BIODIVERSITY DEFINITION : The wide range of variations among the living organisms of the world is termed as Biodiversity. STEPS : 1.Diversity in ecosystem.

Presentation on theme: "BIODIVERSITY DEFINITION : The wide range of variations among the living organisms of the world is termed as Biodiversity. STEPS : 1.Diversity in ecosystem."— Presentation transcript:

1 BIODIVERSITY DEFINITION : The wide range of variations among the living organisms of the world is termed as Biodiversity. STEPS : 1.Diversity in ecosystem. 2. Diversity within species. 3. Diversity between species.

2 FACTORS OF BIODIVERSITY
Important factors are given below : 1. Climate. 2. Area and Territory. 3. Geographical condition of the earth. IMPORTANCE. 1. Ecosystem. 2. Economic importance. 3. Ecological balance.

3 CAUSES OF LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
NATURAL CAUSES. 1. Prolong draught. 2. Irregular / Less rainfall. 3. High rainfall. 4. Flood. 5. Earth quake. 6. Forest fire .

4 MAN MADE CAUSES. 1. Deforestation. 2. Filling up of marsh /wet lands. 3. Introduction of hybreed. 4. Lack of knowledge about the importance of biodiversity. 5. Hunting. 6. Using of chemicals as fertilizer and pesticide. 7. construction of dams.

5 IMPORTANCE OF CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
MEASURES FOR THE CONSERVATION 1. Restoration of habitats. 2. Establishment of Parks / Zoos / Sanctua ries. 3. Use of lands. 4. To stop filling of low / marshy / wet lands. 5. Forestation. 6. Dredging of rivers. 7. Fishing. 8. Hunting

6 CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
PHYLUM : SARCOMASTIGOPHORA 1. Pseudopodia / Flagella + 2. Nuclei monomorphic. 3. Reproduction -Sexually / Asexually. 4 No spore formation.

7 CLASS : PHYTOMASTIGOPHORA
CHARACTERS ; 1. Chlorophyl + 2. Autotrophic in nature. 3. No. of flagella 1 / 2 . EXAM : 1. Euglena viridis. 2. Volvox xobator.

8 CLASS : ZOOMASTIGOPHORA
CHARACTERS . 1. No chlorophyl. 2. Flagella more than one. 3. Mostly parasitic. EXAM. 1. Giardia intestinalis. 2. Trypanosoma gambiense.

9 CLASS: OPALINATA. 1. Cilia arranged in oblique rows on the surface of the whole body. EXAM. 1. Opalina ranarum. CLASS : LOBOSA. 1. Blunt pseudopodia / Thread like rhizoids + 2. No axial filament. 3. Free living / parasitic. EXAM : 1. Amoeba proteus. 2. E. histolytica.

10 CLAS S: HELIOZOA. 1. Pseudopodia axopod type. 2. Axial filament + 3. Body is covered with test EXAM : 1. Actinophrys sol.

11 PHYLUM : LABYRINTHOMORPHA
CHARACTERS: 1. All are parasitic. 2. Spindle shaped / roundish. 3. Species form zoospore. EXAM : 1. Labyrinthula.

12 PHYLUM : APICOMPLEXA CHARACTERS. 1. Parasitic.
2. Apical complex is present. 3. No cilia. 4. Reproduce by Syngamy. EXAM : 1. Perkinsus Sp.

13 xCLASS : PERKINSEA 1. Sporozoite with flagella. 2. No sexual reproduction. EXAM : 1. Perkinsus sp. CLASS : SPOROZOA> 1. Sexual / Asexual reproduction + 2. Oocysts are found. EXAM : 1. P. vivax.

14 PHYLUM : MIXOZOA 1.Insect like appearance. 2. Ciliated. EXAM : 1. Rhopalura. PHYLUM :MICROSPORA> 1. Spores are present. 2. Sporocyst may be present. 3. Parasite in invertebrate. EXAM : 1. Nosema.

15 PHYLUM : ASCETOSPORA. 1. Spores are unicellular / Multicellular. 2. Spores are with one / more sporoplasms. 3. Parasite both in invertebrate / vertebrate. EXAM : 1. Haplosporidium.

16 PHYLUM : CILIOPHORA CHARACTERS : 1. Cilia + 2. Macro / Micro Nuclei +
3. Pellicular alveoli + CLASSES : 1. Kineto pharage minophorea. a) Oral cilia not distinct. b) Cytosome apical or midventral. EXAM : 1. Balantodium coli.

17 CLASS : OLIGO HYMENOPHOREA
1. Oral cilia distinct. 2. Ventral cytosome EXAM : 1. P. caudatum. CLASS : POLYMENOPHOREA> 1. Cilia + 2. Uniform body . EXAM : 1. Stentor coeruleus.

18 PHYLUM : PORIFERA CHARACTERS 1. Pores “ ostia “ + on the body .
2. Tissue formation + 3. Difft types of cells + 4. Spicules + 5. No organ system 6 . No mouth 7. No digestive system. 8. Fresh water / marine .

19 CLASS- 1. CALCAREA. 1. Calcarious spicules + 2. Spicules are niddle / 3 / 4 rayed . 3. 3 types canal system + 4. All marine . EXAM : 1. Sycon gelatinosum.

20 CLASS : HEXACTINELLIDA
1. Siliceous spicules + 2. Spicules are 6 rayed. 3. Body funnel shaped or cylindrical. 4. Spicules are united and formed net. 5. Syconoid / Leuconoid c system +. 6. All are marine. EXAM : 1. Hyalonema longissimum.

21 CLASS : DEMOSPONGIAE. 1. Silicous spicules + 2. Spicules are 1 / 4 rayed 3. Spicules are spongied. 4. Leuconoid C. System + 5. Body is coloured . 6 . Marine / fresh water EXAM : 1. Spongilla locustris

22 PHYLUM : CNIDARIA CHARACTERS. 1. Diploblastic animal.
2. Radially symmetry. 3. Gastrovascular cavity + 4. Cnidoblast cells are +. 5. Mouth is encircled by tenyacles. 6. Polyp and medusa + Exam. 1. Hydra vulgaris.

23 CLASS : HYDROZOA 1. Body is covered with Perisarc. 2. Both polyp and medusa are present. 3. germ cells developed from ectoderm. Exam : 1. Hydra vulgaris. 2. Obelia geniculata.

24 CLASS : SCYPHOZOA 1. Polyploid stage either absent or short. 2. Medusa bell shaped. 3. No velum. 4. Germ layers developed from ectoderm. All marine. EXAM : 1.Aurelia aurita

25 CLASS : ANTHOZOA 1. Medusoid stage is absent. 2. All polyps. 3. Mouth is surrounded by tentacles. EXAM . 1. Metridium senil. 2. Gorgonia verrucosa.

26 PHYLUM: CTENOPHORA. 1. Biradially symmetrical. 2. No nematocyst. 3. 8 radial hair comb + 4. If tentacles + do not encircle the mouth. 5. Free swimming and marine. EXAM : 1. Hormiphora plumosa. 2. Ctenoplana sp.

27 CLASS : TENTACULATA 1. No of tentacles 2 . EXAM : 1. Hormiphora. plumosa CLASS : NUDA 1. No tentacle. EXAM : 1. Beroe sp.

28 PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES
CHARACTERS 1. Acoelomate animal. 2. Bilaterally symmetrical animal. 3. 3 germinal layers + 4. Alimentary canal + 5. No anus. 6. Flame cells acts as excretory organ. 7. Mostly parasitic. EXAM : 1. Taenia solium. 2. F. hepatica.

29 CLASS : Terbellaria. 1. Body is covered with thick cuticle. 2. Sucker + 3. No hook. 4. More than one larval stage + EXAM : 1. Dugesia tigrina.

30 CLASS : CESTODA 1. Body is tape or ribone like. segments are + in the body. 3. Scolex is + on the head. 4. No alimentary canal. 5. All are parasitic. EXAM : 1. Taenia solium.

31 CLASS : APHASMIDA 1. No phasmid. 2. Coelomocytes well developed. 3. Mostly free living. EXAM : 1. Trichinella spiralis. CLASS : PHASMIDA 1. Phasmids are + 2. Coelomocytes are 4-6 . 3. Mostly parasitic. EXAM : 1.Ascaris lumbricoides

32 PHYLUM : NEMATHELMINTHES
CHARACTERS. 1. Long / round / unsegmented / cylindrical body. 2. Alimentary canal complete. 3. Cilia absent. 4. Pseudocoelomate animal. 5. Free living / Parasitic. EXAM : 1. A. lumbricoides.

33 PHYLUM : ANNELIDA CHARACTERS.
1.Body elongated , cylindrical, metamerically segmented . 2. Coelomate animal. 3. Excretory organ is nephridia. EXAM : 1. P. posthuma.

34 CLASS : POLYCHAETA. 1. Head is distinct and with tentacles and eyes. 2. Locomotory organ is parapodia. 3. No clitellum. 4. Trocophore larva is + 5. Mostly marine. EXAM : 1. Neanthes limnicola.

35 CLASS : OLIGOCHAETA 1. Head is not distinct. 2. Clitellum is + 3. Setae is + 4. No larval stage EXAM : 1. Metaphire posthuma.

36 CLASS : HIRUDINEA 1.Head indistinct. 2. Clitellum is distinct. 3. No setae or parapodia. 4. Sucker is + EXAM : 1. Hirudo medicinalis.

37 PHYLUM : ARTHROPODA CHARACTERS 1. Segmented body .
2. Appendages jointed. 3. Haemocoelate animal. 4. Excretory organ is Malpighian tubules. 5. Bilaterally symmetrical animal. EXAM : 1. Apis indica.

38 CLASS : INSECTA 1. Body is divided in to 3 regions like Head, Thorax,and Abdomen. 2. Respiration by Trachea. 3. Wings are 2 pairs. 4. Legs are 3 pairs . 5. No appendages in abdomen. EXAM : 1. Apis indica .

39 CLASS : CRUSTACEA 1. Body is divided in to two regions like ,Cephalothorax and abdomen. 2. Cephalothorax is covered by Carapace 3. Biramous appendages + 4. Head appendages are Antenna, Maxilla and Mandible. 5. Telson and Uropod + EXAM : 1. Palaemon carcinus.

40 CLASS : ARACHNIDA 1. Body is divided in to 2 regions like Cephalothorax and Abdomen. 2. Legs are 4 pairs . 3. Respiration by Gills ,Trachea and Booklungs. EXAM : 1. Limulus polyphemus.

41 CLASS : MYRIAPODA 1. Commonly known as Centipedes, Mellipeds. 2. Body is long ,cylindrical and With large number of segments. 3. Each segment is with one pair of legs. 4. Legs are uniramous. EXAM : 1. Julus terrestris .

42 PHYLUM : MOLLUSCA CHARACTERS 1. Soft bodied animal.
2. Body is covered by hard shell /mantle. 3. Unsegmented body. 4. Muscular foot is + 5. Terrestrial / Marine / Fresh water. EXAM : 1. Pila globosa.

43 CLASS : CAUDOFOVEATA 1. Body worm like. 2. No shell. 3 . No head. 4. No excretory organ. 5. Calcareous scales + 6. Sexes separate. EXAM : 1. Chaetoderma nitidulum.

44 CLASS : SOLENOGASTRES 1.Body worm like. 2. No head. 3. No shell. 4. No excretory organ. 5. Harmaphrodite. EXAM : 1. Neomenia carinata.

45 CLASS : MONOPLACOPHORA
1. Shell made up of single plate. 2. Mantle cavity with 5 / 6 gills. 3. Radula + 4. 6 pairs nephridia + 5. Sexes separate. EXAM : 1. Neopilina galatheae.

46 CLASS : POLYPLACOPHORA
1. Shell made up of 8 plates. 2. Dorsoventrally flattened body. 3. Trochophore larva + EXAM : 1, Chiton tuberlatus.

47 CLASS : SCAPHOPODA 1.Tubular shell opens at both ends. 2. Foot conical. 3. Mouth with radula and tentacles. 4. Trochophore larva + EXAM : 1.Dentalium verneda.

48 CLASS : GASTROPODA 1. Body is asymmetrical. 2. Body is coiled shell of one olate. 3. Head is well developed with radula. 4. Foot is large and flat. EXAM : 1.Pila globosa.

49 CLASS : BIVALVIA 1. Shell is of two lateral valves. 2. Mantle two lobed. 3. Head is reduced. 4. Mouth with labial palps. 5. No radula. 6. Gills are plate like. EXAM : 1. Lamellidens marginalis.

50 CLASS : CEPHALOPODA 1. Head is well developed. 2. Shell reduced / remain inside / absent. 3. Feet modified into siphon. 3. Development Direct. EXAM : 1. Octopus vulgaris.

51 PHYLUM : ECHINODERMATA
CHARACTERS 1. Body unsegmented. 2. Radial / pentamerous symmetry. 3. Spines on the body. 4. Locomotion by tube feet. 5. Water vascular system + 6. All are marine. EXAM : 1. Asterias rubens.

52 CLASS : CRiNOIDEA 1. Body cup like with calyx. 2. Arms branched. 3. Open ambulacral grooves. 4. No madreporite. 5. Mouth and anus are on the oral surface. EXAM : 1.Antedon bifida.

53 CLASS : CONCENTRICYCLOIDEA
1. Body disc like with marginal spines. 2. No arms 3. No anus. 4. Gut + / - EXAM : 1. Xyloplax medusiformis.

54 CLASS : ASTEROIDEA 1. Body star shaped. 2. Open ambulacral groove. 3. Tube feet is on oral side. 4. Aboral anus and madreporite. EXAM : 1. Asterias rubens.

55 CLASS : OPHIUROIDEA 1. Body star shaped. 2. Closed ambulacral grooves. 3. Tube feet + but is not used for locomotion. 4. No anus . 5 No pedicellariae. EXAM : 1. Ophiderma.

56 CLASS ; ECHINOIDEA 1. Body covered by calcareous shell. 2. No arms . 3. Closed ambulacral grooves. 4. Tube feet with suckers. 5. Pedicellariae + EXAM : 1. Echinus esculentus.

57 CLASS : HOLOTHUROIDEA 1. Body tubular / cucumber like. 2. Bilaterally symmetrical. 3. Tube feet with sucker. 4. Closed ambulacral groove. 5. Pedicellariae - EXAM : 1. frondo Cucumariasa.

58 PHYLUM : CHORDATA CHARACTERS 1. Notochord + 2. Nerve cord +
3. Gill slits + 4. Permanently bilateral symmetry. 5. Tail may / may not persist. 6. Closed blood vascular system. EXAM : 1. Homo sapiens.

59 SUB-PHYLUM : UROCHORDATA
CHARACTERS 1. Body is incased in a semi transparent test. 2. Larvae freeliving and sessile. 3. Notochord is found in larval stage. 4. Marine , solitary / colonial. EXAM : 1. Ascidia andamensis.

60 CLASS : ASCIDIACEA 1. Body bag / sac like. 2. Tunic is thick. 3. Many gills slits + 4. In adult notochord degenerates. EXAM : 1. Ascidia andamensis.

61 CLASS : APPENDICULAREA
1. Floating and free swimming tunicates. 2. Gill-slits 1 pair. 3. No atriopore. EXAM : 1. Oikopluora albicans.

62 CLASS : SORBERACEA 1. All features of ascidians are + EXAM : 1. Octonemus ingolfi. CLASS : THALIACEA 1. Body contains muscles. 2. Tunic is thin and transparent. 3. Mouth pore and atriopore are on the opposite side. EXAM : 1. Doliolum danticulatum.

63 SUB- PHYLUM : CEPHALOCHORDATA
CHARACRTERS 1. Notochord and nerve cord + along the entire body and persists through out life. 2. Gill- slits many. 3. Atriopore in the front of the anus. 4. Oralhood with oralcirri. EXAM : 1. Branchiostoma lanceolatum.

64 SUB- PHYLUM : VERTEBRATA
CLASS : MYXINI 1. Body eel like . 2. Skin nacked. 3. Mouth placed terminally. 4. 4 pairs of tentacles + in the mouth. pairs of gill pouches + EXAM : 1. Myxine glutinosa.

65 CLASS : CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI
1. Body eel like and slender. 2. Skin naked . 3. Sucker like oral disc + 4. Teeth well developed. 5. 7 pairs of gill pouches + EXAM : 1. Petromyzon marinus.

66 CLASS : CHONDRICHTHYES
1. Endoskeleton cartilagenous. 2. Skin with placoid scales. 3. Tail heterocircal. 4. Mouth is ventral. pairs gills + EXAM : 1. Scoliodon sorrakowah.

67 CLASS : OSTEICHTHYES 1. Bony endoskeleton. 2. Paired / unpaired fins + 3. Homocircal tail. 4. Scales are cycloid / ctenoid / ganoid . 5. Gills are covered with operculum. 6. Swim blader + EXAM : 1. Labeo ruhita.

68 CLASS : AMPHIBIA 1. Amphibiotic animal. 2. Skin moist and naked. 3. Heart 3 chambered. 4. Ectothermic / poikilothermic. 5. Respiration by gills / skin / lungs / b. pharynx. EXAM : 1. Bufo melanostictus

69 CLASS : REPTILIA 1. Skin dry. 2. Walking by chest. 3. Heart incomplitely 4 chambered. 4. Ectothermic / poikilothermal. 5. No larval stage. 6. Respiration by lungs. EXAM : 1. Naja naja

70 CLASS : AVES 1. Body is covered by feathers. 2. Fore limb is modified into wings. 3. Jaws modified into beak. 4. Bones hollow. 5. Endothermic / Homoiothermal. 6. Heart 4 chambered. 7. Air sacs + EXAM : 1. Corvus splendens.

71 CLASS : MAMMALIA 1. Body covered with hairs. 2. Youngs nourished with milk. 3. Teeth diphyodont / Heterodont / Thecodont. 4. Diapharagm + 5. Endothermic / Homoiothermal. 6. Testis is in scotum. 7. Heart 4 chambered. pairs cranial nerves . EXAM : 1. Homo sapiens.