Aspidiotus nerii (Oleander scale)
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 1833
- Preferred Common Name
- Oleander scale
- Other Scientific Names
- Aspidiosus unipectinatus Ferris, 1941
- Aspidiotus ? osmanthi Signoret, 1877
- Aspidiotus affinis Targioni Tozzetti, 1868
- Aspidiotus aloes Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus atherospermae Maskell, 1879
- Aspidiotus bouchei (Targioni Tozzetti) Targioni Tozzetti, 1868
- Aspidiotus budlaei Maskell, 1879
- Aspidiotus budleiae Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus caldesii Targioni Tozzetti, 1868
- Aspidiotus capparis Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus carpodeti Maskell, 1885
- Aspidiotus ceratoniae Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus confusus Froggatt, 1914
- Aspidiotus corynocarpi Colvée, 1881
- Aspidiotus cycadicola (Boisduval) Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus denticulatus Targioni Tozzetti, 1868
- Aspidiotus dysoxyli Maskell, 1879
- Aspidiotus epidendri Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus ericae (Boisduval) Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus fonsecai Giannotti, 1942
- Aspidiotus genistae Westwood, 1840
- Aspidiotus gnidii Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus hederae Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus hederae hederae Schmutterer, 1952
- Aspidiotus hederae unipectinata Carimini, 1930
- Aspidiotus hederae unisexualis Schmutterer, 1952
- Aspidiotus hederae urenae Hall, 1923
- Aspidiotus ilicis Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus lentisci Signoret, 1877
- Aspidiotus limonii Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus myricinae Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus myrsinae Signoret, 1877
- Aspidiotus offinis Comstock, 1883
- Aspidiotus oleae Colvée, 1880
- Aspidiotus oleastri Colvée, 1882
- Aspidiotus paranerii Gerson, in Gerson & Hazan, 1979
- Aspidiotus rectangulatus (Lindinger) Ferris, 1941
- Aspidiotus simillimus (Cockerell) Fernald, 1903
- Aspidiotus sophorae Maskell, 1884
- Aspidiotus tasmaniae Green, 1915
- Aspidiotus transparens rectangulatus Lindinger, 1913
- Aspidiotus transparens var. simillimus Cockerell, 1898
- Aspidiotus transvaalensis Leonardi, 1914
- Aspidiotus ulicis Signoret, 1869
- Aspidiotus urenae (Hall) Ferris, 1941
- Aspidiotus vagabundus Cockerell, 1899
- Aspidiotus villosus Targioni Tozzetti, 1868
- Aspidiotus viresciae Leonardi, 1920
- Aspidiotus vriesciae Signoret, 1869
- Chermes aloes Boisduval, 1867
- Chermes cycadicola Boisduval, 1867
- Chermes ericae Boisduval, 1867
- Chermes genistae (Westwood) Ferris, 1941
- Chermes hederae (Signoret) Ferris, 1937
- Chermes nerii Boisduval, 1868
- Chermes osmanthi Ferris, 1941
- Coccus (Aspidiotus) palmarum Taschenberg, 1880
- Coccus limonii Murray, 1871
- Diaspis bouchei Targioni Tozzetti, 1867
- Diaspis obliquum Costa, 1829
- Octaspidiotus anthospermae Balachowsky, 1948
- Octaspidiotus atherospermae (Maskell) MacGillivray, 1921
- International Common Names
- Englishaucuba scaleivy scalelemon peel scalewhite scale
- Spanishcochinilla blanca del olivopiojo blancopiojo blanco del naranjoqueresa del laurel
- Frenchchermes du laurier-rose (m)cochenille du laurier-rosecochenille du lierre
- Russianplushevaya shitovka
- Portuguesepinta-branca
- Local Common Names
- Chileescama blanca de la hiedra
- Denmarkpalmeskjoldlus, gul
- Finlandmurattikilpikirva
- GermanySchildlaus, Oleander-
- Israelknimat hakisos
- Italyaspidioto dell'ederabianca dei limonipidocchio bianco dei limoni
- Japansiro-marukaigaramusi
- Mexicoescama hiedra
- NetherlandsKasschildluis
- Norwaypalmeskjoldlus
- South Africaoleanderdopluis
- Swedenpalmskoeldlus, gul
- Turkeysarmasik kabuklu biti
- EPPO code
- ASPDNE (Aspidiotus nerii)
Pictures
Adults and nymphs on citrus
©AgrEvo
Line artwork of adult female
Aspidiotus nerii; anatomic details of an adult female. 1: General aspect. 2: Pygidium. 3: Antenna. 4: Anterior spiracle. (Not to scale)
CAB International
Aspidiotus nerii
United States National Collection of Scale Insects Photographs, USDA ARS, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Aspidiotus nerii
Charles Olsen, USDA APHIS, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Aspidiotus nerii
Lorraine Graney, Bartlett Tree Experts, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Aspidiotus nerii
Lorraine Graney, Bartlett Tree Experts, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Aspidiotus nerii
Lorraine Graney, Bartlett Tree Experts, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Aspidiotus nerii
Lorraine Graney, Bartlett Tree Experts, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Aspidiotus nerii
Lorraine Graney, Bartlett Tree Experts, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Aspidiotus nerii
Lorraine Graney, Bartlett Tree Experts, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Distribution
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Symptoms
A. nerii is eurymerous (feeds on many parts of the host plant). Scale infestation can be seen by the appearance of the scale armour on stems, leaves and fruits of hosts. Symptoms are generally related to the severity of attack (population density on host). Infestations on the leaves and stems may cause wilting and may reduce the photosynthetic area of the plants, leading to lower yield. Damage to fruit occurs in heavy infestations, where spotting and often deformity of fruits affects market value. In olives this is seen as green spots on purple fruits. Damage to foliage is particularly important in ornamentals. Heavy infestation can lead to yellowing, leaf and shoot malformation or shriveling and plant death (Beardsley and Gonzalez, 1975; Debach and Rosen, 1991; Dreistadt et al., 1994).
List of Symptoms/Signs
| Symptom or sign | Life stages | Sign or diagnosis |
|---|---|---|
| Plants/Fruit/abnormal shape | ||
| Plants/Fruit/discoloration | ||
| Plants/Fruit/external feeding | ||
| Plants/Growing point/external feeding | ||
| Plants/Leaves/abnormal colours | ||
| Plants/Leaves/abnormal forms | ||
| Plants/Leaves/abnormal leaf fall | ||
| Plants/Leaves/abnormal patterns | ||
| Plants/Leaves/external feeding | ||
| Plants/Leaves/wilting | ||
| Plants/Leaves/yellowed or dead | ||
| Plants/Stems/dieback | ||
| Plants/Stems/external feeding | ||
| Plants/Stems/wilt | ||
| Plants/Whole plant/external feeding |
Prevention and Control
Cultural Control
Dispersal of scale insects is predominantly through infected stock, thus imported and propagative material should be thoroughly checked for the presence of scales. Dispersal from plant to plant occurs through the activity of crawlers at points where adjacent plants touch. Pruning and allowing adequate spacing between plants throughout cultivation can thus reduce spread of infected material. Mechanical control can be achieved by scraping and scrubbing to remove scales.
Biological Control
A. nerii populations are often controlled successfully by natural enemies and cultural control methods, unless these predators' and parasites' populations are disturbed by the use of broad-spectrum insecticides. Insect growth regulators used in the control of scales have been shown to disrupt the fecundity and egg viability of Chilocorus spp. Chilocorus kuwanae is most successful in controlling scales in sunny locations with large scale infestations (Van Driesche et al., 1998).
Hare and Morgan (1997) report on the mass priming of Aphytis spp. for biological control. Aphytis melinus, which has been used in the widespread control of Aonidiella aurantii, also attacks A. nerii (De Bach and Rosen, 1991). A. melinus has successfully controlled A. nerii on olives in Crete since its introduction in 1976 (Alexandrakis and Bernassy, 1981). Aphytis chilensis is also an important parasite of A. nerii on Crete (Alexandrakis and Neuenschwander, 1980). Swan (1964) reported that Aphytis chrysomphali might be superior to Aphytis lignanensis as a biological control agent, as it has a shorter life span and higher fecundity.
Dispersal of scale insects is predominantly through infected stock, thus imported and propagative material should be thoroughly checked for the presence of scales. Dispersal from plant to plant occurs through the activity of crawlers at points where adjacent plants touch. Pruning and allowing adequate spacing between plants throughout cultivation can thus reduce spread of infected material. Mechanical control can be achieved by scraping and scrubbing to remove scales.
Biological Control
A. nerii populations are often controlled successfully by natural enemies and cultural control methods, unless these predators' and parasites' populations are disturbed by the use of broad-spectrum insecticides. Insect growth regulators used in the control of scales have been shown to disrupt the fecundity and egg viability of Chilocorus spp. Chilocorus kuwanae is most successful in controlling scales in sunny locations with large scale infestations (Van Driesche et al., 1998).
Hare and Morgan (1997) report on the mass priming of Aphytis spp. for biological control. Aphytis melinus, which has been used in the widespread control of Aonidiella aurantii, also attacks A. nerii (De Bach and Rosen, 1991). A. melinus has successfully controlled A. nerii on olives in Crete since its introduction in 1976 (Alexandrakis and Bernassy, 1981). Aphytis chilensis is also an important parasite of A. nerii on Crete (Alexandrakis and Neuenschwander, 1980). Swan (1964) reported that Aphytis chrysomphali might be superior to Aphytis lignanensis as a biological control agent, as it has a shorter life span and higher fecundity.
Chemical Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de-)registration of pesticides, we are for the moment not including any specific chemical control recommendations. For further information, we recommend you visit the following resources:
•
EU pesticides database (http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/)
•
PAN pesticide database (www.pesticideinfo.org)
•
Your national pesticide guide
Impact
A. nerii is usually only a minor or non-economic pest on most of its hosts (DeBach and Rosen, 1991). However, it is particularly important where aesthetic value of the crop is high, for example, in cut flowers and ornamentals (Van Driesche et al., 1998). In olive crops, the presence of a single scale makes a fruit unmarketable. Economic loss on table olives due to damage to fruits and reduced oil yield can be up to 70% (Alexandrakis and Bernassy, 1981; Flint, 1990). Quiroga et al. (1991) reported that A. nerii was the most severe pest of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) fruits in northern and central Chile. Heavy infestation on a single host leads to distortion, discoloration, wilting and eventually host death. In citrus in South Africa, A. nerii has only been collected on four occasions. The first collection was in 1966 and the last collection was in 1997. None of these detections was in commercial citrus orchards. The four collections were from lemons in home gardens (JH Giliomee, South Africa, correspondence to CABI, 2016).
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Copyright © CABI. CABI is a registered EU trademark. This article is published under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
History
Published online: 9 October 2023
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