1 WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring Mohamed Farah the Uppsala Monitoring Centre.

Presentation on theme: "1 WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring Mohamed Farah the Uppsala Monitoring Centre."— Presentation transcript:

1 1 WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring Mohamed Farah the Uppsala Monitoring Centre

2 2 WHO Drug Monitoring Programme Founding Members 1968

3 3 WHO Collaborating Centre the Uppsala Monitoring Centre established as a foundation 1978 based on agreement Sweden – WHO international administrative board WHO Headquarters responsible for policy

4 4 Signalling Procedure What should be achieved? Signals should not be missed Signals should be found early ‘False’ signals should be kept to a minimum

5 5 Process for joining WHO Programme 1.Ministry of Health (or equivalent) designates National Centre Ministry of Health National Centre the UMC WHO-HQ Geneva 1 2 3 4 5 2.Ministry of Health sends formal application to WHO- HQ, Geneva 3.National Centre sends sample reports to the UMC 4.UMC notifies WHO-HQ that reports are compatible 5.WHO-HQ advises Ministry of Health of admittance to the Programme

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8 8 Flow of information

9 9 Classification of Herbal medicines

10 10 A plant needs a name that applies to it and only to it, and which means the same thing to everyone in the world. genus name tells a plant’s closest relatives specific epithet tells which species it is authority tells who first descovered the plant Example: Pimpinella major (L.) Hudson

11 11 A universal nomenclature for crude drugs, applicable all over the world, could consist of the scientific plant name together with the English name of the plant part. The reason why common names are not reliable is that they may lead to more than one Accepted botanical name.

12 12 What is ‘Aloe’ Vernacular nameAccepted scientific binomial American AloeAgave americana L. Candelabra AloeAloe arborescens Mill. Water- AloeStratiotes aloides L. Cape AloeAloe ferox Mill.

13 13 Common names Aloe vera (L.) Barbados aloeENG Curacao aloeENG Medicinal aloeENG True aloeENG West indian aloeENG Aloes vulgaireFRE Echte aloeGER Venezuela-aloeGER BabosaPOR AcibarSPA SavilaSPA Aloe ferox Mill. Cape aloeENG True aloeENG Echte AloëGER BitterschopfGER AcibarSPA ZabilaSPA Aloés vraiFRE Aloés officinalFRE AloèITA Aloe africanaITA Aloe del CapoITA

14 14 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Aloe barbadensis Mill. Aloe chinensis (Haw.) Bak. Aloe elongate Murray Aloe indica Royle Aloe littoralis Koen.ex Bak Aloe officinalis Forssk. Aloe rubescens DC. Aloe spicata Baker Aloe vera var. perfoliata L. Aloe vulgaris Garsault Aloe vulgaris Lam.

15 15 Aloe ferox Mill. Aloe horrida Haw. Aloe pseudoferox Salm-Dyck Aloe subferox Spreng. Pachidendron ferox Haw. Pachydendron ferox Humb. & Bonpl. Pachydendron supralaeve Haw.

16 16.

17 17 Different authors of the same genus and species Aloe angustifolia Salm-Dvck -- Obs. 57. (IK) Aloe angustifolia Haw -- Suppl. Pl. Succ. 47 (1819). (IK) Aloe angustifolia Groenewald -- in Fl. Pl. S. Afr. 1938, xviii. t. 708. (IK) Aloe agavefolia Tod. -- Hort. Bot. Panorm. i. 85. t. 23. (IK) Aloe agavefolia Schweinf. ex Penz. -- in Atti Congr. bot. Genova (1892) 365, nomen. (IK)

18 18 Ma Huang 麻 黃 (Ephedra Herba) Ephedra sinica Stapf Ma Huang 麻 黃 Ephedra equisetina Bunge Ma Huang 麻 黃 Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex Mey. Ma Huang 麻 黃

19 19 Common names Suo Lou Zi Rosskastanie Marron d’Inde Horse chestnut Morrone amaro Accepted scientific plant name Aesculus hippocastanum L. Pharmaceutical latin name Flos Hippocastani Folium Hippocastani Cortex Hippocastani Semen Hippocastani WHO database Classification Aesculus hippocastanum L., leaf Aesculus hippocastanum L., bark Aesculus hippocastanum L., seed Aesculus hippocastanum L., flower Synonyms Aesculus procera Salisb. Aesculus castanea Gelib Hippocastanum aesculus Cav Hippocastanum vulgare Gaert. Botanical Classification

20 20 Botanical Classification Accepted scientific name (UMC) Aesculus hippocastanum L. Aesculus hippocastanum L., leaf Aesculus hippocastanum L., leaf extract Aesculus hippocastanum L., bark Aesculus hippocastanum L., seed Aesculus hippocastanum L., seed extract Aesculus hippocastanum L., root Aesculus hippocastanum L., tincture

21 21 Botanical Classification Aesculus hippocastanum L. Botanical synonyms Aesculus castanea Gilib Aesculus procera Salisb. Hippocastanum aesculus Cav. Hippocastanum vulgare Gaerthn

22 22 Botanical Classification Aesculus hippocastanum L. Pharmaceutical latin names Folia Hippocastani Hippocastani folium Extractum Horse chestnut Cortex Hippocastani Semen Hippocastani Extractum semen Hippocastani Tinctura Hippocastani Radix Hippocastani Flos Hippocastani Flores Hippocastani

23 23 Botanical Classification Aesculus hippocastanum L. Common (Vernacular) names Buckeye -- Buckeye bark -- Spanish chestnut --Horse chestnut Suo Lou Zi -- 娑羅子 -- Castan -- Chata -- Conqueror tree --Karu Ippocastano --- Marrone amaro --- Castagno (Marrone) d’India Rosskastanie --- Rosskastanienblätter --- الكستناء Vixirrinde --- Rosskastanienrinde --- Atkestanesi Castagna cavallina --- Seiyo-tochinoki --- Seiyo-Toti-No-Ki Castaño de India --- Eschilo --- Paarde Kastanje Châtegne de cheval --- Écorce de marronier d’Inde Marron d’Inde --- Marronier d’Inde

24 24 WHO herbal ADR database Herbal Code Number (HCN) one unique number exist for each herbal substance But the HCN always begins with a ’9’ and (10) digits Possible link all herbal substances of the same plant by linking first 5 digits. eg. Valeriana officinalis L.9005100000 Valeriana officinalis L. root9005100500 Valeriana officinalis L. root dry extract 9005100502

25 25 Herbal New Entry Table Yucca Fil. Fol. Extr ? Yucca filamentosa leaf extract Yucca filamentosa Riddell (GCI) Yucca filamentosa Wood -- in Proc. Acad. Sc. Philad. (1868) 167. (IK) Yucca filamentosa L. -- Sp. Pl. 319 (1753). (IK)

26 26 Herbal New Entry Table Astragalus ? Astragalus abbreviatus Kar. & Kir.Astragalus abolinii Popov Astragalus aboriginorum Richards.Astragalus abramovii Gontsch. Astragalus abruptus KrytzkaAstragalus acanthocarpus Bor. Astragalus accidens S. Wats.Astragalus accumbens Sheld.

27 27 Herbal New Entry Table Echinacea dry extract Echinacea angustifolia DC.Echinacea atrorubens Nutt. Echinacea laevigata (C.L. Boynt. & Beadle) Blake Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Echinacea simulata R.L. McGregor

28 28 Common names ? Dong Quai rootDong Quia rootJinyinhua Di LongShudihuangShanzhuyu Hippocampus Shengjiang

29 29 Pharmaceutical latin names Three flowers tea-mixture Active ingredients Robiniae flos Althaeae folium Juglandis folium Centaurii herba Millefolii herba Coriandri fructus Foeniculi fructus Frangulae cortex

30 30 Source of pharmaceutical drugs for major pathologies Taxus baccata L. Catharanthus roseus (L.) Don Papaver somniferum L.

31 31 Herbal terminology used for ATC Properties: Adaptogens Herbs that build resistance to stress. Uses: To support endocrine glands, especially adrenal exhaustion. Support the immune system and nervous systems Properties: Cardiotonics Stimulates or effects the heart. Uses: Hypertension, Hyperthyroidism, Arteriosclerosis, Angina etc.

32 32 Herbal ATC assignments Adonis vernalis L. (PhytoCD) Adonidis herba Effects: Positively inotropic Usage: Mild impairment of heart functions, especially when accompanied by nervous symptoms. In Russian folk medicine the drug is used for dehydration, cramps, fever, and menstrual disorders. THE COMPLETE GERMAN COMMISSION E MONOGRAPHS Uses Mild impairment of heart function, especially when accompanied by nervous symptoms Actions Positively inotropic (MARTINDALE) Profile: Adonis vernalis, contains cardiac glycosides which have actions similar to those of digoxin. Adonis vernalis is used in herbal and homoeopathic medicine. Trease and Evans Adonis vernalis contains more than 30 cardiolides, acting similarly to those of strophanthus. Merck Index Therapeutic categories: Cardiotonic

33 33 Herbal ATC assignments Adonis vernalis L. Adonis vernalis L., herb Adoniside Cardiotonic Heart condition Positive correlation between the traditional use of the plant and the current therapeutic use of the chemical extracted from the plant HC01AX Other cardiac glycosides

34 34 Thank you for your attention!