Gibberella fujikuroi (bakanae disease of rice)
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenw.
- Preferred Common Name
- bakanae disease of rice
- Other Scientific Names
- Alysidium verticillioides (Sacc.) Kuntze
- Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld.
- Fusarium moniliforme f. moniliforme
- Fusarium moniliforme f. subglutinans (Luc) C. Moreau
- Fusarium moniliforme subsp. majus (Wollenw. & Reinking) Raillo
- Fusarium moniliforme subsp. moniliforme
- Fusarium moniliforme var. erumpens Wollenw. & Reinking
- Fusarium moniliforme var. fici Caldis
- Fusarium moniliforme var. hangzhouense Gong C. Wang & Q.M. Ye
- Fusarium moniliforme var. intermedium Neish & M. Legg
- Fusarium moniliforme var. majus Wollenw. & Reinking
- Fusarium moniliforme var. minus Wollenw.
- Fusarium moniliforme var. minus Wollenw. & Reinking
- Fusarium moniliforme var. oryzae Saccas
- Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans Wollenw. & Reinking
- Fusarium neoceras var. subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reinking) Raillo
- Fusarium sacchari var. subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reinking)
- Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reinking) P.E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas
- Fusarium subglutinans var. subglutinans
- Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg
- Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) S. Ito
- Gibberella fujikuroi f. fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenw.
- Gibberella fujikuroi f. oryzae Saccas
- Gibberella fujikuroi var. fujikuroi
- Gibberella fujikuroi var. fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenw.
- Gibberella fujikuroi var. intermedia Kuhlman
- Gibberella fujikuroi var. moniliformis (Wineland) Kuhlman
- Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans E.T. Edwards
- Gibberella moniliforme
- Gibberella moniliformis Wineland
- Gibberella moniliformis var. bambusicola S. Yamam.
- Gibberella moniliformis var. moniliformis
- Gibberella moniliformis var. subglutinans Wollenw. & Reinking
- Gibberella subglutinans (E.T. Edwards) P.E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas
- Lisea fujikuroi Sawada
- Lisea fujikuroi Sawada
- Oospora verticillioides Sacc.
- International Common Names
- Englishfig endosepsismaize stalk rotpokkah boengpseudo-stem rot of plantainsett rot of sugarcanestalk rot of maizestem and ear rot of sweet cornstem rot of ricewhite stalk of rice
- Spanishmal del pié del arrozpodredumbre apical de la caña
- Frenchdéssèchement des feuilles de la canne à sucremaladie du gigantisme du rizpourriture de la pointe de la canne à sucre
- Local Common Names
- Chinawhite stalk
- GermanyBakanä-Krankheit: Reis
- GuyanaMon Rice
- JapanBakanae
- PhilippinesPalay lalahe
- EPPO code
- GIBBFU (Gibberella fujikuroi)
Pictures
Symptoms on rice leaves
Bakanae caused by G. fujikuroi. Infected plants in the field (left); Conidia on infected leaf sheaths (right)
Chin Khoon Min
Symptoms on maize
Ear rot.
ISU
Symptoms on maize kernels
White streaks on maize kernels.
University of Mysore
Symptoms on stalk
Stalk rot.
ISU
Distribution
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
| Host | Host status | References |
|---|---|---|
| Acacia nilotica (gum arabic tree) | Main | |
| Actinidia chinensis (Chinese gooseberry) | Other | |
| Althaea officinalis (Marsh-mallow) | Unknown | Pavlović et al. (2008) |
| Arachis hypogaea (groundnut) | Unknown | Kotgire and Mehta (2014) |
| Benincasa fistulosa (round gourd) | Other | |
| Chenopodium album (fat hen) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Cicer arietinum (chickpea) | Unknown | Shahnaz et al. (2007) |
| Cucumis sativus (cucumber) | Other | Hatami et al. (2012) |
| Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower) | Unknown | Pavlović et al. (2008) |
| Ficus carica (common fig) | Main | |
| Fragaria ananassa (strawberry) | Unknown | Camele et al. (2006) |
| Glycine max (soyabean) | Other | |
| Gossypium (cotton) | Main | |
| Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) | Unknown | Swart and Tarekegn (2007) |
| Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) | Unknown | Pavlović et al. (2008) |
| Jatropha curcas (jatropha) | Habitat/association | |
| Lens culinaris | Unknown | Abdel-Hafez et al. (2012) Abdel-Hafez et al. (2014) Zitnick-Anderson et al. (2021) |
| Leucaena | Main | |
| Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | Main | |
| Mangifera indica (mango) | Unknown | Khaskheli et al. (2008) |
| Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | Unknown | |
| Musa (banana) | Main | |
| Musa acuminata (wild banana) | Unknown | Amani and Avagyan (2014) Tarnowski et al. (2010) |
| Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | Unknown | Gai et al. (2021) |
| Oryza (rice (generic level)) | Unknown | O'Donnell et al. (1998) |
| Oryza sativa (rice) | Main | Shen et al. (2012) |
| Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) | Unknown | Muradov et al. (2019) |
| Phoenix dactylifera (date-palm) | Unknown | El-Deeb et al. (2007) |
| Pimpinella anisum (aniseed) | Unknown | Pavlović et al. (2016) |
| Pinus (pines) | Main | |
| Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) | Main | |
| Piper betle (betel pepper) | Unknown | Shahzad (2001) |
| Pistacia vera (pistachio) | Unknown | Guldur et al. (2011) |
| Pisum sativum (pea) | Unknown | Muradov et al. (2019) |
| Poa pratensis (smooth meadow-grass) | Unknown | Lee et al. (2014) |
| Rhodiola sachalinensis | Unknown | Liu and Cheng (2011) |
| Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) | Main | |
| Salvia officinalis (common sage) | Unknown | Pavlović et al. (2008) |
| Sesamum indicum (sesame) | Unknown | Abdel-Hafez et al. (2012) Abdel-Hafez et al. (2014) |
| Setaria italica (foxtail millet) | Unknown | Fard et al. (2014) |
| Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) | Main | |
| Solanum melongena (aubergine) | Unknown | Muradov et al. (2019) |
| Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) | Main | Abdel-Hafez et al. (2014) |
| Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Triticum (wheat) | Unknown | Fernandez and Jefferson (2004) |
| Triticum aestivum (wheat) | Unknown | Bozac et al. (2014) Tunali et al. (2008) Beev et al. (2011) Muthomi et al. (2012) Ölmez and Tunali (2019) |
| Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) | Main | |
| Xanthium strumarium (common cocklebur) | Unknown | Altınok (2013) |
| Zea mays (maize) | Main | Sun et al. (2020) Muradov et al. (2019) Wang et al. (2020) Du et al. (2020) Duan et al. (2020) Ateeq et al. (2019) Negruț et al. (2019) Qin et al. (2020) |
Symptoms
On rice, G. fujikuroi causes bakanae, foot rot, seedling rot, grain sterility and discoloration (Ou, 1985). Seedlings with bakanae in the seedbed are several inches taller than normal plants, thin and yellowish-green. Affected seedlings are very conspicuous, and are scattered throughout the field. Severely diseased seedlings die before transplanting, and those that survive may die after transplanting. Not all infected seedlings have bakanae symptoms, sometimes they are stunted or they may appear normal. Yamanaka and Honkura (1978) classified the following types of bakanae symptoms: elongation; elongation then normal growth; elongation, then stunted growth; stunted growth; and no growth.In crops reaching maturity, infected rice plants show tall, lanky tillers bearing pale-green flag leaves which are conspicuous above the general level of the crop. Infected plants usually have only a small number of tillers and the leaves dry up one after another from below and die in a few weeks. Occasionally, infected plants survive until maturity but bear only empty panicles. White or pink growth of the fungus may be noticed on the lower parts of the dying plants. In Japan, panicles are often infected; these are referred to as pink panicles. Pink panicles are also caused by Fusarium roseum. In India, infected plants developed adventitious roots from the lower nodes (Thomas, 1931). In Japan, the angle of the leaf with the stem was found to be wider in diseased plants than in healthy plants (Imura, 1940).The symptoms of diseases caused by Fusarium species on other crops are described by Booth (1971).G. fujikuroi caused withering of shoots resulting in dead heart or white earheads in Imphal, Manipur, India; diseased plants were stunted and white mycelial growth was present at the base of diseased shoots (Singh et al., 1996).
List of Symptoms/Signs
| Symptom or sign | Life stages | Sign or diagnosis |
|---|---|---|
| Plants/Fruit/lesions: black or brown | ||
| Plants/Fruit/lesions: scab or pitting | ||
| Plants/Leaves/abnormal colours | ||
| Plants/Leaves/fungal growth | ||
| Plants/Roots/soft rot of cortex | ||
| Plants/Seeds/distortion | ||
| Plants/Seeds/lesions on seeds | ||
| Plants/Seeds/rot | ||
| Plants/Stems/discoloration of bark | ||
| Plants/Stems/mould growth on lesion | ||
| Plants/Stems/stunting or rosetting | ||
| Plants/Whole plant/damping off | ||
| Plants/Whole plant/early senescence | ||
| Plants/Whole plant/seedling blight |
Prevention and Control
Chemical Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de-)registration of pesticides, we are for the moment not including any specific chemical control recommendations. For further information, we recommend you visit the following resources:
•
EU pesticides database (http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/)
•
PAN pesticide database (www.pesticideinfo.org)
•
Your national pesticide guide
Impact
There have been few estimates of losses due to bakanae disease, caused by G. fujikuroi (Ou, 1985). There are reports of yield losses of 20% in Hokkaido, Japan, as high as 40-50% in the Kinki-Chugoku region of Japan, 15% in eastern districts of Uttar Pradesh, India, and 3.7-14.7% in northern and central Thailand (Ou, 1985). The disease is commonly seen in many parts of South-East Asia but the percentage of infection is usually small: a 1-13% yield loss was estimated on rice variety IR42 in Laguna province, the Philippines (Nuque et al., 1980). In 1993 in Karnal, Haryana, India, bakanae incidences of 4.17 and 96.25% caused grain losses of 3.04 and 95.45%, respectively, on inoculated rice cultivar Taraori Basmati (Sunder et al., 1997).
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Copyright © CABI. CABI is a registered EU trademark. This article is published under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
History
Published online: 9 October 2023
Language
English
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