Clusiaceae
Symphonia

Symphonia globulifera L.f.

First published in Suppl. Pl.: 302 (1782)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is S. Mexico to Tropical America, W. Tropical Africa to Chad and Tanzania. It is a tree and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. It is has environmental uses, as a medicine and for fuel and food.

Distribution

Native to:

Angola, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Burundi, Cabinda, Cameroon, Central African Repu, Chad, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, French Guiana, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Gulf of Guinea Is., Guyana, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Liberia, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panamá, Peru, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Suriname, Tanzania, Trinidad-Tobago, Uganda, Venezuela, Windward Is., Zambia, Zaïre

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Aedo, C., Tellería, M.T. & Velayos, M. (eds.) (1999). Bases Documentales para la Flora de Guinea Ecuatorial; Plantas vascularis y hongos: 1-414. CSIC, real jardín Botánico, Madrid.
  • Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D.E. Atha (2000). Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: 1-246.
  • Bamps, P. (1970). Flore du Congo du Rwanda et du Burundi, Guttiferae: 1-74. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Bruxelles.
  • Bamps, P., Robson, N. & Verdcourt, B. (1978). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Guttiferae: 1-34.
  • Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
  • Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 1: 1-114. ORSTROM, Bangui.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Brundu, G. & Camarda, I. (2013). The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis. PhytoKeys 23: 1-18.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Goodwin, Z.A. & al. (2013). A checklist of the vascular plants of the lowland savannas of Belize, Central America. Phytotaxa 101: 1-119.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. & Keay, R.W.J. (1954-1958). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 1: 1-828.
  • Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Kalema, J. & Beentje, H. (2012). Conservation checklist of the trees of Uganda: 1-235. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo). Taxonomania 30: 1-307.
  • Lewalle, J. (1970). Liste floristique et répartition altitudinale de la flore du Burundi occidental: 1-84. Université officielle de Bujumbura.
  • Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P.G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E.J. & Martin, C.A. (2022). An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, sér. 3, 44: 345-903.
  • Monro, A.K., González, F., Santamaría, D., Chacón, O., Rodríguez, A., Solano, D. Zamora, N. & Correa, M. (2011). A first checklist to the vascular plants of La Amistad International Park (PILA), Costa Rica-Panama. Phytotaxa 322: 1-283.
  • Onana, J.M. (2011). The vascular plants of Cameroon a taxonomic checklist with IUCN assessments: 1-195. National herbarium of Cameroon, Yaoundé.
  • Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
  • Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
  • Stevens, W.D., C. Ulloa Ulloa, A. Pool & O.M. Montiel (2001). Flora de Nicaragua 1: 1-943. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Stevens, W.D., Ulloa U., C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (2001). Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1-2666. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Flora of West Tropical Africa

  • Aubrév. Fl. For. C. Iv. 2: 284, t. 238.
  • Staner in Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 13: 143 (1934)
  • —F.T.A. 1: 163

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Aedo, C., Tellería, M.T. & Velayos, M. (eds.) (1999). Bases Documentales para la Flora de Guinea Ecuatorial; Plantas vascularis y hongos: 1-414. CSIC, real jardín Botánico, Madrid.
  • Bamps, P., Robson, N. & Verdcourt, B. (1978). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Guttiferae: 1-34.
  • Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
  • Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 1: 1-114. ORSTROM, Bangui.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Brundu, G. & Camarda, I. (2013). The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis. PhytoKeys 23: 1-18.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Forzza, R.C., Zappi, D. & Souza, V.C. (2016-continuously updated). Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/ConsultaPublicaUC/ResultadoDaConsultaNovaConsulta.do.
  • GBIF (2008-2020). Global Biodiversity Information Facility http://www.gbif.org/.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Goodwin, Z.A. & al. (2013). A checklist of the vascular plants of the lowland savannas of Belize, Central America. Phytotaxa 101: 1-119.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. & Keay, R.W.J. (1954-1958). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 1: 1-828.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Kalema, J. & Beentje, H. (2012). Conservation checklist of the trees of Uganda: 1-235. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo). Taxonomania 30: 1-307.
  • Lewalle, J. (1970). Liste floristique et répartition altitudinale de la flore du Burundi occidental: 1-84. Université officielle de Bujumbura.
  • Monro, A.K., González, F., Santamaría, D., Chacón, O., Rodríguez, A., Solano, D. Zamora, N. & Correa, M. (2011). A first checklist to the vascular plants of La Amistad International Park (PILA), Costa Rica-Panama. Phytotaxa 322: 1-283.
  • Onana, J.M. (2011). The vascular plants of Cameroon a taxonomic checklist with IUCN assessments: 1-195. National herbarium of Cameroon, Yaoundé.
  • Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
  • Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
  • Troupin, G. (ed.) (1978). Flora du Rwanda 1: 1-413. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.
  • Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.

Flora of Tropical East Africa

  • A. Engler & O. Drude, Die Vegetation Der Erde, IX, Pflanzenwelt Afrikas 1(2): 635, fig. 545 (1910).
  • A. Engler & O. Drude, Die Vegetation Der Erde, IX, Pflanzenwelt Afrikas 3(2): 519, fig. 234 (1921).
  • Aubrév., Fl. For. Côte d’Ivoire, ed. 2, 2: 328, t. 250 (1959).
  • Bamps in Flore du Congo Belge, du Ruanda et du Burundi, Guttif.: 36, t. 4 (1970).
  • Engl. in Fl. Bras. 12: 469, t. 108 (1888).
  • Eyma in Fl. Suriname 3:117 (1934).
  • F. White, Forest Flora of Northern Rhodesia p. 257 (1962).
  • Keay, Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2,1:292 (1954).
  • Keay, Onochie & Stanfield, Nigerian Trees: 175, fig. 45 (1960).
  • L.f., Suppl. Pl.: 302 (1781).
  • Lebrun, Ess. For. Rég. Mont. Congo Orient.: 161, t.13 (1935).
  • Oliv, in Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 163 (1868).
  • Robson in Flora Zambesiaca 1: 394, t. 77 (1961).
  • Staner in Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l'État a Bruxelles 13: 143 (1934).
  • Staner in Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 23: 221 (1933)
  • Vesque in DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 227 (1893).
  • W.J. Eggeling, Indigenous Trees of the Uganda Protectorate, ed. 2:155 (1952).

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Sep 1, 2008 Cheek, M. [13481] Cameroon K000008161 Yes
Sep 1, 2008 Cheek, M. [13645] Cameroon K000008160 Yes
Jan 1, 2008 Sasaki, D.; Milliken, W.; Zappi, D.C.; Biggs, N.; Piva, J.H. [2174] Brazil K000578250 No
Nov 1, 2007 Sasaki, D.; Henicka, G.S.; Piva, J.H. [1719] Brazil K000447314 Yes
Jul 1, 2007 Tchiengue, B. [1880] Cameroon K000008184 Yes
Mar 23, 2006 Melo-Silva, R., et al. [1593] Brazil K000325147 Yes
Jul 1, 2002 Cheek, M. [10253] Cameroon K000026981 No
Jul 1, 2002 Cable, S. [2511] Cameroon K000026982 Yes
Jul 1, 2002 Etuge, M. [1970] Cameroon K000026983 Yes
Jan 1, 2002 Welwitsch, F. [1052] Angola K000380235 Unknown Type Material Yes
Jan 1, 2002 Aylmer, G. [55] Sierra Leone K000380232 Unknown Type Material Yes
Jan 1, 2002 Talbot, P. [220] Nigeria K000380233 Unknown Type Material Yes
Jan 1, 2002 Talbot, P. [220T] Nigeria K000380234 Unknown Type Material Yes
Steyermark, J.A.; Dunsterville, G.C.K.; Dunsterville, E. [92708] Venezuela K000488601 Type Yes
Delnatte, C.; Lasalle, M. [3757] Martinique K001516892 Yes
Ríos, M.; Dávila, N.; Huamantupa, I.; Trujillo, W.; Vriesendorp, C. [2454] Peru K001769124 No
Struhsaker, T.T. [4] Cameroon K000105270 Yes
Breteler, F. J.; Jongkind, C.C. H.; Wieringa, J. J. [11147] Gabon K001562698 No
Ríos, M.; Mori, T.; Neill, D.; Torres, L.; Vriesendorp, C. [3436] Peru K001769073 No
Struhsaker, T.T. [4] Cameroon K:SPC-06049.083 No
Styles, B.T. [249] Uganda K:SPC-07365.000 No
Alfaro, E.; Lopez, I.; Chaves, J.L.; Gutierrez, J.D. [2641] Costa Rica K001516868 Yes
Sidwell, K. [402] Cameroon K:SPC-61683.000 No
Fenton, E. [258] Cameroon K001310263 Yes
Nzabi, T.; Issembè, Y.; Ngok Banak, L.; Walters, G. [92] Gabon K001577978 Yes
Pereira-Silva, G.; Pereira, J.B.; dos Santos, A.J.B.; dos Santos, E.A. [16161] Brazil K001636261 Yes
Yeoman, G. Uganda K:SPC-65138.000 No
Pennington, R.T.; et al. [59] K:SPC-56644.000 No
Beck, S.G. [13246] Bolivia K000994335 Yes
Pennington, R.T.; et al. [97] Bolivia K:SPC-57290.000 No
Jordan, H.D. [2080] Sierra Leone K:SPC-15224.000 No
Prescott, M.; Watkiss, E. [99] Bolivia K:SPC-59683.000 No
Thomson, A.P. [1a] Gabon K:SPC-30413.000 No
Cheek; Upton; et al. [3019B] Cameroon K:SPC-56188.000 No
Pennington, T.D.; Cazalet, P.C.D. [7784] Ecuador K:SPC-27758.000 No
Pennington, R.T.; Rowe, E.C.; et al. [59] Bolivia K:SPC-36690.000 No
Ariawodo, J.O. [ARS 1082] Nigeria K:SPC-28960.000 No
Prescott, M.; Watkiss, E. [99] Bolivia K:SPC-59682.000 No
Drummond, R.B.; Hemsley, J.H. [1678] Tanzania Symphonia gabonensis K:SPC-15348.000 No
Mildbraed, G., W. J. [10542] Cameroon Symphonia gabonensis K000105267 Yes
Mann, G. [761] Cameroon Symphonia gabonensis K000105268 Yes
Milne-Redhead, E. [2948] Zambia Symphonia gabonensis K:SPC-15225.000 No

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora Zambesiaca

    • Flora Zambesiaca
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of West Tropical Africa

    • Flora of West Tropical Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Neotropikey

    • Milliken, W., Klitgard, B. and Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0