Fabaceae
Senna

Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.

First published in Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 2: 342 (1832)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Tropical America. It is a shrub and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. It is has environmental uses, as animal food, a poison and a medicine and for fuel and food.

Distribution

Native to:

Aruba, Bahamas, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Galápagos, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Netherlands Antilles, Panamá, Peru, Puerto Rico, Southwest Caribbean, Trinidad-Tobago, Turks-Caicos Is., Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is.

Introduced into:

Assam, Bermuda, Canary Is., Cape Verde, China Southeast, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Hainan, India, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Madeira, Malawi, Mexico Northwest, Morocco, Mozambique, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tubuai Is., Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Accepted Infraspecifics

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Brummitt, R.K., Chikuni, A.C., Lock, J.M. & Polhill, R.M. (2007). 61. Leguminosae Subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Flora Zambesiaca 3(2): 1-218. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • D'Arcy, W.G. (1987). Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index.. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 17: 1-328. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2012). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 4: 1-431. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Forero, E. & Castellanos, C. (eds.) (2019). Estudios en Leguminosas Colombianas 3: 1-398. Academia Colombiana de ciencias exactas, físicas y naturales.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánes, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador: 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Jørgensen, P.M., Nee, M.H. & Beck., S.G. (eds.) (2013). Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 127: 1-1741. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Kumar, S. & Sane, P.V. (2003). Legumes of South Asia. A Checklist: 1-536. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lock, J.M. & Ford, C.S. (2004). Legumes of Malesia a Check-List: 1-295. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lock, J.M. & Heald, J. (1994). Legumes of Indo-China a check-list: 1-164. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lock, J.M. (1989). Legumes of Africa a check-List: 1-619. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Muer, T., Sauerbier, H. & Cabrara Calixto, F. (2020). Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Madeiras: 1-792. Verlag und Versandbuchhandlung Andreas Kleinsteuber.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (1946). Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana Botany New Series 24(5): 1-502. Field Museum of Natural History.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2010). Flora of China 10: 1-642. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
  • van Proosdij, A.S.J. (2012). Arnoldo's Zakflora, ed. 4: 1-318. Walburg Pers, Zutphen.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Britton, N. (1918). Flora of Bermuda: 1-585. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
  • Brummitt, R.K., Chikuni, A.C., Lock, J.M. & Polhill, R.M. (2007). 61. Leguminosae Subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Flora Zambesiaca 3(2): 1-218. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Correll, D.S. & Correll, H.B. (1982). Flora of the Bahama Archipelago: 1-1692. J.Cramer, Vaduz.
  • D'Arcy, W.G. (1987). Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index.. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 17: 1-328. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2012). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 4: 1-431. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Gonzalez, F., Nelson Diaz, J. & Lowry, P. (1995). Flora Illustrada de San Andrés y Providencia: 1-281. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Colombia.
  • Hallé, N. (1983). Végétation de l'île Rurutu et additions au catalogue de la flore des îles Australes. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia 5(2): 141-150.
  • Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition. Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánes, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador: 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Jørgensen, P.M., Nee, M.H. & Beck., S.G. (eds.) (2013). Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 127: 1-1741. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Kumar, S. & Sane, P.V. (2003). Legumes of South Asia. A Checklist: 1-536. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lock, J.M. & Ford, C.S. (2004). Legumes of Malesia a Check-List: 1-295. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lock, J.M. & Heald, J. (1994). Legumes of Indo-China a check-list: 1-164. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lock, J.M. (1989). Legumes of Africa a check-List: 1-619. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • MacKee, H.S. (1994). Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2: 1-164. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Rebman, J.P., Gibson, J. & Rich, K. (2016). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Baja California, Mexico. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 45: 1-352.
  • S.Calderon & P.C.Standley (1944). Lista Preliminar de las plantas de El Salvador, ed. 2: 1-450. Ediciones culturales de la universidad de El Salvador.
  • Troupin, G. (ed.) (1978). Flora du Rwanda 1: 1-413. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2010). Flora of China 10: 1-642. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
  • van Proosdij, A.S.J. (2012). Arnoldo's Zakflora, ed. 4: 1-318. Walburg Pers, Zutphen.

Flora of Somalia

  • Flora Somalia, Vol 1, (1993) Author: by M. Thulin [updated by M. Thulin 2008]

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (2015). Listado de especies de Productos No Maderables del caribe colombiano. 366 registros, aportados por: Garcia, H. (Contacto del Recurso), López Camacho, R. (Creador del recurso), Espitia Palencia, L. (Proveedor del metadatos). Versión 2.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=le_bst-caribe_plantae_2015
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (2019). Lista de especies vedadas por la resolución 213 de 1977. 8256 especies. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=le_plantaspriorizadas_2019
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • RBG, Kew (ed.) (1999). Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

International Legume Database and Information Service

  • Backer, C. A. (1963). Flora of Java. Groningen, The Netherlands
  • Brenan, J. P. M. (1967). Caesalp. In: Flora Trop. East Africa. Milne-Redhead & Polhill
  • Cooke, T. (1903). The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay Vol. 1
  • Horn, P. E. (1988). Herbarium References
  • Larsen, K. et al (1980). In: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam, Vol 18. A.
  • Larsen, K. et al. (1984). Flora of Thailand, Vol 4 Part 1. In: T. Smithinand & K. Larsen
  • Rudd, V. E. (1991). Flora of Ceylon 7: 34-107. Caesalpinioideae
  • Singh, V. (2001). Monograph on Indian Subtribe Cassiinae (Caesalpiniaceae)
  • Verdcourt, B. (1979). A Manual of New Guinea Legumes. Office of Forests, Lae, PNG

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jul 1, 2015 Russell, P.; Tennant, J.. [s.n.] Cabo Verde K001134449 Yes
Jul 1, 2015 Moseley [s.n.] Cabo Verde K001134226 Yes
Apr 7, 2008 Vigo, Jose, Schunke [14480] Peru K001041286 Yes
Oct 20, 2005 Eastwood, R.J.; Hughes, C; Daza, A.; Clark, R. [RJE 95] Peru K001041370 Yes
Oct 20, 2005 Eastwood, R.J.; Hughes, C; Daza, A.; Clark, R. [s.n.] Peru K001041371 Yes
Nov 9, 2004 Klitgaard, B.B.; Lewis, G.P.; Lozano, P.; Delgado, T.; Elizalde, F.; Tinitana, T. [306], Ecuador K001041373 Yes
Jun 13, 2004 Lewis, G.P.; Lozano, P. [s.n.], Ecuador K001041362 Yes
Jun 13, 2004 Worth, C.R. [8876], Peru K001041363 Yes
Feb 23, 2004 Elgaard Madsen, Jens; Cabrera, Omar; Merino, Bolivar; Rosales, Carlos; Quizhpe, Wilson [7396] Ecuador K001041282 Yes
Oct 5, 2000 Eastwood, R.J.; Hughes, C; Daza, A.; Clark, R. [RJE 95], Peru K001041370 Yes
Nov 1, 1999 Lewis, G.P.; Lozano, P. [3029] Ecuador K001041361 Yes
Nov 1, 1999 Lewis, G.P.; Lozano, P. [s.n.] Ecuador K001041362 Yes
Nov 1, 1999 Klitgaard, B.B.; Lewis, G.P. [298] Ecuador K001041360 Yes
Jun 4, 1999 Hepper, F. N. [6512], Ecuador K001041372 Yes
Jan 1, 1998 Neill, David, et QCNE botany inter [11506] Ecuador K001041283 Yes
Sep 12, 1997 Wiggins, Ira L. [18,821], Ecuador K001041367 Yes
Sep 12, 1997 Sandeman, Christopher [4035], Peru K001041368 Yes
Mar 5, 1997 Hanbury-Tracy, J. [290], Colombia K001041292 Yes
Mar 5, 1997 Haught, Oscar [4486], Colombia K001041293 Yes
Aug 22, 1996 Hutchison, Paul C.; Kenneth Wright, J. [6712], Peru K001041365 Yes
Aug 22, 1996 Steyermark, Julian A. [88206], Venezuela K001041366 Yes
Aug 1, 1996 Hanbury-Tracy, J. [290], Colombia K001041291 Yes
Sep 12, 1995 Smith, Herbert H. [256], Colombia K001041369 Yes
Apr 1, 1995 Hepper, F., N. [6512] Ecuador K001041372 Yes
Jan 1, 1994 Milanowski, Dennis; Shonle, Irene; Rausher, Jason; Bradford, Jason [8] Peru K001041284 Yes
Jun 19, 1993 Madsen, Jens Elgaard; Cabrera, Omar; Merino Bolivar; Rosales, Carlos; Quizhpe, Wilson [7400], Ecuador K001041378 Yes
Jan 1, 1992 Tressens, S.G.; Ferrucci, S.; Maruñak, V.; Pellegrini, G. [4033] Argentina K001259704 No
Jan 1, 1989 Prado, J.; Scatena, V.L.; Menezes, N.L.; Zappi, D.C. [10664] Brazil K000840870 Yes
Jan 1, 1987 Grande, D.A.; Lopes, E.A. [72] Brazil K000840869 Yes
Aug 23, 1978 Cuming, H. [1086], Peru K001041364 Yes
Apr 1, 1974 s.coll. [1086], Peru K001041289 Yes
Feb 21, 1964 Stork, H.E.; Eyerdam, Walter J.; Beetle, Alan A. [8966], Ecuador K001041359 Yes
Jan 1, 1964 Fendler, A. [330], Venezuela K001041296 Yes
Jan 8, 1961 van der Werff, H.H. [906] K001041297 Yes
Apr 1, 1948 Klitgaard, B.B.; Lewis, G.P.; Lozano, P.; Delgado, T.; Elizalde, F.; Tinitana, T. [s.n.], Ecuador K001041374 Yes
Dec 9, 1944 Sandeman, Christopher [4033], Peru K001041285 Yes
Jun 1, 1943 Klitgaard, B.B.; Lewis, G.P. [298], Ecuador K001041360 Yes
Aug 7, 1942 Elgaard Madsen, Jens; Cabrera, Omar; Merino, Bolivar; Rosales, Carlos; Quizhpe, Wilson [7396], Ecuador K001041282 Yes
Mar 22, 1939 Neill, David et QCNE botany inter [11506], Ecuador K001041283 Yes
Mar 22, 1939 Milanowski, Dennis; Shonle, Irene; Rausher, Jason; Bradford, Jason [8], Peru K001041284 Yes
Oct 14, 1938 Eastwood, R.J.; Hughes, C; Daza, A.; Clark, R. [s.n.], Peru K001041371 Yes
Sep 2, 1938 Keugler, H.J. [12737], Venezuela K001041294 Yes
Aug 29, 1938 Haught, Oscar [3450], Ecuador K001041290 Yes
Mar 1, 1934 Stork, H. E.; Horton, O.B. [9399], Peru K001041379 Yes
Mar 29, 1931 Vigo, Jose Schunke [14480], Peru K001041286 Yes
Jan 1, 1898 Lewis, G.P.; Lozano, P. [3029], Ecuador K001041361 Yes
Feb 4, 1876 Lewis, G.P. [3536], Ecuador K001041375 Yes
Mar 13, 1855 Jameson [91] K001041287 Yes
Jan 1, 1854 Halsted [17], Panama K001041288 Yes
Jan 1, 1831 Fendler [330], Venezuela K001041295 Yes
Keugler, H.J. [12737] Venezuela K001041294 Yes
s.c. [s.n.] K001259707 No
Worth, C.R. [8876] Peru K001041363 Yes
Fendler [330] Venezuela K001041295 Yes
Hutchison, Paul, C.; Kenneth Wright, J. [6712] Peru K001041365 Yes
Fendler, A. [330] Venezuela K001041296 Yes
van der Werff, H.H. [906] K001041297 Yes
Wiggins, Ira, L. [18,821] Ecuador K001041367 Yes
Tressens, S.G.; Cáceres, S.; Vanni, R.; Zamudio, C. [3629] Argentina K001259705 No
Irwin, H.S. [2578] Brazil K000840871 Yes
Spruce, R. [6346] Ecuador K000201089 Yes
Hanbury-Tracy, J. [290] Colombia K001041291 Yes
s.c.. [s.n.] Bermuda K000297207 Yes
Smith, Herbert, H. [256] Colombia K001041369 Yes
Hanbury-Tracy, J. [290] Colombia K001041292 Yes
Steyermark, Julian, A. [88206] Venezuela K001041366 Yes
Sandeman, Christopher [4033] Peru K001041285 Yes
Stork, H.E.; Eyerdam, Walter, J.; Beetle, Alan, A. [8966] Ecuador K001041359 Yes
Haught, Oscar [4486] Colombia K001041293 Yes
Halsted [17] Panama K001041288 Yes
Christie [s.n.] K001259706 No
Cuming, H. [1086] Peru K001041364 Yes
Almeida, E.F. [214] Brazil K000840868 Yes
Pittier [s.n.] Venezuela K000555389 Unknown Type Material Yes
Pingitore, Eugenio [s.n.] Argentina K001259708 No
s.coll. [1086] Peru K001041289 Yes
Haught, Oscar [3450] Ecuador K001041290 Yes
Jameson [91] K001041287 Yes
Almeida, E.F. [214] Brazil K000840867 Yes
Sandeman, Christopher [4035] Peru K001041368 Yes
Ecuado, Peru K000325967 Yes
Peru K000325981 Yes
Holm-Nielsen, L.; Jaramillo, J.; Coello, F. [27706], Ecuador K001041281 Yes
Lewis, G.P. [s.n.], Ecuador K001041376 Yes
Pablo Lozano, C. [278], Ecuador K001041377 Yes
Bolivia K001473477 Yes
Bolivia K001473478 Yes
Ecuado, Peru K001473479 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5313] Cassia bicapsularis K001120510 Unknown Type Material Yes
Franc, M. [[1580]] New Caledonia Cassia bicapsularis K003002197 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5313] Cassia bicapsularis K001120511 Unknown Type Material Yes
McPherson, G. [4596] New Caledonia Cassia bicapsularis K003002195 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5313] Cassia bicapsularis K001120508 Unknown Type Material Yes
MacKee, H.S. [4468] New Caledonia Cassia bicapsularis K003002196 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5313] Cassia bicapsularis K001120512 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5313] Cassia bicapsularis K001120509 Unknown Type Material Yes
[Franc á Nouméa] [1380] New Caledonia Cassia bicapsularis K003002198 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora Zambesiaca

    • Flora Zambesiaca
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Somalia

    • Flora of Somalia
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of West Tropical Africa

    • Flora of West Tropical Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • International Legume Database and Information Service

    • International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS) V10.39 Nov 2011
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

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    • Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0