Fusarium oxysporum (basal rot)
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl
- Preferred Common Name
- basal rot
- Other Scientific Names
- Fusarium oxysporum var. orthocerus
- International Common Names
- Englishcorm rotfoot rotroot rotseedling wiltsugarcane pokkah boengwilt
- Spanishfusariosis vascularmarchitez fusariosispodredumbre fusariana
- Frenchpourriture des tubercules
- Local Common Names
- GermanyBasalfäuleFussfäuleStengelgrundfäuleWelkeZwiebelfäule
- EPPO code
- FUSAOX (Fusarium oxysporum)
Pictures
Fusarium oxysporum
Tomato affected by Fusarium wilt with browning of the stem
"Dr G M McPherson, Stockbridge Technology Centre"
Fusarium oxysporum on cotton
CABI
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4; Symptoms, showing wilt.
Public Domain - Released by Scot Nelson/via flickr
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum (Fusarium wilt of watermelon); necrosis, with gummy exudate on a main vine of a watermelon plant. Note wilting of lateral vines and yellowing of leaves.
©Anthony P. Keinath/Clemson University
Field symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (vascular cotton wilt); symptoms, showing wilting, stunting and stand loss of cotton caused by caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4. Note resistant variety in the background.
©Thomas Isakeit
Symptoms on immature oil palm
Wilt of immature oil palm caused by F. oxysporum.
R. Mepsted
Symptoms on leaves
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Panama disease of banana); banana cultivar 'Bluggoe' with yellowing symptoms on lower leaves.
©David Jones
Wilt symptoms
Chickpea plants showing typical wilt symptoms, drooping of the petioles and rachis, along with leaflets. Drooping is initially visible in the upper parts of the plant, but within 24-48 hours the whole plant is affected.
ICRISAT
Symptoms
Onion basal rot caused by F. oxysporum f.sp. cepae.
©CABI BioScience/J.M. Waller
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lupini (wilt of lupin); symptoms on garden lupins (Lupinus: Fabaceae). August 2018. Kent, UK.
©Philip Taylor-2018
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4; Symptoms, showing wilt.
Public Domain - Released by Scot Nelson/via flickr
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum (Fusarium wilt of watermelon); wilting, yellowing and collapse of a susceptible watermeon vine.
©Anthony P. Keinath/Clemson University
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (vascular cotton wilt); symptoms, showing severe root rot caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4.
©Thomas Isakeit
Symptoms on lentil crop
Patchy distribution of disease in a lentil field in Syria.
B. Bayaa (ICARDA)
Symptoms on greenhouse cucumber plant
Greenhouse cucumber plant infected by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum. Note wilt of the entire plant accompanied by chlorosis and finally necrosisof the leaves.
Demetrios J. Vakalounakis
Symptoms on mature oil palm
Wilt of mature oil palm caused by F. oxysporum.
R. Mepsted
Collapsed leaves
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Panama disease of banana); collapsed leaves hanging down pseudostem on banana cultivar 'Pisang Awak'.
©David Jones
Symptoms on leaves
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato leaf.
Jim Correll
Symptoms
Onion basal rot caused by F. oxysporum f.sp. cepae.
©CABI BioScience/J.M. Waller
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lupini (wilt of lupin); symptoms on garden lupins (Lupinus: Fabaceae). August 2018. Kent, UK.
©Philip Taylor-2018
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4; Symptoms, showing wilt.
Public Domain - Released by Scot Nelson/via flickr
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum (Fusarium wilt of watermelon); discloured xylem tissue in vascular bundles of a watermelon vine.
©Virginia B. DuBose/Clemson University
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (vascular cotton wilt); symptoms, showing black streak in stele of root caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4.
©Thomas Isakeit
Symptoms on seedlings
Seedling wilt characterized by sudden drooping and drying of leaves and the whole seedling.
B. Bayaa (ICARDA)
Vascular discoloration (seedling)
Internal symptoms in base of seedling inoculated with F. oxysporum.
R. Mepsted
Symptoms on leaves
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato leaf.
Jim Correll
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lupini (wilt of lupin); symptoms on roots of garden lupins (Lupinus: Fabaceae). August 2018. Kent, UK.
©Philip Taylor-2018
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4; Incipient symptoms on banana, which will include, wilt, foliar yellowing, vascular necrosis in pseudostem, peduncle, petioles and fruit.
Public Domain - Released by Scot Nelson/via flickr
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum (Fusarium wilt of watermelon); symptoms on watermelon stem (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus).
©Clemson University/USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (vascular cotton wilt); symptoms, showing vascular discoloration of stem.
©Thomas Isakeit
Symptoms on flowering/podding plants
Wilt symptoms at flowering/podding stage.
B. Bayaa (ICARDA)
Basal splitting
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Panama disease of banana); splitting of the base of the pseudostem of a 'Cavendish' cultivar.
©David Jones
Healthy and infected comparison
Both tomato plants being compared by plant pathologists were exposed to the same Fusarium wilt pathogen, but the healthy one was protected by a benign, saprophytic strain.
USDA-ARS
Symptoms in field crop
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato plant in field crop.
Jim Correll
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lupini (wilt of lupin); symptoms on roots of garden lupins (Lupinus: Fabaceae). August 2018. Kent, UK.
©Philip Taylor-2018
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4; Incipient symptoms on banana, which will include, wilt, foliar yellowing, vascular necrosis in pseudostem, peduncle, petioles and fruit.
Public Domain - Released by Scot Nelson/via flickr
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum (Fusarium wilt of watermelon); symptoms on watermelon stem (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus).
©Clemson University/USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Resistant and susceptible comparison
Screening lentil for resistance to vascular wilt, using a sick plot, with rows of repeated susceptible check.
B. Bayaa (ICARDA)
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (vascular cotton wilt); symptoms on cotton.
©Rory Hillocks
Vascular discoloration
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Panama disease of banana); vascular discoloration inside the pseudostem of a 'Cavendish' cultivar.
©David Jones
Symptoms in stem
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.
Jim Correll
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4; Incipient symptoms on banana, which will include, wilt, foliar yellowing, vascular necrosis in pseudostem, peduncle, petioles and fruit.
Public Domain - Released by Scot Nelson/via flickr
Resistant and susceptible comparison
Performance of a selected resistant lentil line beside a susceptible check under high inoculum pressure.
B. Bayaa (ICARDA)
Vascular discoloration
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Panama disease of banana); discoloration of vascular tissue in a rhizome.
©David Jones
Symptoms in stem
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.
Jim Correll
Symptoms
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4; Symptoms on banana, which will include wilt, vascular necrosis and eventual death.
Public Domain - Released by Scot Nelson/via flickr
Field symptoms
F. oxysporum f.sp. melonis causing early death of canteloupe melon plants.
©J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience
Wilt symptoms
Symptoms of wilt (vascular discoloration). 1: healthy; 2: infected.
C. Ushamalini
Symptoms on cucumber plant
Greenhouse cucumber plant infected by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum. Note wilt of the entire plant.
Demetrios J. Vakalounakis
Symptoms in stem
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.
Jim Correll
Distribution
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
| Host | Host status | References |
|---|---|---|
| Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) | Unknown | Bilal et al. (2017) |
| Abies (firs) | Unknown | Skovgaard and Rosendahl (1998) |
| Abies alba (silver fir) | Unknown | Orlikowski et al. (2004) |
| Abies balsamea (balsam fir) | Unknown | Sinclair and Hudler (1980) |
| Acacia confusa | Main | |
| Acacia koa (koa) | Other | Shiraishi et al. (2012) |
| Acacia nilotica (gum arabic tree) | Main | |
| Acorus calamus (Calamus) | Other | |
| Aechmea fasciata | Unknown | Zhang et al. (2003) |
| Albizia julibrissin (silk tree) | Main | Skarmoutsou and Skarmoutsos (1999) Berbegal et al. (2016) |
| Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | Unknown | |
| Albizia procera (white siris) | Main | |
| Aleurites | Unknown | |
| Allanblackia floribunda | Unknown | Olasupo et al. (2020) |
| Allium cepa (onion) | Other | Haapalainen et al. (2016) Ruiz et al. (1989) Southwood et al. (2012) Ghanbarzadeh et al. (2014) Muradov et al. (2019) Bayraktar and Dolar (2011) Swati et al. (2011) |
| Allium fistulosum (Welsh onion) | Unknown | |
| Allium porrum (leek) | Other | |
| Allium sativum (garlic) | Main | Moharam et al. (2013) |
| Allium sativum (garlic) | Unknown | |
| Aloe vera (true aloe) | Unknown | Vakalounakis et al. (2015) |
| Alstroemeria (Inca lily) | Unknown | Shanmugam et al. (2007) |
| Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed) | Unknown | |
| Althaea officinalis (Marsh-mallow) | Unknown | Pavlovic et al. (2008) |
| Amaranthus hybridus (smooth pigweed) | Unknown | Chen and Swart (2001) |
| Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Amomum subulatum (large cardamom) | Other | Gopi et al. (2016) |
| Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut) | Other | |
| Ananas comosus (pineapple) | Other | Choi et al. (2015) Ibrahim et al. (2015) |
| Anemone coronaria (Poppy anemone) | Unknown | |
| Arachis hypogaea (groundnut) | Unknown | Shazia et al. (2004) |
| Argyranthemum frutescens | Unknown | Garibaldi et al. (1998) |
| Armoracia rusticana (horseradish) | Unknown | Yu and Babadoost (2013) |
| Asparagus officinalis (asparagus) | Unknown | Corpas-Hervias et al. (2006) |
| Aster | Unknown | Hilal (2004) |
| Austrostipa aristiglumis | Unknown | Bentley et al. (2007) |
| Avena sativa (oats) | Unknown | Fernandez and Holzgang (2009) |
| Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (Winter wild oat) | Unknown | Bentley et al. (2006) |
| Azadirachta indica (neem tree) | Main | |
| Bambusa (bamboo) | Unknown | |
| Beta vulgaris (beetroot) | Unknown | Hanson (2006) Hanson and Jacobsen (2006) Windels et al. (2005) Rivera et al. (2008) |
| Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet) | Unknown | |
| Bougainvillea glabra | Unknown | Polizzi et al. (2010) |
| Brassica | Unknown | Fernandez (2007) |
| Brassica juncea var. juncea (Indian mustard) | Unknown | |
| Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers) | Unknown | Muradov et al. (2019) |
| Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower) | Main | |
| Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) | Unknown | |
| Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (Brussels sprouts) | Unknown | Liu et al. (2018) |
| Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) | Main | Liu et al. (2018) |
| Brassica oleracea var. viridis (collards) | Unknown | |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Unknown | Bilal et al. (2017) |
| Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (turnip rape) | Unknown | |
| Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) | Unknown | |
| Callistephus chinensis (China aster) | Unknown | |
| Camellia sinensis (tea) | Unknown | |
| Cannabis sativa (hemp) | Other | |
| Capsicum (peppers) | Unknown | Stoyanova et al. (2013) |
| Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | Other | Pérez-Hernández et al. (2014) Lomas-Cano et al. (2014) Albañil et al. (2015) Quilambaqui and Maringoni (2018) |
| Carica papaya (pawpaw) | Unknown | Oke and Banjoko (1991) |
| Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) | Unknown | Thomas (1959) |
| Carya cathayensis (Chinese hickory) | Unknown | Zhang et al. (2015) |
| Castanea sativa (chestnut) | Unknown | Kazempour et al. (2006) |
| Cereus peruvianus | Other | Garibaldi et al. (2015) |
| Chenopodium album (fat hen) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa) | Unknown | Weeks and Rensburg (2021) |
| Chloris verticillata | Unknown | Roane (2009) |
| Chrozophora tinctoria | Unknown | Trapero-Casas and Kaiser (1998) |
| Chrysanthemum (daisy) | Unknown | |
| Chrysanthemum morifolium (chrysanthemum (florists')) | Unknown | Kwon et al. (2013) Chen et al. (2020) |
| Cicer arietinum (chickpea) | Unknown | Bouhadida et al. (2017) Shahnaz et al. (2007) |
| Cichorium endivia (endives) | Other | Garibaldi et al. (2009) |
| Cichorium endivia var. crispum (Winter endive) | Other | |
| Cichorium intybus (chicory) | Other | Toit and Ingamells (1972) |
| Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) | Other | Shen et al. (2012) |
| Citrus | Unknown | Nosheen et al. (2013) Hannachi et al. (2014) |
| Citrus aurantiifolia (lime) | Unknown | Timmer et al. (1979) |
| Citrus aurantium (sour orange) | Other | Hannachi et al. (2014) |
| Citrus limon (lemon) | Other | Fogliata et al. (2013) |
| Citrus reticulata (mandarin) | Other | Hannachi et al. (2014) |
| Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) | Other | Hannachi et al. (2014) |
| Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit) | Other | Baysal-Gurel and Cinar (2015) Liaquat et al. (2016) |
| Cladrastis kentukea (American yellowwood) | Other | Graney et al. (2017) |
| Clivia miniata (kaffir lily) | Unknown | Liu et al. (2020) |
| Cocos nucifera (coconut) | Unknown | |
| Coleus | Other | |
| Coleus forskohlii | Unknown | Zheng et al. (2012) |
| Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Unknown | |
| Corchorus capsularis (white jute) | Unknown | |
| Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | Unknown | Koike and Gordon (2005) |
| Cornus florida (Flowering dogwood) | Unknown | Britton and Redlin (1995) |
| Crassula ovata (jade plant) | Other | |
| Crocus sativus (saffron) | Unknown | |
| Cryptotaenia canadensis (honewort) | Unknown | |
| Cucumis melo (melon) | Unknown | Shen et al. (2012) |
| Cucumis sativus (cucumber) | Unknown | Muradov et al. (2019) Vakalounakis et al. (2004) Hatami et al. (2012) |
| Cucurbita (pumpkin) | Unknown | |
| Cucurbita pepo (marrow) | Unknown | Choi et al. (2015) Muradov et al. (2019) Wyenandt et al. (2010) Asma et al. (2020) |
| Curcuma longa (turmeric) | Unknown | |
| Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar) | Unknown | Rashtra (2017) |
| Cyclamen | Unknown | |
| Cyclamen persicum (cyclamens) | Unknown | |
| Cydonia oblonga (quince) | Other | |
| Cymbidium | Unknown | Sen et al. (2006) |
| Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Cyperus (flatsedge) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Datura stramonium (jimsonweed) | Unknown | |
| Daucus carota (carrot) | Other | Zhang et al. (2014) |
| Delonix regia (flamboyant) | Unknown | |
| Dendrobium | Other | |
| Dendrobium catenatum | Unknown | Zhang et al. (2017) |
| Dendrocalamus hamiltonii | Unknown | Bengyella et al. (2015) |
| Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation) | Unknown | Camacho et al. (2014) |
| Dioscorea (yam) | Main | |
| Dioscorea batatas (Chinese yam) | Other | |
| Diplotaxis (Spermatophyta) | Unknown | Garibaldi et al. (2003) |
| Dracaena arborea | Other | |
| Echeveria | Other | |
| Echeveria agavoides | Other | |
| Echeveria tolimanensis | Other | Garibaldi et al. (2015) |
| Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower) | Unknown | Pavlovic et al. (2008) |
| Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Elaeis | Unknown | |
| Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) | Unknown | Suwandi et al. (2012) |
| Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) | Unknown | |
| Eremophila [plant: genus] | Other | Polizzi et al. (2010) |
| Eremophila laanii | Unknown | Polizzi et al. (2010) |
| Eremophila maculata | Unknown | Polizzi et al. (2010) |
| Eruca vesicaria (purple-vein rocket) | Unknown | Garibaldi et al. (2003) |
| Erythroxylum coca (Coca-bush) | Unknown | |
| Eucalyptus | Unknown | |
| Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum) | Unknown | Bettucci et al. (1997) |
| Euonymus japonicus (Japanese spindle tree) | Unknown | |
| Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) | Unknown | |
| Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia) | Unknown | Tilocca et al. (2020) |
| Eustoma grandiflorum (Lisianthus (cut flower crop)) | Unknown | Firmino et al. (2017) |
| Fagus sylvatica (common beech) | Unknown | Orlikowski et al. (2004) |
| Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) | Unknown | Bolton (1984) |
| Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) | Unknown | |
| Fortunella japonica (round kumquat) | Unknown | Zhu et al. (2013) |
| Fortunella margarita (oval kumquat) | Other | |
| Fragaria ananassa (strawberry) | Other | Choi et al. (2015) Stanković et al. (2014) Veesar et al. (2015) Dinler et al. (2016) Surovy et al. (2019) Fang et al. (2011) |
| Gardenia | Unknown | Hilal (2004) |
| Gerbera jamesonii (African daisy) | Unknown | Garibaldi et al. (2004) Ramyabharathi et al. (2014) |
| Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily) | Unknown | |
| Glycine | Unknown | Ferrant and Carroll (1981) |
| Glycine max (soyabean) | Other | Arias et al. (2013) Duvnjak et al. (2017) Kilpatrick and Johnson (1953) Pratt (1982) |
| Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) | Other | Abedi-Tizaki and Zafari (2014) |
| Glycyrrhiza uralensis | Other | Cao et al. (2013) |
| Gossypium (cotton) | Unknown | |
| Gossypium hirsutum (Bourbon cotton) | Unknown | Garber and Paxman (1963) Mccarter et al. (1970) |
| Gymnadenia conopsea | Unknown | Stark et al. (2009) |
| Gypsophila (baby's breath) | Main | |
| Gypsophila paniculata (baby’s breath) | Main | |
| Helianthus annuus (sunflower) | Unknown | Roberts et al. (1986) |
| Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) | Other | Li et al. (2014) Li et al. (2014) |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) | Unknown | Hassan et al. (2014) Ploetz et al. (2007) Ortega-Acosta et al. (2015) |
| Hilaria rigida | Unknown | Sprague (1959) |
| Hoodia gordonii | Unknown | Philippou et al. (2013) |
| Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum | Unknown | Bentley et al. (2006) |
| Hordeum vulgare (barley) | Unknown | Bourdages et al. (2006) |
| Hosta | Unknown | Wang and Jeffers (2000) |
| Humulus lupulus (hop) | Unknown | |
| Hyacinthus orientalis (hyacinth) | Unknown | |
| Hylocereus undatus (dragon fruit) | Unknown | Wright et al. (2007) |
| Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) | Unknown | Pavlovic et al. (2008) |
| Ilex paraguariensis (mate) | Unknown | Poletto et al. (2006) |
| Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | Unknown | Nishat (2012) |
| Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) | Other | Abdulrahman et al. (2019) Dewayani et al. (2021) |
| Iris (irises) | Unknown | |
| Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | Unknown | Nishat and Mall (2017) |
| Ixia (african corn lilies) | Unknown | |
| Jacquemontia tamnifolia (Smallflower morningglory) | Unknown | Crawford and Morgan-Jones (1988) |
| Juglans nigra (black walnut) | Unknown | Kessler (1974) |
| Lablab purpureus (hyacinth bean) | Unknown | Shen et al. (2012) |
| Lactuca sativa (lettuce) | Unknown | Ventura and Costa (2008) |
| Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) | Unknown | |
| Lavandula × heterophylla | Other | |
| Lavandula pubescens | Unknown | Perveen and Bokhari (2010) |
| Lens culinaris | Unknown | Bhalla et al. (1984) Abdel-Hafez et al. (2012) Abdel-Hafez et al. (2014) Fernandez (2007) |
| Lens culinaris subsp. culinaris (lentil) | Unknown | |
| Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | Unknown | |
| Leucas aspera | Unknown | Rashtra (2017) |
| Lewisia cotyledon | Unknown | Garibaldi et al. (2005) |
| Lilium (lily) | Unknown | Li et al. (2013) |
| Lilium longiflorum (Easter lily) | Unknown | |
| Limonium sinuatum (sea pink) | Unknown | Taylor et al. (2017) |
| Linum usitatissimum (flax) | Unknown | Fernandez (2007) Shen et al. (2012) |
| Lithops | Unknown | Gerten and Bowden (1985) |
| Lotus corniculatus (bird's-foot trefoil) | Unknown | Moye et al. (2020) |
| Lupinus (lupins) | Unknown | Skovgaard and Rosendahl (1998) |
| Lupinus albus (white lupine) | Unknown | El-Nagerabi and Elshafie (2000) |
| Lupinus luteus (yellow lupin) | Unknown | Adamska (2001) |
| Lycium barbarum (Matrimonyvine) | Unknown | Shen et al. (2012) |
| Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | Unknown | Nyvall (1995) |
| Malus domestica (apple) | Unknown | |
| Malva sylvestris | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Mangifera indica (mango) | Unknown | Khaskheli et al. (2008) Abdul et al. (2011) |
| Manihot esculenta (cassava) | Unknown | |
| Matthiola incana (stock) | Unknown | O'Neill et al. (2004) |
| Medicago sativa (lucerne) | Unknown | Antonopoulos et al. (2003) Pratt (1982) |
| Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) | Unknown | Keinath (1994) |
| Miscanthus (silvergrass) | Unknown | Skovgaard and Rosendahl (1998) |
| Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | Unknown | Bilal et al. (2017) |
| Morus (mulberrytree) | Unknown | Kumari et al. (2011) |
| Musa (banana) | Unknown | Skovgaard et al. (2003) Wallbridge (1981) |
| Musa acuminata (wild banana) | Other | Amani (2011) Amani and Avagyan (2014) |
| Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus) | Unknown | Tang et al. (2017) |
| Nepeta cataria | Unknown | Keinath (1994) |
| Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | Unknown | |
| Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | Unknown | Santiago et al. (2018) |
| Ocimum basilicum (basil) | Other | Davis et al. (1993) Keinath (1994) Lori et al. (2014) |
| Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive) | Unknown | |
| Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) | Unknown | Flores-Flores et al. (2013) |
| Origanum vulgare (oregano) | Unknown | Keinath (1994) Zimowska (2015) |
| Oryza sativa (rice) | Unknown | |
| Osteospermum | Unknown | Garibaldi et al. (2004) |
| Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) | Unknown | Punja (1997) |
| Pandanus utilis (common screw pine) | Other | Guo et al. (2016) |
| Papaver nudicaule (Iceland poppy) | Other | |
| Papaver somniferum (Opium poppy) | Unknown | |
| Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet) | Unknown | Onyike and Nelson (1991) |
| Persea americana (avocado) | Unknown | Thomas et al. (1994) Wanjiku et al. (2020) |
| Petroselinum crispum (parsley) | Unknown | |
| Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) | Unknown | Pratt (1982) Sumar et al. (1982) Muradov et al. (2019) |
| Philodendron hederaceum (Heart-leaf philodendron) | Unknown | Wang et al. (2016) |
| Philotheca myoporoides | Other | |
| Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm) | Unknown | Feather et al. (1989) |
| Phoenix dactylifera (date-palm) | Unknown | Abdullah et al. (2009) Feather et al. (1989) El-Deeb et al. (2007) |
| Pimpinella anisum (aniseed) | Unknown | Pavlović et al. (2016) |
| Pinus (pines) | Unknown | Kobyłko and Nowak (2006) |
| Pinus caribaea (Caribbean pine) | Unknown | Mohali (1996) |
| Pinus monticola (western white pine) | Unknown | Stewart et al. (2012) |
| Pinus resinosa (red pine) | Unknown | Sinclair and Hudler (1980) |
| Pinus strobus (eastern white pine) | Unknown | |
| Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) | Unknown | |
| Piper betle (betel pepper) | Unknown | Shahzad (2001) |
| Pistacia vera (pistachio) | Other | |
| Pisum (pea) | Unknown | Skovgaard and Rosendahl (1998) |
| Pisum sativum (pea) | Unknown | Sumar et al. (1982) Pratt (1982) Skovgaard et al. (2003) Merzoug et al. (2014) Bilal et al. (2017) Muradov et al. (2019) Fernandez (2007) Shen et al. (2012) |
| Plantago ovata (spogel plantain) | Unknown | Russell (1975) Meena and Satyajit (2020) |
| Platostoma chinensis | Unknown | Hsieh et al. (2020) |
| Platycladus orientalis (Chinese arborvitae) | Unknown | Raghavendra et al. (2007) |
| Plukenetia volubilis | Unknown | Chai et al. (2018) |
| Poaceae (grasses) | Unknown | |
| Portulaca oleracea (purslane) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Prunus avium (sweet cherry) | Unknown | Úrbez-Torres et al. (2016) Úrbez-Torres et al. (2016) |
| Prunus dulcis (almond) | Unknown | |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) | Unknown | Sinclair and Hudler (1980) Stewart et al. (2012) |
| Psidium guajava (guava) | Other | |
| Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Unknown | Crowhurst et al. (1995) |
| Pulsatilla cernua | Other | Su and Fu (2013) |
| Pyracantha (Firethorn) | Unknown | McRitchie (1973) |
| Pyrus (pears) | Unknown | Sprague (1957) |
| Raphanus sativus (radish) | Unknown | Bilal et al. (2017) |
| Rheum australe | Other | Thakur et al. (2015) |
| Rheum palmatum | Unknown | Wang et al. (2009) |
| Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) | Unknown | Lee and Baker (1973) |
| Rhus aromatica (Fragrant sumac) | Unknown | O'Mara and Tisserat (1997) |
| Ricinus communis (castor bean) | Unknown | |
| Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) | Unknown | |
| Rosa (roses) | Unknown | Barguil et al. (2009) |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | Other | Keinath (1994) |
| Rubus (blackberry, raspberry) | Unknown | Gordon et al. (2016) Pastrana et al. (2020) |
| Rubus idaeus (raspberry) | Unknown | |
| Rudbeckia fulgida | Other | Garibaldi et al. (2017) |
| Saccharum | Unknown | Bao et al. (2016) |
| Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) | Other | Bao et al. (2016) |
| Salvia officinalis (common sage) | Unknown | Keinath (1994) |
| Salvia sclarea | Unknown | Subbiah et al. (1996) |
| Sanguinaria canadensis | Other | Elmer and Marra (2012) |
| Santalum album (Indian sandalwood) | Unknown | Nagaveni et al. (2014) |
| Schlumbergera truncata (christmas cactus) | Unknown | Moorman and Klemmer (1980) Lops et al. (2013) |
| Secale cereale (rye) | Unknown | |
| Sesamum indicum (sesame) | Unknown | Abdel-Hafez et al. (2012) |
| Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacón) | Unknown | Moraes et al. (2017) |
| Solanum americanum | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) | Other | Elias et al. (1991) Demers et al. (2015) Edel-Hermann et al. (2012) Kondaiah and Sreeramulu (2014) Chehri (2015) Moine et al. (2014) Pirayesh et al. (2018) Muradov et al. (2019) Can et al. (2004) Erol and Tunalı (2009) |
| Solanum melongena (aubergine) | Unknown | Muradov et al. (2019) Shen et al. (2012) |
| Solanum quitoense (naranjilla) | Unknown | |
| Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Other | Chona (1932) Hanson et al. (1996) Somani (2004) Merlington et al. (2014) Aktaruzzaman et al. (2014) Muradov et al. (2019) Baideng et al. (2019) |
| Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum | Other | Garcia et al. (2011) |
| Sonchus arvensis (perennial sowthistle) | Unknown | Adamska (2001) |
| Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) | Unknown | Danazumi et al. (2015) Abdel-Hafez et al. (2014) |
| Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Spinacia oleracea (spinach) | Unknown | Skovgaard and Rosendahl (1998) |
| Syzygium aromaticum (clove) | Unknown | |
| Tagetes patula (French marigold) | Unknown | |
| Thymus vulgaris (thyme) | Unknown | Keinath (1994) |
| Tinospora | Unknown | Skovgaard and Rosendahl (1998) |
| Torreya grandis | Unknown | Zhang et al. (2016) |
| Torreya taxifolia | Unknown | Vargas and Negron-Ortiz (2013) |
| Tribulus terrestris (puncture vine) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Trichosanthes dioica (pointed gourd) | Unknown | |
| Trifolium incarnatum (Crimson clover) | Unknown | Pratt (1982) |
| Trifolium pratense (red clover) | Unknown | |
| Trifolium repens (white clover) | Unknown | Ünal et al. (2020) |
| Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) | Unknown | Barbetti and MacNish (1978) |
| Triticum aestivum (wheat) | Unknown | Moya-Elizondo et al. (2015) Vipin et al. (2016) Bentley et al. (2006) Tunali et al. (2008) Wagacha et al. (2010) Beev et al. (2011) Fernandez and Jefferson (2004) Moya-Elizondo et al. (2011) Shen et al. (2012) Nasreen et al. (2019) Ölmez and Tunali (2019) |
| Triticum turgidum subsp. durum | Unknown | Fernandez and Jefferson (2004) |
| Vaccinium corymbosum (blueberry) | Other | Choi et al. (2015) Liu et al. (2014) |
| Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) | Unknown | Miller et al. (2006) |
| Valerianella locusta (common cornsalad) | Other | Garibaldi et al. (2004) |
| Vanilla planifolia (vanilla) | Unknown | Pinaria et al. (2010) |
| Vicia faba (faba bean) | Unknown | Sumar et al. (1982) Shen et al. (2012) |
| Vigna angularis (adzuki bean) | Unknown | |
| Vigna radiata (mung bean) | Unknown | |
| Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) | Other | Pratt (1982) Shrestha et al. (2016) Rashtra (2017) |
| Vitis vinifera (grapevine) | Unknown | Castillo-Pando et al. (2001) Akgül and Ahioğlu (2019) |
| Xanthium strumarium (common cocklebur) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Zea mays (maize) | Unknown | Aguín et al. (2014) Abdel-Hafez et al. (2014) Muradov et al. (2019) Rahjoo et al. (2008) Nur et al. (2011) Yasmin et al. (2000) Ateeq et al. (2019) |
| Zingiber officinale (ginger) | Unknown | Li et al. (2014) Moreira et al. (2013) Li et al. (2014) |
| Zinnia elegans (zinnia) | Unknown | |
| Ziziphus jujuba (common jujube) | Other | Gao et al. (2012) Zhang et al. (2013) |
| Zygopetalum maculatum | Unknown | Orlikowski and Szkuta (2006) |
Symptoms
F. oxysporum has over 100 formae speciales divisions, which induce different symptoms in different hosts.
The fungus gets into the plant’s vascular tissue, affecting the water supply. The leaves, which become starved of water, show signs of wilt, chlorosis, yellowing and premature drop. Lateral shoots also show signs of wilt, and large lesions may appear on the lower stems (Malathrakis and Goumas, 1999). These symptoms have impacts on the whole plant, which will eventually die if the infection continues to develop (Agrios, 1988).
Myung et al. (2014) reported rhizome rot of ginger caused by F. oxysporum in China.
List of Symptoms/Signs
| Symptom or sign | Life stages | Sign or diagnosis |
|---|---|---|
| Plants/Leaves/abnormal colours | ||
| Plants/Leaves/abnormal leaf fall | ||
| Plants/Leaves/wilting | ||
| Plants/Leaves/yellowed or dead | ||
| Plants/Stems/necrosis | ||
| Plants/Stems/wilt | ||
| Plants/Whole plant/plant dead; dieback |
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Published online: 19 September 2022
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