shorter leaf-wetness period, lower RH, moderate temperatures.
Pretorious and Holtz (2008) recommend the removal of neglected orchards in Zimbabwe to reduce inoculum.
Chemical Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de-)registration of pesticides, we are for the moment not including any specific chemical control recommendations. For further information, we recommend you visit the following resources:
•
EU pesticides database (http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/)
•
PAN pesticide database (www.pesticideinfo.org)
•
Your national pesticide guide
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Copyright © CABI. CABI is a registered EU trademark. This article is published under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
History
Published online: 4 October 2022
Language
English
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